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Telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: Biology and clinical significance

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 60 - 64, 30.04.2025

Onur Dülger

https://doi.org/10.51753/flsrt.1576211

Öz

About 85% of all lung cancers are non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), which are common, have a high death rate, and are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage. Recent studies have shown that mutations in the TERT promoter in NSCLC may be a noninvasive biomarker, enhance possible treatment approaches, and predict prognosis, especially in inoperable cases. This review comprehensively examines the present state of TERT promoter mutations in NSCLC, highlighting their clinical relevance, treatment approaches, challenges, and key considerations. TERT promoter mutations in NSCLC may offer new perspectives on the molecular pathogenesis of patients. For this reason, summarized TERT promoter mutations in NSCLC and current treatment strategies targeting TERT. Understanding the TERT effect on NSCLC may pave the way for new personalized treatment approaches.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Clinical significance non-small cell lung cancer promoter mutations TERT

Kaynakça

  • Akincilar, S. C., Unal, B., & Tergaonkar, V. (2016). Reactivation of telomerase in cancer. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 73, 1659-1670.
  • Alamgeer, M., Ganju, V., & Watkins, D. N. (2013). Novel therapeutic targets in non-small cell lung cancer. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 13(3), 394-401.
  • Ali, J. H., & Walter, M. (2023). Combining old and new concepts in targeting telomerase for cancer therapy: transient, immediate, complete and combinatory attack (TICCA). Cancer Cell International, 23(1), 197.
  • Asangani, I. A., Dommeti, V. L., Wang, X., Malik, R., Cieslik, M., Yang, R., ... & Chinnaiyan, A. M. (2014). Therapeutic targeting of BET bromodomain proteins in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Nature, 510(7504), 278-282.
  • Aubert, G., Baerlocher, G. M., Vulto, I., Poon, S. S., & Lansdorp, P. M. (2012). Collapse of telomere homeostasis in hematopoietic cells caused by heterozygous mutations in telomerase genes. PLoS Genetics, 8(5), e1002696.
  • Barthel, F. P., Wei, W., Tang, M., Martinez-Ledesma, E., Hu, X., Amin, S. B., ... & Verhaak, R. G. (2017). Systematic analysis of telomere length and somatic alterations in 31 cancer types. Nature Genetics, 49(3), 349-357.
  • Bertolaccini, L., Casiraghi, M., Uslenghi, C., Maiorca, S., & Spaggiari, L. (2024). Recent advances in lung cancer research: unravelling the future of treatment. Updates in Surgery, 76(6), 2129-2140.
  • Braicu, C., Zimta, A. A., Harangus, A., Iurca, I., Irimie, A., Coza, O., & Berindan-Neagoe, I. (2019). The function of non-coding RNAs in lung cancer tumorigenesis. Cancers, 11(5), 605.
  • Bremnes, R. M., Sundstrom, S., Aasebø, U., Kaasa, S., Hatlevoll, R., Aamdal, S., & Norwegian Lung Cancer Study Group. (2003). The value of prognostic factors in small cell lung cancer: results from a randomised multicenter study with minimum 5 year follow-up. Lung Cancer, 39(3), 303-313.
  • Brennan, C. W., Verhaak, R. G., McKenna, A., Campos, B., Noushmehr, H., Salama, S. R., ... & Davidsen, T. (2013). The somatic genomic landscape of glioblastoma. Cell, 155(2), 462-477.
  • Brundage, M. D., Davies, D., & Mackillop, W. J. (2002). Prognostic factors in non-small cell lung cancer: a decade of progress. Chest, 122(3), 1037-1057.
  • Campisi, J. (2013). Aging, cellular senescence, and cancer. Annual Review of Physiology, 75(1), 685-705.
  • Chen, Z., Vallega, K. A., Wang, D., Quan, Z., Fan, S., Wang, Q., ... & Sun, S. Y. (2024). Inhibition of hTERT/telomerase/telomere mediates therapeutic efficacy of osimertinib in EGFR mutant lung cancer. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 221(11), e20240435.
  • Cheng, H., Xu, X., Costa, D. B., Powell, C. A., & Halmos, B. (2010). Molecular testing in lung cancer: the time is now. Current Oncology Reports, 12, 335-348.
  • Dacic, S. (2011). Molecular diagnostics of lung cancer. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 135, 623–829.
  • Dilley, R. L., & Greenberg, R. A. (2015). ALTernative telomere maintenance and cancer. Trends in Cancer, 1, 145-156.
  • Dosset, M., Castro, A., Carter, H., & Zanetti, M. (2020). Telomerase and CD4 T cell immunity in cancer. Cancers, 12(6), 1687.
  • El Zarif, T., Machaalani, M., Nawfal, R., Nassar, A. H., Xie, W., Choueiri, T. K., & Pomerantz, M. (2024). TERT promoter mutations frequency across race, sex, and cancer type. The Oncologist, 29(1), 8-14.
