Şebeke Entegreli Elektrikli Araç ve Hidrojenli Araçları İçeren Otoparklar İçin Karbon Vergisi Odaklı Optimal Enerji Yönetimi
Öz
Bu çalışma, fotovoltaik (PV) üretimi, elektrikli araçlar (EV) ve yakıt hücreli elektrikli araçlar (FCEV) içeren şebeke bağlantılı bir otoparkın optimal enerji yönetimini ele almaktadır. Otopark, EV’lerin şarj taleplerine cevap verecek şekilde donatılmış olup park alanındaki elektrolizör aracılığıyla FCEV’ler için hidrojen üretimi sağlanmaktadır. Hem EV şarj gücü hem de elektrolizör talebi, PV sisteminden, enerji depolama sisteminden (ESS) veya elektrik şebekesinden esnek bir şekilde karşılanabilmektedir. Çalışmanın temel amacı, karbon vergisinin etkisini de dikkate alarak toplam işletme maliyetlerini en aza indirmektir. Karbon vergisinin dahil edilmesiyle birlikte, önerilen optimizasyon çerçevesi araç şarjı ve hidrojen üretimi süreçlerinde emisyonların azaltılmasını doğal olarak hedeflemektedir. Optimizasyon problemi, Karmaşık Tamsayılı Doğrusal Programlama (MILP) modeli olarak formüle edilmiş ve GAMS programı kullanılarak uygulanmıştır. Çözüm, CPLEX çözücüsü ile elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, PV enerji üretimi, şebeke elektriği kullanımı, EV şarj zamanlamaları ve hidrojen üretiminin optimal şekilde eşgüdümüyle önerilen yöntemin maliyetleri düşürmede ve emisyonları azaltmada etkili olduğunu doğrulamaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, PV enerji üretimi, şebeke elektriği kullanımı, EV şarj zamanlamaları ve hidrojen üretiminin optimal şekilde eşgüdümüyle önerilen yöntemin maliyetleri düşürmede ve emisyonları azaltmada etkili olduğunu doğrulamaktadır. Sonuçlara göre karbon emisyonundan ve karbon vergisinden %21.63 kar edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Karbon vergisi Şarj istasyonları Enerji yönetimi Hidrojenli araçlar Optimizasyon
Etik Beyan
"Hazırlanan yazı için etik kurul onayına gerek yoktur." "Hazırlanan yazıda herhangi bir kişi veya kurumla çıkar çatışması yoktur."
Kaynakça
- U.S. Energy Information Administration, "How Much Carbon Dioxide Is Produced from US Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Consumption?," 2018.
- S. Sibdari and Y. Asayesh, "Eco-drive or tax strive? Assessing consumer vehicle selection behavior under carbon taxation," *J. Clean. Prod.*, vol. 479, p. 143869, 2024.
- European Commission, "Questions and Answers on COP26," Dec. 2021. [Online]. Available: [https://ec.europa.eu/info/events/cop26-2021-11-01_en](https://ec.europa.eu/info/events/cop26-2021-11-01_en). [Accessed: Apr. 14, 2025].
- International Energy Agency, *Global EV Outlook 2024: Moving Towards Increased Affordability*, 2024.
- International Renewable Energy Agency, "Renewable Energy and Climate Change," Dec. 2020.
- P. Nunes and T. Farias, "Synergies between electric vehicles and solar electricity penetrations in Portugal," *World Electric Vehicle J.*, vol. 6, pp. 1151–1158, 2013.
- H. Tidey and S. Lyden, "Coordination of electric vehicle battery charging with photovoltaic generation," in *2017 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC)*, pp. 1–6, 2017.
- L. Held et al., "The influence of electric vehicle charging on low voltage grids with characteristics typical for Germany," *World Electr. Veh. J.*, vol. 10, p. 88, 2019.
- A. Foley et al., "Impacts of electric vehicle charging under electricity market operations," *Applied Energy*, vol. 101, pp. 93–102, 2013.
- P. Nunes and T. Farias, "Synergies between electric vehicles and solar electricity penetrations in Portugal," *World Electric Vehicle J.*, vol. 6, pp. 1151–1158, 2013.
- Z. Weng et al., "Effect of China’s carbon market on the promotion of green technological innovation," *J. Clean. Prod.*, vol. 373, 2022, Art. no. 133820.
- Türkiye Karbon Piyasası Geliştirme Projesi. [Online]. Available: [https://iklim.gov.tr/turkiye-karbon-piyasasi-gelistirme-projesi-acilisi-t.c.-cevre-sehircilik-ve-iklim-degisikligi-bakani-mehmet-ozhaseki-tarafindan-gerceklestirildi-haber-4258](https://iklim.gov.tr/turkiye-karbon-piyasasi-gelistirme-projesi-acilisi-t.c.-cevre-sehircilik-ve-iklim-degisikligi-bakani-mehmet-ozhaseki-tarafindan-gerceklestirildi-haber-4258). [Accessed: Apr. 14, 2025].
