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Symmetric Analysis of Factors Affecting Freelance Workers in the Context of OECD Member Countries

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 853 - 867, 25.05.2025

Sergen Gürsoy

https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1463998

Öz

This research examines the effects of digital infrastructure/services and certain economic factors on creating favorable conditions for freelancers. The research was carried out in view of the growing interest in new forms of work as digitalization is reflected in the socio-economic structure. The study covers 28 OECD countries from a variety of variables-number of freelancers (NSEP), cost of living (CLM), co-working spaces (NCS), average broadband speed (ABS) and prices (ABP), average mobile speed (AMS) and the resulting freelancing score (FS)-and different databases. Symmetric (PLS-SEM) analysis was conducted to determine the level of influence of causal conditions on the outcome. According to the findings of the study, in the first phase, the explanatory power of the causal conditions for the freelance score was 90.4%. The effects of ABP and CLM on FS were significant and negative. ABS, AMS, AS, NCS and NSEP have significant and positive effects on FS. According to the importance performance map, NSEP has the largest effect on FS, while ABS is the fastest performing variable. The research helps freelancers to make their career planning in OECD countries by determining the most favorable conditions for freelancers.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Freelance Work Freelance Score Career Planning Structural Equation Modeling Smart-PLS

Kaynakça

  • Abdreissova, D. Z., Baitenizov, D. T., Azatbek, T. A. & Valieva, S. N. (2021). Freelance market development factors. Economics: The Strategy and Practice. https://doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2021-4-188-207
  • Akhmetshin, E. M., Kovalenko, K. E., Mueller, J. E., Khakimov, A. K., Yumashev, A. V. & Khairullina, A. D. (2018). Freelancing as a type of entrepreneurship: Advantages, disadvantages and development prospects. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 21(2), 1528-2651.
  • Arulmani, G., Bakshi, A. J., Leong, F. T. & Watts, A. G. (2014). Handbook of career development: International perspectives. New York: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9460-7
  • Ashford, S. J., George, E. & Blatt, R. (2007). 2 old assumptions, New Work: The opportunities and challenges of research on nonstandard employment. The Academy of Management Annals, 1(1), 65-117. https://doi.org/10.5465/078559807
  • Ayoobzadeh, M. (2022). Freelance job search during times of uncertainty: Protean career orientation, career competencies and job search. Personnel Review, 51(1), 40-56. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-07-2020-0563
  • Beckett, M. (2023). Broadband mid-contract price increases in 2023, explained. Uswitch. https://www.uswitch.com/broadband/guides/mid-contract-price-rises/
  • Bido, D., da Silva, D. & Ringle, C. (2014). Structural equation modeling with the smartpls. Brazilian Journal of Marketing, 13(2).
  • Biggs, P. & Kelly, T. (2006). Broadband pricing strategies. Info, 8(6), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1108/14636690610707455
  • Blackburn, R., Ventura, M. & Machin, S. (2022). Covid-19 and the self-employed-a two year update. CEP Covid-19 Analyses cepcovid-19-028, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE. https://ideas.repec.org/p/cep/cepcvd/cepcovid-19-028.html
  • Boeri, T., Giupponi, G., Krueger, A. B. & Machin, S. (2020). Solo self-employment and alternative work arrangements: A cross-country perspective on the changing composition of jobs. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 34(1), 170-195. DOI: 10.1257/jep.34.1.170
  • Bouncken, R., Ratzmann, M., Barwinski, R. & Kraus, S. (2020). Coworking spaces: Empowerment for entrepreneurship and innovation in the digital and sharing economy. Journal of Business Research, 114, 102-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.03.033
  • Burke, A. (2015). Introduction: A freelancing and self-employment research agenda. International Review of Entrepreneurship, 13(1), 1-6.
  • Burke, A., Zawwar, I. & Hussels, S. (2020). Do freelance independent contractors promote entrepreneurship?. Small Business Economics, 55, 415-427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00242-w
  • Burrell, G. & Morgan, G. (1979). Sociological paradigms and organisational analysis: Elements of the sociology of corporate life. Routledge, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315242804
  • Cieślik, J. & Dvouletý, O. (2019). Segmentation of the population of the solo self-employed. International Review of Entrepreneurship, 17(3).
  • Cohen J. (1995). The earth is round (p<. 05): Rejoinder. American Psychologist, 50(12), 1103. 10.1037/0003-066X.50.12.1103
  • Czernich, N., Falck, O., Kretschmer, T. & Woessmann, L. (2011). Broadband infrastructure and economic growth. The Economic Journal, 121(552), 505-532. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02420.x
  • Damian, D. & Capatina, A. (2019). Seeking Freelancers’ Motivations to Adopt an Entrepreneurial Career-A Storytelling Approach. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 13(1), 206-215. https://doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2019-0019
  • Damian, D. & Empoli, G. (2020). The Role of Entrepreneurial Training Designed for Freelancers in Start-Up Creation Process. Economics and Applied Informatics, (2), 142-147. https://doi.org/10.35219/eai15840409118
  • Daniel, E., Di Domenico, M. & Nunan, D. (2018). Virtual mobility and the lonely cloud: Theorizing the mobility‐isolation paradox for self‐employed knowledge‐workers in the online home‐based business context. Journal of Management Studies, 55(1), 174-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12321
  • Davison, A. C. & Hinkley, D. V. (1997). Bootstrap methods and their application (No. 1). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511802843
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OECD Üye Ülkeleri Bağlamında Freelance Çalışanları Etkileyen Faktörlere Yönelik Simetrik Analiz