  • Fekri Aval, S., Akbarzadeh, A., Yamchi, M. R., Zarghami, F., Nejati-Koshki, K., & Zarghami, N. (2016). Gene silencing effect of SiRNA-magnetic modified with biodegradable copolymer nanoparticles on hTERT gene expression in lung cancer cell line. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 44(1), 188-193.
  • Filippakopoulos, P., Qi, J., Picaud, S., Shen, Y., Smith, W. B., Fedorov, O., ... & Bradner, J. E. (2010). Selective inhibition of BET bromodomains. Nature, 468(7327), 1067-1073.
  • Fois, S. S., Paliogiannis, P., Zinellu, A., Fois, A. G., Cossu, A., & Palmieri, G. (2021). Molecular epidemiology of the main druggable genetic alterations in non-small cell lung cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(2), 612.
  • Gridelli, C., Ciuleanu, T., Domine, M., Szczesna, A., Bover, I., Cobo, M., ... & Vx-001-201 trial team. (2020). Clinical activity of a htert (vx-001) cancer vaccine as post-chemotherapy maintenance immunotherapy in patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer: final results of a randomised phase 2 clinical trial. British Journal of Cancer, 122(10), 1461-1466.
  • Griewank, K. G., Murali, R., Schilling, B., Schimming, T., Möller, I., Moll, I., ... & Hillen, U. (2013). TERT promoter mutations are frequent in cutaneous basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. PloS one, 8(11), e80354.
  • Guterres, A. N., & Villanueva, J. (2020). Targeting telomerase for cancer therapy. Oncogene, 39(36), 5811-5824.
  • Heidenreich, B., & Kumar, R. (2017). TERT promoter mutations in telomere biology. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 771, 15-31.
  • Hirsch, F. R., Wynes, M. W., Gandara, D. R., & Bunn Jr, P. A. (2010). The tissue is the issue: personalized medicine for non-small cell lung cancer. Clinical Cancer Research, 16(20), 4909-4911.
  • Horn, S., Figl, A., Rachakonda, P. S., Fischer, C., Sucker, A., Gast, A., ... & Kumar, R. (2013). TERT promoter mutations in familial and sporadic melanoma. Science, 339(6122), 959-961.
  • Hsu, C. P., Hsu, N. Y., Lee, L. W., & Ko, J. L. (2006). Ets2 binding site single nucleotide polymorphism at the hTERT gene promoter–effect on telomerase expression and telomere length maintenance in non-small cell lung cancer. European Journal of Cancer, 42(10), 1466-1474.
  • Huang, F. W., Hodis, E., Xu, M. J., Kryukov, G. V., Chin, L., & Garraway, L. A. (2013). Highly recurrent TERT promoter mutations in human melanoma. Science, 339(6122), 957-959.
  • Inada, E., Saitoh, I., Kubota, N., Iwase, Y., Kiyokawa, Y., Shibasaki, S., ... & Sato, M. (2019). piggy Bac transposon-based immortalization of human deciduous tooth dental pulp cells with multipotency and non-tumorigenic potential. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(19), 4904.
  • Jafri, M. A., Ansari, S. A., Alqahtani, M. H., & Shay, J. W. (2016). Roles of telomeres and telomerase in cancer, and advances in telomerase-targeted therapies. Genome Medicine, 8(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-016-0324-x
  • Johnson, B. E. (1995). Biologic and molecular prognostic factors—impact on treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Chest, 107(6), 287S-290S.
  • Jung, S. J., Kim, D. S., Park, W. J., Lee, H., Choi, I. J., Park, J. Y., & Lee, J. H. (2017). Mutation of the TERT promoter leads to poor prognosis of patients with non small cell lung cancer. Oncology Letters, 14(2), 1609-1614.
  • Kageler, L., & Aquilanti, E. (2024). Discovery of telomerase inhibitors: existing strategies and emerging innovations. Biochemical Society Transactions, 52(4), 1957-1968.
  • Kim, N. W., Piatyszek, M. A., Prowse, K. R., Harley, C. B., West, M. D., Ho, P. L., ... & Shay, J. W. (1994). Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science, 266(5193), 2011-2015.
  • Lewis, K. A., & Tollefsbol, T. O. (2016). Regulation of the telomerase reverse transcriptase subunit through epigenetic mechanisms. Frontiers in Genetics, 7, 83.
  • Liang, P., Xu, Y., Zhang, X., Ding, C., Huang, R., Zhang, Z., ... & Huang, J. (2015). CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in human tripronuclear zygotes. Protein & Cell, 6(5), 363-372.
  • Lin, H. Y., & Park, J. Y. (2024). Epidemiology of cancer. In Anesthesia for oncological surgery (pp. 11-16). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Liu, X., Bishop, J., Shan, Y., Pai, S., Liu, D., Murugan, A. K., ... & Xing, M. (2013). Highly prevalent TERT promoter mutations in aggressive thyroid cancers. Endocrine-Related Cancer, 20(4), 603-610.
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Telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: Biology and clinical significance