- A. Bjørndal et al., "Electricity tariffs and temporal trading opportunities from bidirectional charging of electric vehicles," *Energy Policy*, vol. 203, Art. 114614, 2025.
- T. D. de Lima et al., "A Risk-Based Planning Approach for Sustainable Distribution Systems Considering EV Charging Stations and Carbon Taxes," *IEEE Trans. Sustainable Energy*, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 2294-2307, Oct. 2023.
- H. Gong et al., "An optimal coordinated planning strategy for distributed energy station based on characteristics of electric vehicle charging behavior under carbon trading mechanism," *Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst.*, vol. 147, Art. 108884, 2023.
- L. Peng et al., "Charging Scheduling with Computation Energy Consumption and Carbon Tax in Vehicle Networks," in *2024 IEEE 100th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2024-Fall)*, Washington, DC, USA, 2024, pp. 1-5.
- C. Li et al., "Optimal Charging Network Operation to Provide Responsive Reserve Considering Electricity and Carbon Markets," in *2022 IEEE 6th Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2)*, Chengdu, China, 2022, pp. 2684-2689.
- G. Qing et al., "Carbon footprint evaluation for electric vehicles considering green electricity trading," *Renew. Energy*, vol. 237, Part A, Art. 121510, 2024.
- M. Zhang et al., "Game theoretic operation optimization of photovoltaic storage charging station considering uncertainty and carbon trading," *J. Energy Storage*, vol. 102, Part A, Art. 114111, 2024.
- H. Wang et al., "Research on the pricing strategy of park electric vehicle agent considering carbon trading," *Appl. Energy*, vol. 340, Art. 121017, 2023.
- R. Li et al., "Cooperative economic dispatch of EV-HV coupled electric-hydrogen integrated energy system considering V2G response and carbon trading," *Renewable Energy*, vol. 227, Art. 120488, 2024.
- A. K. Erenoğlu, "Real-time optimization for integrated R2 charging and refueling stations in a multi-carrier energy system considering hydrogen chain management," *Int. J. Hydrogen Energy*, vol. 85, pp. 310-326, 2024.
- P. Yadav et al., "Fuel demand, carbon tax and electric vehicle adoption in India’s road transport," *Transportation Res. Part D: Transport and Environment*, vol. 119, Art. 104010, 2024.
- X. Huang et al., "Electric vehicle charging station diffusion: An agent-based evolutionary game model in complex networks," *Energy*, vol. 257, Art. 124700, 2022.
- W. Qiao et al., "A Carbon-Tax-Based Pricing Scheme for Vehicle Scheduling in Coupled Power-Traffic Networks," *IEEE Trans. Transportation Electrification*, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 4029-4041, Jun. 2024.
Carbon Tax-Aware Optimal Energy Management for Grid-Integrated Parking Facilities with Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles Supported by PV Generation
Öz
This study addresses the optimal energy management of a grid-connected parking lot integrating photovoltaic (PV) generation, fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) and EVs. The parking area is equipped to meet the charging demands of EVs, and hydrogen is produced for FCEVs via an electrolyzer located within the parking area. Both EV charging power and electrolyzer demand can be met flexibly from the PV system, energy storage system (ESS) or the electrical grid. The objective is to minimize total operational costs while incorporating the impact of carbon taxation. Due to the inclusion of carbon taxes, the proposed optimization framework inherently aims to reduce emissions during vehicle charging and hydrogen production processes. To address the problem, a mixed-integer linear programming-based optimization model is constructed and executed within the GAMS platform. The solution is obtained with the CPLEX solver. Results confirm that the proposed methodology effectively achieves cost reduction and emission mitigation by optimally coordinating PV energy generation, grid electricity usage, EV charging schedules, and hydrogen production. Results confirm that the proposed methodology effectively achieves cost reduction and emission mitigation by optimally coordinating PV energy generation, grid electricity usage, EV charging schedules, and hydrogen production. According to the results, a 21.63% saving was achieved in carbon emissions and carbon tax.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Carbon tax Charging stations Energy management Hydrogen vehicles Optimization
Etik Beyan
"There is no need for an ethics committee approval for the prepared manuscript." "There is no conflict of interest with any individual or institution in the prepared manuscript."
Destekleyen Kurum
No funding was received from any institution for this study.
Kaynakça
- U.S. Energy Information Administration, "How Much Carbon Dioxide Is Produced from US Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Consumption?," 2018.
- S. Sibdari and Y. Asayesh, "Eco-drive or tax strive? Assessing consumer vehicle selection behavior under carbon taxation," *J. Clean. Prod.*, vol. 479, p. 143869, 2024.
- European Commission, "Questions and Answers on COP26," Dec. 2021. [Online]. Available: [https://ec.europa.eu/info/events/cop26-2021-11-01_en](https://ec.europa.eu/info/events/cop26-2021-11-01_en). [Accessed: Apr. 14, 2025].