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 853 - 867, 25.05.2025

Sergen Gürsoy

https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1463998

Öz

Bu araştırma, dijital altyapı/hizmetler ve birtakım ekonomik faktörlerin freelance çalışanlar için uygun koşul yaratmalarına yönelik etkilerini incelemektedir. Dijitalleşmenin sosyoekonomik yapıya yansıması ile birlikte yeni çalışma biçimlerine artan ilgiler gözetilerek araştırma yürütülmüştür. Çalışma çeşitli değişkenlerden -serbest çalışan sayısı (NSEP), yaşam maliyeti (CLM), ortak çalışma alanları (NCS), ortalama broadband hızı (ABS) ve fiyatları (ABP), ortalama mobil hızı (AMS) ve tüm bileşenlerin sonucunda ortaya çıkan freelance skor (FS)- ve farklı veri tabanlarından 28 OECD ülkesini kapsama almıştır. Araştırmada nedensel koşulların sonuca yönelik etki düzeyinin belirlenmesi için simetrik (PLS-SEM) analiz yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın bulgularına göre birinci safhada nedensel koşulların freelance skor için %90,4 oranında açıklayabilirliği belirlenmiştir. ABP ve CLM’nin FS’ye etkisi anlamlı ve negatif olarak belirlenmiştir. ABS, AMS, AS, NCS ve NSEP’in FS’ye etkisi anlamlı ve pozitif olarak tespit edilmiştir. Önem performans haritasına göre FS için NSEP en büyük etkiye sahip iken ABS en hızlı performans gösteren değişken olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırma freelance çalışanlar için en uygun koşullar belirlenerek OECD ülkeleri nezdinde kariyer planlamalarını yapabilmesine yardımcı olmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Freelance Çalışma Freelance Skor Kariyer Planlama Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi Smart-PLS