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 60 - 64, 30.04.2025

Onur Dülger

https://doi.org/10.51753/flsrt.1576211

Öz

About 85% of all lung cancers are non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), which are common, have a high death rate, and are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage. Recent studies have shown that mutations in the TERT promoter in NSCLC may be a noninvasive biomarker, enhance possible treatment approaches, and predict prognosis, especially in inoperable cases. This review comprehensively examines the present state of TERT promoter mutations in NSCLC, highlighting their clinical relevance, treatment approaches, challenges, and key considerations. TERT promoter mutations in NSCLC may offer new perspectives on the molecular pathogenesis of patients. For this reason, summarized TERT promoter mutations in NSCLC and current treatment strategies targeting TERT. Understanding the TERT effect on NSCLC may pave the way for new personalized treatment approaches.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Clinical significance non-small cell lung cancer promoter mutations TERT

Kaynakça

  • Akincilar, S. C., Unal, B., & Tergaonkar, V. (2016). Reactivation of telomerase in cancer. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 73, 1659-1670.
  • Alamgeer, M., Ganju, V., & Watkins, D. N. (2013). Novel therapeutic targets in non-small cell lung cancer. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 13(3), 394-401.
  • Ali, J. H., & Walter, M. (2023). Combining old and new concepts in targeting telomerase for cancer therapy: transient, immediate, complete and combinatory attack (TICCA). Cancer Cell International, 23(1), 197.
  • Asangani, I. A., Dommeti, V. L., Wang, X., Malik, R., Cieslik, M., Yang, R., ... & Chinnaiyan, A. M. (2014). Therapeutic targeting of BET bromodomain proteins in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Nature, 510(7504), 278-282.
  • Aubert, G., Baerlocher, G. M., Vulto, I., Poon, S. S., & Lansdorp, P. M. (2012). Collapse of telomere homeostasis in hematopoietic cells caused by heterozygous mutations in telomerase genes. PLoS Genetics, 8(5), e1002696.
  • Barthel, F. P., Wei, W., Tang, M., Martinez-Ledesma, E., Hu, X., Amin, S. B., ... & Verhaak, R. G. (2017). Systematic analysis of telomere length and somatic alterations in 31 cancer types. Nature Genetics, 49(3), 349-357.
  • Bertolaccini, L., Casiraghi, M., Uslenghi, C., Maiorca, S., & Spaggiari, L. (2024). Recent advances in lung cancer research: unravelling the future of treatment. Updates in Surgery, 76(6), 2129-2140.
  • Braicu, C., Zimta, A. A., Harangus, A., Iurca, I., Irimie, A., Coza, O., & Berindan-Neagoe, I. (2019). The function of non-coding RNAs in lung cancer tumorigenesis. Cancers, 11(5), 605.
  • Bremnes, R. M., Sundstrom, S., Aasebø, U., Kaasa, S., Hatlevoll, R., Aamdal, S., & Norwegian Lung Cancer Study Group. (2003). The value of prognostic factors in small cell lung cancer: results from a randomised multicenter study with minimum 5 year follow-up. Lung Cancer, 39(3), 303-313.
  • Brennan, C. W., Verhaak, R. G., McKenna, A., Campos, B., Noushmehr, H., Salama, S. R., ... & Davidsen, T. (2013). The somatic genomic landscape of glioblastoma. Cell, 155(2), 462-477.
