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Post-Traumatic Stress and Coping Strategies for Earthquake-Related Stress Among Individuals Affected by the February 6, 2023 Earthquakes: The Case of Malatya

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 2, 773 - 786

Vehbi Bayhan , Ahmet Yasuntimur , Nesrin Demir

https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1596751

Öz

The earthquakes that struck Türkiye on February 6, 2023, are recorded as among the most devastating disasters in the country’s history. These earthquakes affected millions of people across eleven provinces, causing severe material and emotional losses. In this context, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and coping strategies play a critical role in understanding the mental health of earthquake survivors. This study examines the levels of PTSD and the coping strategies employed by survivors of the earthquakes in Türkiye, considering various factors. The study sample comprises 705 participants who experienced the earthquake in Malatya, including 547 women and 158 men. The Earthquake Post-Traumatic Stress Level Assessment Scale and the Earthquake Stress Coping Strategies Scale were used to collect data. The findings indicate that women (x̄ = 71.5) experienced higher levels of post-traumatic stress than men (x̄ = 65.2). Additionally, factors such as material losses, income levels, and age significantly influenced trauma levels. Women (x̄ = 16.2) were also found to use religious coping strategies more frequently than men (x̄ = 14.6). Coping strategies varied by age, occupation, income, marital status, and experiences of material loss. Individual characteristics, including gender and socioeconomic status, were observed to influence both trauma levels and coping strategies. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the critical importance of considering demographic differences to mitigate the adverse effects of earthquakes and to ensure the provision of appropriate psychosocial support.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Earthquake Post-Traumatic Stress Coping Strategies Malatya

Etik Beyan

Bu araştırma etik ilkelere uygun olarak yürütülmüştür.