Kaynakça

  • Abdreissova, D. Z., Baitenizov, D. T., Azatbek, T. A. & Valieva, S. N. (2021). Freelance market development factors. Economics: The Strategy and Practice. https://doi.org/10.51176/1997-9967-2021-4-188-207
  • Akhmetshin, E. M., Kovalenko, K. E., Mueller, J. E., Khakimov, A. K., Yumashev, A. V. & Khairullina, A. D. (2018). Freelancing as a type of entrepreneurship: Advantages, disadvantages and development prospects. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 21(2), 1528-2651.
  • Arulmani, G., Bakshi, A. J., Leong, F. T. & Watts, A. G. (2014). Handbook of career development: International perspectives. New York: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9460-7
  • Ashford, S. J., George, E. & Blatt, R. (2007). 2 old assumptions, New Work: The opportunities and challenges of research on nonstandard employment. The Academy of Management Annals, 1(1), 65-117. https://doi.org/10.5465/078559807
  • Ayoobzadeh, M. (2022). Freelance job search during times of uncertainty: Protean career orientation, career competencies and job search. Personnel Review, 51(1), 40-56. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-07-2020-0563
  • Beckett, M. (2023). Broadband mid-contract price increases in 2023, explained. Uswitch. https://www.uswitch.com/broadband/guides/mid-contract-price-rises/
  • Bido, D., da Silva, D. & Ringle, C. (2014). Structural equation modeling with the smartpls. Brazilian Journal of Marketing, 13(2).
  • Biggs, P. & Kelly, T. (2006). Broadband pricing strategies. Info, 8(6), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1108/14636690610707455
  • Blackburn, R., Ventura, M. & Machin, S. (2022). Covid-19 and the self-employed-a two year update. CEP Covid-19 Analyses cepcovid-19-028, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE. https://ideas.repec.org/p/cep/cepcvd/cepcovid-19-028.html
  • Boeri, T., Giupponi, G., Krueger, A. B. & Machin, S. (2020). Solo self-employment and alternative work arrangements: A cross-country perspective on the changing composition of jobs. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 34(1), 170-195. DOI: 10.1257/jep.34.1.170
  • Bouncken, R., Ratzmann, M., Barwinski, R. & Kraus, S. (2020). Coworking spaces: Empowerment for entrepreneurship and innovation in the digital and sharing economy. Journal of Business Research, 114, 102-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.03.033
  • Burke, A. (2015). Introduction: A freelancing and self-employment research agenda. International Review of Entrepreneurship, 13(1), 1-6.
  • Burke, A., Zawwar, I. & Hussels, S. (2020). Do freelance independent contractors promote entrepreneurship?. Small Business Economics, 55, 415-427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00242-w
  • Burrell, G. & Morgan, G. (1979). Sociological paradigms and organisational analysis: Elements of the sociology of corporate life. Routledge, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315242804
  • Cieślik, J. & Dvouletý, O. (2019). Segmentation of the population of the solo self-employed. International Review of Entrepreneurship, 17(3).
  • Cohen J. (1995). The earth is round (p<. 05): Rejoinder. American Psychologist, 50(12), 1103. 10.1037/0003-066X.50.12.1103
  • Czernich, N., Falck, O., Kretschmer, T. & Woessmann, L. (2011). Broadband infrastructure and economic growth. The Economic Journal, 121(552), 505-532. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02420.x
  • Damian, D. & Capatina, A. (2019). Seeking Freelancers’ Motivations to Adopt an Entrepreneurial Career-A Storytelling Approach. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 13(1), 206-215. https://doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2019-0019
  • Damian, D. & Empoli, G. (2020). The Role of Entrepreneurial Training Designed for Freelancers in Start-Up Creation Process. Economics and Applied Informatics, (2), 142-147. https://doi.org/10.35219/eai15840409118
  • Daniel, E., Di Domenico, M. & Nunan, D. (2018). Virtual mobility and the lonely cloud: Theorizing the mobility‐isolation paradox for self‐employed knowledge‐workers in the online home‐based business context. Journal of Management Studies, 55(1), 174-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12321
  • Davison, A. C. & Hinkley, D. V. (1997). Bootstrap methods and their application (No. 1). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511802843
  • del Rio-Chanona, R. M., Mealy, P., Pichler, A., Lafond, F. & Farmer, J. D. (2020). Supply and demand shocks in the COVID-19 pandemic: An industry and occupation perspective. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 36(1), 94-137. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/graa033