  • Brundage, M. D., Davies, D., & Mackillop, W. J. (2002). Prognostic factors in non-small cell lung cancer: a decade of progress. Chest, 122(3), 1037-1057.
  • Campisi, J. (2013). Aging, cellular senescence, and cancer. Annual Review of Physiology, 75(1), 685-705.
  • Chen, Z., Vallega, K. A., Wang, D., Quan, Z., Fan, S., Wang, Q., ... & Sun, S. Y. (2024). Inhibition of hTERT/telomerase/telomere mediates therapeutic efficacy of osimertinib in EGFR mutant lung cancer. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 221(11), e20240435.
  • Cheng, H., Xu, X., Costa, D. B., Powell, C. A., & Halmos, B. (2010). Molecular testing in lung cancer: the time is now. Current Oncology Reports, 12, 335-348.
  • Dacic, S. (2011). Molecular diagnostics of lung cancer. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 135, 623–829.
  • Dilley, R. L., & Greenberg, R. A. (2015). ALTernative telomere maintenance and cancer. Trends in Cancer, 1, 145-156.
  • Dosset, M., Castro, A., Carter, H., & Zanetti, M. (2020). Telomerase and CD4 T cell immunity in cancer. Cancers, 12(6), 1687.
  • El Zarif, T., Machaalani, M., Nawfal, R., Nassar, A. H., Xie, W., Choueiri, T. K., & Pomerantz, M. (2024). TERT promoter mutations frequency across race, sex, and cancer type. The Oncologist, 29(1), 8-14.
  • Fekri Aval, S., Akbarzadeh, A., Yamchi, M. R., Zarghami, F., Nejati-Koshki, K., & Zarghami, N. (2016). Gene silencing effect of SiRNA-magnetic modified with biodegradable copolymer nanoparticles on hTERT gene expression in lung cancer cell line. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 44(1), 188-193.
  • Filippakopoulos, P., Qi, J., Picaud, S., Shen, Y., Smith, W. B., Fedorov, O., ... & Bradner, J. E. (2010). Selective inhibition of BET bromodomains. Nature, 468(7327), 1067-1073.
  • Fois, S. S., Paliogiannis, P., Zinellu, A., Fois, A. G., Cossu, A., & Palmieri, G. (2021). Molecular epidemiology of the main druggable genetic alterations in non-small cell lung cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(2), 612.
  • Gridelli, C., Ciuleanu, T., Domine, M., Szczesna, A., Bover, I., Cobo, M., ... & Vx-001-201 trial team. (2020). Clinical activity of a htert (vx-001) cancer vaccine as post-chemotherapy maintenance immunotherapy in patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer: final results of a randomised phase 2 clinical trial. British Journal of Cancer, 122(10), 1461-1466.
  • Griewank, K. G., Murali, R., Schilling, B., Schimming, T., Möller, I., Moll, I., ... & Hillen, U. (2013). TERT promoter mutations are frequent in cutaneous basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. PloS one, 8(11), e80354.
  • Guterres, A. N., & Villanueva, J. (2020). Targeting telomerase for cancer therapy. Oncogene, 39(36), 5811-5824.
  • Heidenreich, B., & Kumar, R. (2017). TERT promoter mutations in telomere biology. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 771, 15-31.
  • Hirsch, F. R., Wynes, M. W., Gandara, D. R., & Bunn Jr, P. A. (2010). The tissue is the issue: personalized medicine for non-small cell lung cancer. Clinical Cancer Research, 16(20), 4909-4911.
  • Horn, S., Figl, A., Rachakonda, P. S., Fischer, C., Sucker, A., Gast, A., ... & Kumar, R. (2013). TERT promoter mutations in familial and sporadic melanoma. Science, 339(6122), 959-961.