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Kaynakça

  • Abolhadi, E. Divsalar, P. Mosleh-Shirazi, M.A. & Dehesh, T. (2022). Latent classes of posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of the Bam Earthquake after 17 years. BMC Psychiatry, 22, 603. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04216-3
  • Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı (2023). 06 Şubat 2023 Pazarcik-Elbistan Kahramanmaraş (mw: 7.7 – mw: 7.6) depremleri raporu. Erişim adresi: https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/assets/pdf/Kahraman mara%C5%9F%20Depremi%20%20Raporu_02.06.2023.pdf
  • Aksaray, G. Kortan, G. Erkaya, H. Yenilmez, Ç. & Kaptanoğlu C. (2006). Gender differences in psychological effect of the August 1999 earthquake in Turkey. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 60(5), 387-391. doi:10.1080/08039480600937553
  • Alkın, R. C. (2020). Afetlerin sosyolojideki yerine ilişkin bir literatür taraması, Afet Sosyolojisi, (Ed. İ. Can), Konya: Çizgi Kitapevi.
  • Baral, I.A. & K.C. B. (2019). Posttraumatic stress disorder and coping strategies among adult survivors of earthquake, Nepal. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), 118. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2090-y
  • Başoğlu, M. Salcıoğlu, E. & Livanou M. (2002). Traumatic stress responses in earthquake survivors in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(4), 269-276.
  • Bayhan, V. & Yasuntimur A. (2024). "Deprem, kıyameti yaşamak gibidir": 6 Şubat 2023 deprem mağdurlarının deneyimleri üzerine bir çalışma (Malatya örneği). Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 14(3), 1416-1437. https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1507536
  • Bayhan, V. (2012). Travmatik kaos ortamında depremi anlamlandırmanın sosyolojik bağlamı, Sosyologca, 2(3), 341-354.
  • Bayhan, V. (2020). Afetlerin psiko-sosyal etkileri ve psiko-sosyal destek uygulamaları, Afet Sosyolojisi, (Ed. İ. Can), Konya: Çizgi Kitapevi.
  • Can, İ. (2020). Giriş niyetine: Afet sosyolojisine alan açma çalışması, Afet Sosyolojisi, (Ed. İ. Can), Konya: Çizgi Kitapevi.
  • Chen, C. H. Tan H. K.L. Liao L. R. Chen H. H. Chan C. C. Cheng J. J. S. Chen C.Y. Wang T. N. & Lu M. L. (2007). Long-term psychological outcome of 1999 Taiwan earthquake survivors: a survey of a high-risk sample with property damage. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48(3), 269-275. DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.12.003
  • Chen, H. Chen, Y. Au, M. Feng, L. Chen Q. Guo H. & Yang, X. (2014). The presence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in earthquake survivors one month after a mudslide in southwest China. Nursing & Health Sciences, 16, 39-45.
  • Chen, J. Zhou X. Zeng M. & Wu, X. (2015). Post-traumatic stress symptoms and post-traumatic growth: Evidence from a longitudinal study following an earthquake disaster. PLoS ONE 10(6), e0127241. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127241
  • Cofini, V. Carbonelli A. Cecilia M. R. Binkin N. & di Orio F. (2015). Post traumatic stress disorder and coping in a sample of adult survivors of the Italian earthquake. Psychiatry Research, 229(1-2), 353-358. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.0
  • Di Bucci, D. Del Missier, F. Dolce M. Galvagni, A. Giordano, F. Patacca, A. Pezzi, E. Scurci, G. & Savadori, L. (2023). Life satisfaction during temporary housing after an earthquake: Comparing three cases in Italy. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 91, 103697. https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.ijdrr.2023.103697
  • Dyvik, E. H. (2023). Number of earthquakes worldwide 2000-2021. Erişim adresi: https://www.statista.com/statistics/263105/development-of-the-number-of-earthquakes-worldwide-sin ce-2000/
  • Fırat, M. (2020). Doğal ve toplumsal bir afet olarak deprem, Afet Sosyolojisi, (Ed. İ. Can), Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Hong, C. & Efferth T.(2015). Systematic review on post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of the Wenchuan Earthquake. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 17(5), 542-561. doi:10.1177/152483 8015 585313
  • Istanbul Teknik Universitesi (2023). '6 Şubat 2023 04.17 Mw 7,8 Kahranmaraş (Pazarcık, Türkoğlu), Hatay (Kırıkhan) ve 13.24 Mw 7,7 Kahramanmaraş (Elbistan/Nurhak-Çardak) depremleri nihai rapor'. Erişim adresi: https://haberler.itu.edu.tr/docs/default-source/default-document-library/2023_itu_deprem _on_rap oru.p df Kasapoğlu, A. & Ecevit M. (2001). Depremin Sosyolojik Araştırması, Ankara: Sosyoloji Derneği Yayınları.
  • Kılıç C., Ulusoy M. (2003). Psychological effects of the November 1999 earthquake in Turkey: An epidemiological study. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 108, 232-238.
  • Kılıc, C.Aydın, İ. Taşkıntuna, N. Ozcurumez, G. Kurt, G. Eren, E. Lale, T. Ozel, S. & Zileli, L. (2006). Predictors of psychological distress in survivors of the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey: effects of relocation after the disaster. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 114(3), 194-202. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00786.x
  • Kim, H. Y. (2013). Statistical notes for clinical researchers: Assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restor Dent Endod, 38(1), 52-54. https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.52
  • Kun, P. Han, S. Chen, X. & Yao, L. (2009). Prevalence and risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: A cross-sectional study among survivors of the Wenchuan 2008 earthquake in China. Depression and Anxiety, 26(12), 1134-1140. doi: 1134-1140. doi:10.1002/da.20612
  • Mavrouli, M. Mavroulis, S. Lekkas, E. & Tsakris, A. (2023). The impact of earthquakes on public health: A narrative review of infectious diseases in the post-disaster period aiming to disaster risk reduction. Microorganisms, 11(2), 419. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020419
  • Mesidor, J. K. & Sly, K. F. (2019). Religious coping, general coping strategies, perceived social support, PTSD symptoms, resilience, and posttraumatic growth among survivors of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 22(2), 130-143, DOI: 10.1080/136 74676.2019 .1580254
  • Mishra, P. Pandey, C. M. Singh U. Gupta, A., Sahu, C. & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, 22(1), 67-72. doi: 10.4103/aca.ACA_157_18
  • Nobakht, H. N. Ojagh, F. S. & Dale, K. Y. (2018). Risk factors of post-traumatic stress among survivors of the 2017 Iran earthquake: The importance of peritraumatic dissociation. Psychiatry Research, 271, 702-707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.057
  • Oflaz, F. Hatipoğlu, S. & Aydin, H. (2008). Effectiveness of psychoeducation intervention on post-traumatic stress disorder and coping styles of earthquake survivors. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(5), 677-687. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02047.x
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6 Şubat 2023 Depremlerini Deneyimleyen Bireylerde Travma Sonrası Stres ve Deprem Stresiyle Başa Çıkma Stratejileri: Malatya Örneği