  • Denderski, P. & Sniekers, F. (2019). Broadband internet and the self-employment rate: A cross-country study on the gig economy (No. 19/13). Division of Economics, School of Business, University of Leicester.
  • Devi, C. G., Arthijone, M. I., Prema, M. A. A., Felcia, M. W. A. & Janaranjani, M. M. (2021). Freelancer-client’s relationship in digital marketing-a commercial friendship. Nveo-Natural Volatiles & Essential Oils Journal, 4780-4788. https://www.nveo.org/index.php/journal/article/view/1462
  • Drahokoupil, J. & Fabo, B. (2019). Outsourcing, offshoring and the deconstruction of employment: New and old challenges. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93617-8_2
  • Dries, N. (2011). The meaning of career success: Avoiding reification through a closer inspection of historical, cultural, and ideological contexts. Career Development International, 16(4), 364-384. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431111158788
  • Dunn, M., Stephany, F., Sawyer, S., Munoz, I., Raheja, R., Vaccaro, G. & Lehdonvirta, V. (2020). When motivation becomes desperation: Online freelancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/67ptf
  • Elnur, A. (2023). İletişim süreçlerinin dijitalleşmesi bağlaminda boş zaman sosyolojisinin dönüşümü. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 10(23), 287-311. https://doi.org/10.58884/akademik-hassasiyetler.1351469
  • Elnur, A. (2024). Dijital çağda boş zaman: Boş zaman olgusunun dijitalleşmesi bağlamında “ready player one” filminin incelenmesi. Mevzu–Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (11), 431-462. https://doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1428798
  • Erdoğan, E. & Çiğdem, S. (2018). GİG ekonomisi ve freelance işgücünün yükselişi: Freelancer.com platformu üzerinden bir literatür taraması ve değerlendirme. ICPESS (International Congress on Politic, Economic and Social Studies) (Vol. 4).
  • Farmer, L. (2020). Where the mobile workforce is living. Rockefeller Institute of Government’s.
  • Fritsch, M. & Storey, D. J. (2014). Entrepreneurship in a regional context: Historical roots, recent developments and future challenges. Regional Studies, 48(6), 939-954, https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.892574
  • Garrett, L. E., Spreitzer, G. M. & Bacevice, P. A. (2017). Co-constructing a sense of community at work: The emergence of community in coworking spaces. Organization Studies, 38(6), 821-842. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840616685354
  • Garson, G. D. (2016). Partial least squares: Regression and structural equation models. Statistical Associates Publishers, Asheboro.
  • Grimes, A., Ren, C. & Stevens, P. (2012). The need for speed: Impacts of internet connectivity on firm productivity. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 37, 187-201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11123-011-0237-z
  • Günbayi, I. & Sorm, S. (2018). Social paradigms in guiding social research design: The functional, interpretive, radical humanist and radical structural paradigms. Online Submission, 9(2), 57-76. ISSN-1309-6249
  • Gussek, L. & Wiesche, M. (2024). Understanding the careers of freelancers on digital labor platforms: The case of IT work. Information Systems Journal.
  • Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M. & Gudergan, S. P. (2016). Advanced issues in partial least squares structural equation modeling. saGe publications. ISBN-13 978-1483377391
  • Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLSSEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
  • Hong, Y. & Pavlou, P. A. (2013). Online labor markets: An informal economy. IBIT Report. SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2132869
  • Howell, T. & Bingham, C. (2019). Coworking spaces: Working alone, together. Kenan Institute Working Paper. https://www.kenaninstitute.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Coworking_04042019.pdf
  • Huđek, I., Tominc, P. & Širec, K. (2021). The impact of social and cultural norms, government programs and digitalization as entrepreneurial environment factors on job and career satisfaction of freelancers. Sustainability, 13(2), 779. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020779
  • Idrees, A., Das, V. & Junejo, I. (2022). Factors affecting freelancing success: Evidence from Youth of Hyderabad, Pakistan. Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies, 8(2), 415-426. https://doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v8i2.2313