  • Hsu, C. P., Hsu, N. Y., Lee, L. W., & Ko, J. L. (2006). Ets2 binding site single nucleotide polymorphism at the hTERT gene promoter–effect on telomerase expression and telomere length maintenance in non-small cell lung cancer. European Journal of Cancer, 42(10), 1466-1474.
  • Huang, F. W., Hodis, E., Xu, M. J., Kryukov, G. V., Chin, L., & Garraway, L. A. (2013). Highly recurrent TERT promoter mutations in human melanoma. Science, 339(6122), 957-959.
  • Inada, E., Saitoh, I., Kubota, N., Iwase, Y., Kiyokawa, Y., Shibasaki, S., ... & Sato, M. (2019). piggy Bac transposon-based immortalization of human deciduous tooth dental pulp cells with multipotency and non-tumorigenic potential. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(19), 4904.
  • Jafri, M. A., Ansari, S. A., Alqahtani, M. H., & Shay, J. W. (2016). Roles of telomeres and telomerase in cancer, and advances in telomerase-targeted therapies. Genome Medicine, 8(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-016-0324-x
  • Johnson, B. E. (1995). Biologic and molecular prognostic factors—impact on treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Chest, 107(6), 287S-290S.
  • Jung, S. J., Kim, D. S., Park, W. J., Lee, H., Choi, I. J., Park, J. Y., & Lee, J. H. (2017). Mutation of the TERT promoter leads to poor prognosis of patients with non small cell lung cancer. Oncology Letters, 14(2), 1609-1614.
  • Kageler, L., & Aquilanti, E. (2024). Discovery of telomerase inhibitors: existing strategies and emerging innovations. Biochemical Society Transactions, 52(4), 1957-1968.
  • Kim, N. W., Piatyszek, M. A., Prowse, K. R., Harley, C. B., West, M. D., Ho, P. L., ... & Shay, J. W. (1994). Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science, 266(5193), 2011-2015.
  • Lewis, K. A., & Tollefsbol, T. O. (2016). Regulation of the telomerase reverse transcriptase subunit through epigenetic mechanisms. Frontiers in Genetics, 7, 83.
  • Liang, P., Xu, Y., Zhang, X., Ding, C., Huang, R., Zhang, Z., ... & Huang, J. (2015). CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in human tripronuclear zygotes. Protein & Cell, 6(5), 363-372.
  • Lin, H. Y., & Park, J. Y. (2024). Epidemiology of cancer. In Anesthesia for oncological surgery (pp. 11-16). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Liu, X., Bishop, J., Shan, Y., Pai, S., Liu, D., Murugan, A. K., ... & Xing, M. (2013). Highly prevalent TERT promoter mutations in aggressive thyroid cancers. Endocrine-Related Cancer, 20(4), 603-610.
  • Ma, X., Gong, R., Wang, R., Pan, Y., Cai, D., Pan, B., ... & Chen, H. (2014). Recurrent TERT promoter mutations in non-small cell lung cancers. Lung Cancer, 86(3), 369-373.
  • Ma, S., & Wang, L. (2024). Prognostic factors and predictive model construction in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective study. Frontiers in Oncology, 14, 1378135.
  • Mender, I., LaRanger, R., Luitel, K., Peyton, M., Girard, L., Lai, T. P., ... & Shay, J. W. (2018). Telomerase-mediated strategy for overcoming non–small cell lung cancer targeted therapy and chemotherapy resistance. Neoplasia, 20(8), 826-837.
  • Morgenstern Kaplan, D., Kareff, S. A., Gandhi, N., Elliott, A., Magistri, M., Sumarriva, D., ... & Rodriguez, E. (2024). The genomic, transcriptomic, and immunological profile of patients with recurrent/refractory NSCLC.
  • Muneer, A., & Minhas, F. A. (2019). Telomere biology in mood disorders: an updated, comprehensive review of the literature. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 17(3), 343.