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 2, 773 - 786

Vehbi Bayhan , Ahmet Yasuntimur , Nesrin Demir

https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1596751

Öz

Türkiye'de 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde meydana gelen depremler, ülke tarihindeki en yıkıcı felaketlerden biri olarak kaydedilmiştir. Depremler, on bir ilde milyonlarca insanı etkileyerek ciddi maddi ve manevi kayıplara yol açmıştır. Bu süreçte, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu (TSSB) ve başa çıkma stratejileri, depremzedelerin ruh sağlığını anlamada kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu bağlamda yapılan çalışma, Türkiye'de deprem sonrası hayatta kalan bireylerin TSSB düzeylerini ve kullandıkları başa çıkma stratejilerini çeşitli faktörler açısından incelemektedir. Araştırmanın örneklemini Malatya'da depremi deneyimleyen 705 katılımcı oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcı grubunun 547’si kadın, 158’ise erkek katılımcılardan oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada, Deprem Travma Sonrası Stres Düzeyi Belirleme Ölçeği ve Deprem Stresiyle Başa Çıkma Stratejileri Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, kadınların (x̄=71,5) erkeklere (x̄=65,2) kıyasla daha yüksek travma sonrası stres yaşadığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca, maddi kayıplar, gelir durumu ve yaş gibi faktörlerin travma düzeylerini anlamlı şekilde etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Kadınların (x̄=16,2) erkeklere (x̄=14,6) kıyasla dini başa çıkma yöntemlerini daha fazla kullanma eğiliminde olduğu görülmektedir. Başa çıkma stratejileri yaş, meslek, gelir, medeni durum ve maddi kayıp yaşamaya göre farklılık göstermektedir. Cinsiyet ve sosyoekonomik durum da dâhil olmak üzere bireysel özelliklerin travma ve başa çıkma stratejilerini etkilediği görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak depremin olumsuz etkilerini azaltmak ve uygun psikososyal desteğin sağlanması için demografik farklılıkların dikkate alınmasının hayati önem taşıdığı söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Deprem Travma Sonrası Stres Başa Çıkma Stratejileri Malatya