- International Energy Agency, *Global EV Outlook 2024: Moving Towards Increased Affordability*, 2024.
- International Renewable Energy Agency, "Renewable Energy and Climate Change," Dec. 2020.
- P. Nunes and T. Farias, "Synergies between electric vehicles and solar electricity penetrations in Portugal," *World Electric Vehicle J.*, vol. 6, pp. 1151–1158, 2013.
- H. Tidey and S. Lyden, "Coordination of electric vehicle battery charging with photovoltaic generation," in *2017 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC)*, pp. 1–6, 2017.
- L. Held et al., "The influence of electric vehicle charging on low voltage grids with characteristics typical for Germany," *World Electr. Veh. J.*, vol. 10, p. 88, 2019.
- A. Foley et al., "Impacts of electric vehicle charging under electricity market operations," *Applied Energy*, vol. 101, pp. 93–102, 2013.
- P. Nunes and T. Farias, "Synergies between electric vehicles and solar electricity penetrations in Portugal," *World Electric Vehicle J.*, vol. 6, pp. 1151–1158, 2013.
- Z. Weng et al., "Effect of China’s carbon market on the promotion of green technological innovation," *J. Clean. Prod.*, vol. 373, 2022, Art. no. 133820.
- Türkiye Karbon Piyasası Geliştirme Projesi. [Online]. Available: [https://iklim.gov.tr/turkiye-karbon-piyasasi-gelistirme-projesi-acilisi-t.c.-cevre-sehircilik-ve-iklim-degisikligi-bakani-mehmet-ozhaseki-tarafindan-gerceklestirildi-haber-4258](https://iklim.gov.tr/turkiye-karbon-piyasasi-gelistirme-projesi-acilisi-t.c.-cevre-sehircilik-ve-iklim-degisikligi-bakani-mehmet-ozhaseki-tarafindan-gerceklestirildi-haber-4258). [Accessed: Apr. 14, 2025].
- A. Bjørndal et al., "Electricity tariffs and temporal trading opportunities from bidirectional charging of electric vehicles," *Energy Policy*, vol. 203, Art. 114614, 2025.
- T. D. de Lima et al., "A Risk-Based Planning Approach for Sustainable Distribution Systems Considering EV Charging Stations and Carbon Taxes," *IEEE Trans. Sustainable Energy*, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 2294-2307, Oct. 2023.
- H. Gong et al., "An optimal coordinated planning strategy for distributed energy station based on characteristics of electric vehicle charging behavior under carbon trading mechanism," *Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst.*, vol. 147, Art. 108884, 2023.
- L. Peng et al., "Charging Scheduling with Computation Energy Consumption and Carbon Tax in Vehicle Networks," in *2024 IEEE 100th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2024-Fall)*, Washington, DC, USA, 2024, pp. 1-5.
- C. Li et al., "Optimal Charging Network Operation to Provide Responsive Reserve Considering Electricity and Carbon Markets," in *2022 IEEE 6th Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2)*, Chengdu, China, 2022, pp. 2684-2689.
- G. Qing et al., "Carbon footprint evaluation for electric vehicles considering green electricity trading," *Renew. Energy*, vol. 237, Part A, Art. 121510, 2024.
- M. Zhang et al., "Game theoretic operation optimization of photovoltaic storage charging station considering uncertainty and carbon trading," *J. Energy Storage*, vol. 102, Part A, Art. 114111, 2024.
- H. Wang et al., "Research on the pricing strategy of park electric vehicle agent considering carbon trading," *Appl. Energy*, vol. 340, Art. 121017, 2023.
- R. Li et al., "Cooperative economic dispatch of EV-HV coupled electric-hydrogen integrated energy system considering V2G response and carbon trading," *Renewable Energy*, vol. 227, Art. 120488, 2024.
- A. K. Erenoğlu, "Real-time optimization for integrated R2 charging and refueling stations in a multi-carrier energy system considering hydrogen chain management," *Int. J. Hydrogen Energy*, vol. 85, pp. 310-326, 2024.
- P. Yadav et al., "Fuel demand, carbon tax and electric vehicle adoption in India’s road transport," *Transportation Res. Part D: Transport and Environment*, vol. 119, Art. 104010, 2024.
- X. Huang et al., "Electric vehicle charging station diffusion: An agent-based evolutionary game model in complex networks," *Energy*, vol. 257, Art. 124700, 2022.
- W. Qiao et al., "A Carbon-Tax-Based Pricing Scheme for Vehicle Scheduling in Coupled Power-Traffic Networks," *IEEE Trans. Transportation Electrification*, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 4029-4041, Jun. 2024.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Elektrik Enerjisi Depolama, Fotovoltaik Güç Sistemleri, Elektrokimyasal Enerji Depolama ve Dönüşüm, Enerji Üretimi, Dönüşüm ve Depolama (Kimyasal ve Elektiksel hariç) |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 26 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 4 Mayıs 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 19 Haziran 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2 |
Kaynak Göster
Bu eser Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.