  • Nigro, E., Imperlini, E., Scudiero, O., Monaco, M. L., Polito, R., Mazzarella, G., ... & Daniele, A. (2015). Differentially expressed and activated proteins associated with non small cell lung cancer tissues. Respiratory Research, 16, 1-10.
  • Ningarhari, M., Caruso, S., Hirsch, T. Z., Bayard, Q., Franconi, A., Védie, A. L., ... & Zucman-Rossi, J. (2021). Telomere length is key to hepatocellular carcinoma diversity and telomerase addiction is an actionable therapeutic target. Journal of Hepatology, 74(5), 1155-1166.
  • Onur, D., İlhan, Y., & Büge, Ö. (2025). Association between PD-L1 expression with EGFR, ALK, and ROS1 driver oncogene mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, 68(1), 36-41.
  • Passaro, A., Al Bakir, M., Hamilton, E. G., Diehn, M., André, F., Roy-Chowdhuri, S., ... & Peters, S. (2024). Cancer biomarkers: emerging trends and clinical implications for personalized treatment. Cell, 187(7), 1617-1635.
  • Planchard, D., Popat, S. T., Kerr, K., Novello, S., Smit, E. F., Faivre-Finn, C., ... & ESMO Guidelines Committee. (2018). Metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology, 29, iv192-iv237.
  • Qiu, M., Chen, Y. B., Jin, S., Fang, X. F., He, X. X., Xiong, Z. F., & Yang, S. L. (2019). Research on circadian clock genes in non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Chronobiology International, 36(6), 739-750.
  • Sher, T., Dy, G. K., & Adjei, A. A. (2008, March). Small cell lung cancer. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 83(3), 355-361.
  • Smith, R. A., Andrews, K. S., Brooks, D., Fedewa, S. A., Manassaram‐Baptiste, D., Saslow, D., ... & Wender, R. C. (2017). Cancer screening in the United States, 2017: a review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and current issues in cancer screening. CA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 67(2), 100-121.
  • Smogorzewska, A., & de Lange, T. (2004). Regulation of telomerase by telomeric proteins. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 73(1), 177-208.
  • Spiro, S. G., & Silvestri, G. A. (2005). One hundred years of lung cancer. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 172(5), 523-529.
  • Spurr, L. F., & Pitroda, S. P. (2024). Clinical and molecular correlates of tumor aneuploidy in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 19375.
  • Stern, J. L., Theodorescu, D., Vogelstein, B., Papadopoulos, N., & Cech, T. R. (2015). Mutation of the TERT promoter, switch to active chromatin, and monoallelic TERT expression in multiple cancers. Genes & Development, 29(21), 2219-2224.
  • Tan, W. L., Jain, A., Takano, A., Newell, E. W., Iyer, N. G., Lim, W. T., ... & Tan, D. S. (2016). Novel therapeutic targets on the horizon for lung cancer. The Lancet Oncology, 17(8), e347-e362.
  • Werr, L., Bartenhagen, C., Rosswog, C., Cartolano, M., Voegele, C., Sexton-Oates, A., ... & Lung NEN Network. (2025). TERT expression and clinical outcome in pulmonary carcinoids. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 43(2), 214-225.
  • Wang, K., Liu, T., Liu, C., Meng, Y., Yuan, X., Liu, L., ... & Xu, D. (2015). TERT promoter mutations and TERT mRNA but not FGFR3 mutations are urinary biomarkers in Han Chinese patients with urothelial bladder cancer. The Oncologist, 20(3), 263-269.