Kaynakça

  • Abolhadi, E. Divsalar, P. Mosleh-Shirazi, M.A. & Dehesh, T. (2022). Latent classes of posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of the Bam Earthquake after 17 years. BMC Psychiatry, 22, 603. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04216-3
  • Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı (2023). 06 Şubat 2023 Pazarcik-Elbistan Kahramanmaraş (mw: 7.7 – mw: 7.6) depremleri raporu. Erişim adresi: https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/assets/pdf/Kahraman mara%C5%9F%20Depremi%20%20Raporu_02.06.2023.pdf
  • Aksaray, G. Kortan, G. Erkaya, H. Yenilmez, Ç. & Kaptanoğlu C. (2006). Gender differences in psychological effect of the August 1999 earthquake in Turkey. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 60(5), 387-391. doi:10.1080/08039480600937553
  • Alkın, R. C. (2020). Afetlerin sosyolojideki yerine ilişkin bir literatür taraması, Afet Sosyolojisi, (Ed. İ. Can), Konya: Çizgi Kitapevi.
  • Baral, I.A. & K.C. B. (2019). Posttraumatic stress disorder and coping strategies among adult survivors of earthquake, Nepal. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), 118. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2090-y
  • Başoğlu, M. Salcıoğlu, E. & Livanou M. (2002). Traumatic stress responses in earthquake survivors in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(4), 269-276.
  • Bayhan, V. & Yasuntimur A. (2024). "Deprem, kıyameti yaşamak gibidir": 6 Şubat 2023 deprem mağdurlarının deneyimleri üzerine bir çalışma (Malatya örneği). Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 14(3), 1416-1437. https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1507536
  • Bayhan, V. (2012). Travmatik kaos ortamında depremi anlamlandırmanın sosyolojik bağlamı, Sosyologca, 2(3), 341-354.
  • Bayhan, V. (2020). Afetlerin psiko-sosyal etkileri ve psiko-sosyal destek uygulamaları, Afet Sosyolojisi, (Ed. İ. Can), Konya: Çizgi Kitapevi.
  • Can, İ. (2020). Giriş niyetine: Afet sosyolojisine alan açma çalışması, Afet Sosyolojisi, (Ed. İ. Can), Konya: Çizgi Kitapevi.
  • Chen, C. H. Tan H. K.L. Liao L. R. Chen H. H. Chan C. C. Cheng J. J. S. Chen C.Y. Wang T. N. & Lu M. L. (2007). Long-term psychological outcome of 1999 Taiwan earthquake survivors: a survey of a high-risk sample with property damage. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48(3), 269-275. DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.12.003
  • Chen, H. Chen, Y. Au, M. Feng, L. Chen Q. Guo H. & Yang, X. (2014). The presence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in earthquake survivors one month after a mudslide in southwest China. Nursing & Health Sciences, 16, 39-45.
  • Chen, J. Zhou X. Zeng M. & Wu, X. (2015). Post-traumatic stress symptoms and post-traumatic growth: Evidence from a longitudinal study following an earthquake disaster. PLoS ONE 10(6), e0127241. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127241
  • Cofini, V. Carbonelli A. Cecilia M. R. Binkin N. & di Orio F. (2015). Post traumatic stress disorder and coping in a sample of adult survivors of the Italian earthquake. Psychiatry Research, 229(1-2), 353-358. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.0
  • Di Bucci, D. Del Missier, F. Dolce M. Galvagni, A. Giordano, F. Patacca, A. Pezzi, E. Scurci, G. & Savadori, L. (2023). Life satisfaction during temporary housing after an earthquake: Comparing three cases in Italy. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 91, 103697. https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.ijdrr.2023.103697
  • Dyvik, E. H. (2023). Number of earthquakes worldwide 2000-2021. Erişim adresi: https://www.statista.com/statistics/263105/development-of-the-number-of-earthquakes-worldwide-sin ce-2000/
  • Fırat, M. (2020). Doğal ve toplumsal bir afet olarak deprem, Afet Sosyolojisi, (Ed. İ. Can), Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Hong, C. & Efferth T.(2015). Systematic review on post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of the Wenchuan Earthquake. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 17(5), 542-561. doi:10.1177/152483 8015 585313
  • Istanbul Teknik Universitesi (2023). '6 Şubat 2023 04.17 Mw 7,8 Kahranmaraş (Pazarcık, Türkoğlu), Hatay (Kırıkhan) ve 13.24 Mw 7,7 Kahramanmaraş (Elbistan/Nurhak-Çardak) depremleri nihai rapor'. Erişim adresi: https://haberler.itu.edu.tr/docs/default-source/default-document-library/2023_itu_deprem _on_rap oru.p df Kasapoğlu, A. & Ecevit M. (2001). Depremin Sosyolojik Araştırması, Ankara: Sosyoloji Derneği Yayınları.