  • İli, B. & Büyükbaykal, G. N. (2023). Yeni medya çağında dijital göçebelik: 21. yüzyılın gezginleri üzerine bir inceleme (Doctoral dissertation, Akdeniz University).
  • ITU. (2022). The affordability of ICT services 2022. Policy Brief. https://www.itu.int/hub/publication/d-ind-pol_brief-02-2023/
  • Jarrahi, M. H., Newlands, G., Butler, B., Savage, S., Lutz, C., Dunn, M. & Sawyer, S. (2021). Flexible work and personal digital infrastructures PDIs are emerging as alternative sociotechnical infrastructures to enhance flexible work arrangments.
  • Jarvis, H. & Pratt, A. C. (2006). Bringing it all back home: The extensification and ‘overflowing’ of work: The case of San Francisco’s new media households. Geoforum, 37(3), 331-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2005.06.002
  • Karabatan, M. & Ekiz Gökmen, Ç. (2022). Transformation of work practice in the digitalized labor process: Freelancers in Turkey. International Journal of Contemporary Economics and Administrative Sciences. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6850809
  • Kathuria, R., Kedia, M., Varma, G., Bagchi, K. & Khullar, S. (2017). Future of work in a digital era: The potential and challenges for online freelancing and microwork in India. https://icrier.org/publications/future-of-work-in-a-digital-era-the-potential-and-challenges-for-online-freelancing-and-microwork-in-india/
  • Kazi, A. G., Yusoff, R. M., Khan, A. & Kazi, S. (2014). The Freelancer: A conceptual review. Sains Humanika, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.11113/sh.v2n3.428
  • Koloğlugil, S. (2019). Freelance çalışma, start-up girişimcilik ve işin geleceği: Kurumsalcı bir yaklaşım. Yildiz Social Science Review, 5(2), 237-246.
  • Kraus, S., Bouncken, R. B., Görmar, L., González-Serrano, M. H. & Calabuig, F. (2022). Coworking spaces and makerspaces: Mapping the state of research. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 7(1), 100161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2022.100161
  • Li, Y., Dai, J. & Cui, L. (2020). The impact of digital technologies on economic and environmental performance in the context of industry 4.0: A moderated mediation model. International Journal of Production Economics, 229, 107777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107777
  • Liaqat, A. & Liaqat, F. (2021). Covid-19 impact on the internet, user experience and economy in Pakistan. 2021 6th International Multi-Topic ICT Conference (IMTIC) (1-5). IEEE. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9719774
  • Maliranta, M. & Rouvinen, P. (2006). Informational mobility and productivity: Finnish evidence. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 15(6), 605-616. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438590500418935
  • Marmot, M., Sinha, I. & Lee, A. (2022). Millions of children face a “humanitarian crisis” of fuel poverty. BMJ, 378. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o2129
  • May, T., Warran, K., Burton, A. & Fancourt, D. (2022). Socioeconomic and psychosocial adversities experienced by freelancers working in the UK cultural sector during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 672694.
  • Mettler, A. & Williams, A. D. (2011). The rise of the micro-multinational: How freelancers and technology-savvy start-ups are driving growth, jobs and innovation. Lisbon Council Policy Brief, 5(3), 1-28.
  • Murgia, A. & Pulignano, V. (2021). Neither precarious nor entrepreneur: The subjective experience of hybrid self-employed workers. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 42(4), 1351-1377. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X19873966
  • Petryshyn, V. & Vovk M. V. (2020). Freelance activity in Ukraine: New opportunities and threats of labour potential application. Международный конкурс студенческих научно-исследовательских работ по экономике, 1, 249-255.
  • Podgorodnichenko, N., Akmal, A., Edgar, F. & Everett, A. M. (2022). Sustainable HRM: Toward addressing diverse employee roles. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 44(3), 576-608. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-01-2019-0016
  • Popiel, P. (2017). “Boundaryless” in the creative economy: Assessing freelancing on upwork. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 34(3), 220-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2017.1282618
  • Reuschke, D., Clifton, N. & Fisher, M. (2021). Coworking in homes-mitigating the tensions of the freelance economy. Geoforum, 119, 122-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.01.005