  • Wen, L., Zhao, C., Song, J., Ma, L., Ruan, J., Xia, X., ... & Xu, J. (2020). CRISPR/Cas9-mediated TERT disruption in cancer cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(2), 653.
  • Yang, L., Li, N., Wang, M., Zhang, Y. H., Yan, L. D., Zhou, W., ... & Cai, J. (2021). Tumorigenic effect of TERT and its potential therapeutic target in NSCLC. Oncology Reports, 46(2), 1-12.
  • Yeh, J., Marrone, K. A., & Forde, P. M. (2018). Neoadjuvant and consolidation immuno-oncology therapy in stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 10(Suppl 3), S451.
  • Yi, M., Zheng, X., Niu, M., Zhu, S., Ge, H., & Wu, K. (2022). Combination strategies with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: current advances and future directions. Molecular Cancer, 21(1), 28.
  • Yoo, S. S., Do, S. K., Choi, J. E., Lee, S. Y., Cha, S. I., Kim, C. H., & Park, J. Y. (2015). TERT polymorphism rs2853669 influences lung cancer risk in the Korean population. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 30, 1423-1428.
  • Yu, X. J., Chen, G., Yang, J., Yu, G. C., Zhu, P. F., Jiang, Z. K., ... & Zhong, F. M. (2019). Smoking alters the evolutionary trajectory of non small cell lung cancer. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 18(5), 3315-3324.
  • Zhang, X. H., Hao, S., Gao, B., Tian, W. G., Jiang, Y., Zhang, S., ... & Luo, D. L. (2016). A network meta-analysis for toxicity of eight chemotherapy regimens in the treatment of metastatic/advanced breast cancer. Oncotarget, 7(51), 84533.
  • Yuan, P., Huang, S., Bao, F. C., Cao, J. L., Sheng, H. X., Shi, L., ... & Hu, J. (2019). Discriminating association of a common telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter polymorphism with telomere parameters in non-small cell lung cancer with or without epidermal growth factor receptor mutation. European Journal of Cancer, 120, 10-19.
  • Zanetti, M. (2017). A second chance for telomerase reverse transcriptase in anticancer immunotherapy. Nature reviews Clinical oncology, 14(2), 115-128.
  • Zhan, T., Rindtorff, N., Betge, J., Ebert, M. P., & Boutros, M. (2019, April). CRISPR/Cas9 for cancer research and therapy. In Seminars in cancer biology (Vol. 55, pp. 106-119). Academic Press.
  • Zhang, X. X., Yu, X. Y., Xu, S. J., Shi, X. Q., Chen, Y., Shi, Q., & Sun, C. (2024). rs2736098, a synonymous polymorphism, is associated with carcinogenesis and cell count in multiple tissue types by regulating TERT expression. Heliyon, 10(6).
  • Zhang, Y., Shen, W. X., Zhou, L. N., Tang, M., Tan, Y., Feng, C. X., ... & Chen, M. B. (2020). The Value of Next‐Generation Sequencing for Treatment in Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients: The Observational, Real‐World Evidence in China. BioMed Research International, 2020(1), 9387167.
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Genetik (Diğer)
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Onur Dülger 0000-0002-1155-7790

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Ekim 2024
Kabul Tarihi 29 Ocak 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Dülger, O. (2025). Telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: Biology and clinical significance. Frontiers in Life Sciences and Related Technologies, 6(1), 60-64. https://doi.org/10.51753/flsrt.1576211
 Kapak Resmi İndir

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