  • Kılıç C., Ulusoy M. (2003). Psychological effects of the November 1999 earthquake in Turkey: An epidemiological study. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 108, 232-238.
  • Kılıc, C.Aydın, İ. Taşkıntuna, N. Ozcurumez, G. Kurt, G. Eren, E. Lale, T. Ozel, S. & Zileli, L. (2006). Predictors of psychological distress in survivors of the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey: effects of relocation after the disaster. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 114(3), 194-202. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00786.x
  • Kim, H. Y. (2013). Statistical notes for clinical researchers: Assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restor Dent Endod, 38(1), 52-54. https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.52
  • Kun, P. Han, S. Chen, X. & Yao, L. (2009). Prevalence and risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: A cross-sectional study among survivors of the Wenchuan 2008 earthquake in China. Depression and Anxiety, 26(12), 1134-1140. doi: 1134-1140. doi:10.1002/da.20612
  • Mavrouli, M. Mavroulis, S. Lekkas, E. & Tsakris, A. (2023). The impact of earthquakes on public health: A narrative review of infectious diseases in the post-disaster period aiming to disaster risk reduction. Microorganisms, 11(2), 419. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020419
  • Mesidor, J. K. & Sly, K. F. (2019). Religious coping, general coping strategies, perceived social support, PTSD symptoms, resilience, and posttraumatic growth among survivors of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 22(2), 130-143, DOI: 10.1080/136 74676.2019 .1580254
  • Mishra, P. Pandey, C. M. Singh U. Gupta, A., Sahu, C. & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, 22(1), 67-72. doi: 10.4103/aca.ACA_157_18
  • Nobakht, H. N. Ojagh, F. S. & Dale, K. Y. (2018). Risk factors of post-traumatic stress among survivors of the 2017 Iran earthquake: The importance of peritraumatic dissociation. Psychiatry Research, 271, 702-707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.057
  • Oflaz, F. Hatipoğlu, S. & Aydin, H. (2008). Effectiveness of psychoeducation intervention on post-traumatic stress disorder and coping styles of earthquake survivors. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(5), 677-687. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02047.x
  • Olff, M. & Langeland, W. (2022). Why Men and Women May Respond Differently to Psychological Trauma, Psychıatrıc Tımes, April 2022, Erişim adresi: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/why-men-and-women-may-respond-differently-to-psychological-trauma
  • Ozer, E. J. Best, S. R. Lipsey, T. L. & Weiss, D. S. (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 52-73. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.52
  • Ozdemir, O. Boysan, M. Guzel Ozdemir, P. & Yilmaz, E. (2015). Relationships between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dissociation, quality of life, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation among earthquake survivors. Psychiatry Research, 228(3), 598-605. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.045
  • Polat, I. Anuk, D. Ozkan, M. & Bahadir, G. (2023). Mental health in the aftermath of disasters; psychological effects, treatment approaches and coping. J Ist Faculty Med, 86(4), 393-401. doi: 10.26650/IUITFD.1322896 Qin, Y. Zhou, Y. Fan, F. Chen, S. Huang, R. Cai, R. & Peng, T. (2016). Developmental trajectories and predictors of prosocial behavior among adolescents exposed to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29(1), 80-87. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22064
  • Pratt, M.M. Fitzsimmons, P. & Christian B. (2019). After the earthquake: adult reflections on adolescent experiences of a natural disaster. Teach J Christian Edu, 13, 22-31. doi: 10.55254/1835-1492.1426
  • Raccanello, D. Barnaba, V. Rocca, E. Vicentini, G. Hall, R. & Burro, R. (2020). Adults’ expectations on children’s earthquake-related emotions and coping strategies. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 26(5), 571-583. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506
  • Ratcliffe, M. Ruddell, M. Smith, B. (2014). What is a “sense of foreshortened future?” A phenomenological study of trauma, trust, and time. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(1026), doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01026