  • Riaz, M., Syed, N., Bhatti, Z., Noureen, A. & Abbas, M. S. (2021). Freelancing-a novel opportunity for youth amid corona pandemic. Elementary Education Online, 20(5), 7681-7687. doi: 10.17051/ilkonline.2021.05.871
  • Richter, N. F., Hauff, S., Ringle, C. M. & Gudergan, S. P. (2022). The use of partial least squares structural equation modeling and complementary methods in international management research. Management International Review, 62(4), 449-470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-022-00475-0
  • Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. (2016). Gain more insight from your PLS-SEM results: The importance-performance map analysis. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(9), 1865-1886. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-10-2015-0449
  • Roberts, E. & Townsend, L. (2016). The contribution of the creative economy to the resilience of rural communities: Exploring cultural and digital capital. Sociologia Ruralis, 56(2), 197-219. https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12075
  • Romke, R. A. & Sayed, M. A. (2018). The impact of freelancing on the socio-economic development of Bangladesh: A study. ASA University Review, 12(2).
  • Schwantes, J. (2022). Broadband pricing: What consumer reports learned from 22,000 internet bills. Consumer Reports. https://www.benton.org/headlines/fight-fair-internet-consumer-reports-white-paper-broadband-pricing
  • Spinuzzi, C. (2012). Working alone together: Coworking as emergent collaborative activity. Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 26(4), 399-441. https://doi.org/10.1177/1050651912444070
  • Spreitzer, G., Bacevice, P. & Garrett, L. (2015). Why people thrive in coworking spaces. Harvard Business Review, 93(7), 28-30. https://hbr.org/2015/05/why-people-thrive-in-coworking-spaces#:~:text=People%20who%20use%20coworking%20spaces,this%20in%20a%20few%20ways
  • Sundararajan, A. (2015). The ‘gig economy’ is coming. What will it mean for work. The Guardian, 26(07), https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jul/26/will-we-get-by-gig-economy
  • Teodoro, R., Ozturk, P., Naaman, M., Mason, W. & Lindqvist, J. (2014). The motivations and experiences of the on-demand mobile workforce. Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (236-247). https://doi.org/10.1145/2531602.2531680
  • Thompson, B. Y. (2018). Digital nomads: Employment in the online gig economy. Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation, 1, 1-26. DOI: 10.12893/gjcpi.2018.1.11
  • Tintiangko, J. & Soriano, C. R. (2020). Coworking spaces in the global south: Local articulations and imaginaries. Journal of Urban Technology, 27(1), 67-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2019.1696144
  • Ulukapı Yılmaz, H. (2022). Dijital çağda gig çalışma. 16th International Conference on Knowledge, Economy & Management Proceedings.
  • Upwork. (2022). Freelance forward 2022. https://www.upwork.com/research/freelance-forward-2022
  • Uymaz, A. O. & Arslan, S. (2022). Unethical pro-organizational behavior as an outcome of servant leadership. Journal of Management & Organization, 28(1), 33-57. doi: 10.1017/jmo.2021.49
  • Van den Born, A. & Van Witteloostuijn, A. (2013). Drivers of freelance career success. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(1), 24-46. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1786
  • Wheatley, D. (2017). Employee satisfaction and use of flexible working arrangements. Work, Employment and Society, 31(4), 567-585. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017016631447
  • Yıldız, E. (2020). Smartpls ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi reflektif ve formatif yapılar. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık. ISBN: 978-9750272011
Toplam 81 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çalışma Ekonomisi, Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri, Çalışma Ekonomisi ve İktisadi Demografi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sergen Gürsoy 0000-0002-9032-2999

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Mayıs 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi 29 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Gürsoy, S. (2025). Symmetric Analysis of Factors Affecting Freelance Workers in the Context of OECD Member Countries. Fiscaoeconomia, 9(2), 853-867. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1463998
 Kapak Resmi İndir

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