  • Seo, H. & Lee, O. (2020). Mediating role of post-traumatic stress disorder in post-traumatic growth in adults who experienced the 2017 Pohang earthquake. Journal of Affective Disorders, 263, 246-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.162
  • Serrano, C., Leiva-Bianchi, M. Ahumada, F. Araque-Pinilla F. (2021). What is the association between post-traumatic stress disorder and unemployment after a disaster? International Journal of Occupational Medicine And Environmental Health, 34(6), 755-766. DOI10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01 557
  • Shaw, A. Joseph, S. & Linley P. (2005). Religion, spirituality, and posttraumatic growth: A systematic review. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 8(1), 1-11. doi:10.1080/1367467032000157981
  • Shi, X. Zhou, Y. Geng, F. Li, Y. Zhou, J. Lei B. Chen, S. Chen, X. & Fan, F. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in parents and adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake: A longitudinal actor-partner interdependence model. Journal of Affective Disorders, 226, 301-306. doi:10.1016/j.j ad.2017.10.011 Türkiye Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (2023). 2023 Kahramanmaraş ve Hatay Depremleri Raporu. Erişim adresi: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023-Kahramanmaras-ve-Hatay-Depremleri-Raporu.pdf
  • Stratton, S. J. (2021). Population research: Convenience sampling strategies. Prehosp Disaster Med, 36(4), 373-374. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X21000649
  • Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.
  • Tanhan, F. & Kayri, M. (2013). Deprem sonrası travma düzeyini belirleme ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 13(2), 1013-1025.
  • TRTHABER, 2023. Depremde can kaybı 50 bin 783. Erişim adresi: https://www .trthaber.com/haber/gunde m/depremde-can-kaybi-50-bin-783-762132.html
  • Valladares-Garrido, M.J. Zapata-Castro, L.E. Peralta, C.I. García-Vicente A. Astudillo-Rueda, D. León-Figueroa, D.A. & Díaz-Vélez, C. (2022). Post-traumatic stress disorder after the 6.1 magnitude earthquake in Piura, Peru: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19, 11035. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711035
  • Wang, Z. & Gan, Y. (2011). Coping mediates between social support, neuroticism, and depression after earthquake and examination stress among adolescents. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 24(3), 343-358. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2010.515026
  • Wen, J. Shi, Y. K. Li, Y. P. Yuan, P. & Wang F. (2012). Quality of life, physical diseases, and psychological impairment among survivors 3 years after Wenchuan earthquake: A population based survey. PLoS One, 7, e43081. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043081
  • Wu, Z. Xu, J. He, L. (2014). Psychological consequences and associated risk factors among adult survivors of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 3057-3069. doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-126.
  • Wu, Z. Xu, J. & Sui, Y. (2016). Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth coexistence and the risk factors in Wenchuan earthquake survivors. Psychiatry Research, 237, 49-54. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.04.
  • Xu, J. & Wang P. (2012). Social support and level of survivors’ psychological stress after the Wenchuan Earthquake. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 40(10), 1625-1631. doi:10.2224/sbp.2012.40.10.1625.
  • Yöndem, Z.D. & Eren, A. (2008). Validity and Reliability Studies of Earthquake Stress Coping Scale (ESCS). Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 3(30), 60-75.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kent Sosyolojisi ve Toplum Çalışmaları, Travma Psikolojisi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Vehbi Bayhan 0000-0001-5567-3438

Ahmet Yasuntimur 0000-0003-0924-8021

Nesrin Demir 0000-0001-8024-183X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 6 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 18 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 35 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Bayhan, V., Yasuntimur, A., & Demir, N. (2025). Post-Traumatic Stress and Coping Strategies for Earthquake-Related Stress Among Individuals Affected by the February 6, 2023 Earthquakes: The Case of Malatya. Firat University Journal of Social Sciences, 35(2), 773-786. https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1596751
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