Öz
This study analyzed Uzbekistan’s human development trajectory compared to other Turkic republics, regional neighbors, and Western benchmarks from 1990 to 2023. Employing the Human Development Index (HDI) and Global Hunger Index (GHI) datasets, alongside three variations of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), the research assessed both progress and efficiency in achieving development outcomes. The findings demonstrated that Uzbekistan achieved significant improvements, particularly following 2016 reforms, driven by both increased resource mobilization and enhanced productivity. Despite initial volatility and persistent regional disparities, Uzbekistan’s outcomes in life expectancy, education, income, and food security have steadily improved. Efficiency analysis revealed that Uzbekistan not only expanded its resources but also increasingly utilized them more effectively than many of its peers. Nevertheless, a moderate resurgence of inefficiencies in 2023 signals areas requiring renewed policy attention. The study highlights Uzbekistan’s emerging role as a regional model in integrating human development goals with systemic reforms and offers policy recommendations to sustain these achievements.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Sosyoekonomik Kalkınma İktisadi Etkinlik Analizi Veri Zarflama Analizi İnsani Gelişim İndeksi Küresel Açlık İndeksi
Kaynakça
- Abdurakhmanov, K. H., Zokirova, N. K., Islamov, B., & Hiwatari, M. (2016). Systemic transformation and sustainable human development: Case of Uzbekistan. Gunadarma Publisher.
- Alkire, S., & Foster, J. (2011). Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7–8), 476–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.11.006
- Asian Development Bank. (2011). Uzbekistan: Education sector assessment. https://www.adb.org/documents/uzbekistan-education-sector-assessment
- Asian Development Bank. (2021). Uzbekistan: Education sector analysis. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents- reports/documentdetail/379211551844192053/uzbekistan-education-sector-analysis Banker, R. D., Charnes, A., & Cooper, W. W. (1984). Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis. Management Science, 30(9), 1078–1092. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.30.9.1078
- Central Intelligence Agency. (2024). Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) country comparison. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/
- Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8
- Davletova, D. (2025). Human capital development through public funding for poverty reduction: The case of Uzbekistan. Академические исследования в современной науке, 4(7), 26–31.
- Disman, D., & Goyibnazarov, S. (2024). Human capital development and economic growth in Uzbekistan. International Journal of Management Science and Business, 6(1), 19–28.
- Färe, R., Grosskopf, S., & Lovell, C. A. K. (1985). The measurement of efficiency of production. Springer.
- Färe, R., Grosskopf, S., & Lovell, C. A. K. (1989). Multilateral productivity comparisons when some outputs are undesirable. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 71(1), 90–98. https://doi.org/10.2307/1928055
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2022). Food security and nutrition overview: Central Asia. https://www.fao.org
- International Food Policy Research Institute. (2023). Global Hunger Index 2023: The state of food security and nutrition in the world. Welthungerhilfe & Concern Worldwide. https://www.globalhungerindex.org
- International Labour Organization. (2021). Decent Work Country Programme for Uzbekistan (2021–2025). https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_mas/@program/documents/genericdocument/wcms_836411.pdf
- Kozhabaeva, S. A., Mukan, B. G., & Yelshibayev, R. K. (2021). Human development in Kazakhstan: Problems and methods of analysis. Economics: The Strategy and Practice, 16(4), 174–187.
- Marples, D. R. (2016). The collapse of the Soviet Union, 1985–1991. Routledge.
- Medlin, W. K., & Cave, W. M. (1964). Social change and education in developing areas: Uzbekistan. Comparative Education Review, 8(2), 166–175.
- Mee, W., & Alimdjanova, D. (2001). Women in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Asian Development Bank.
- Nazarova, B., Saidkarimova, S., & Obloqulova, S. (2015). Education development in Uzbekistan. Voice of Research, 43.
- Nurdinova, S. (2013). Human development and gender issues: A case of Uzbekistan and Latvia. In New Challenges of Economic and Business Development (pp. 457–469).
- Nurdinova, S. (2014). Human development and women employment in Uzbekistan: Situation and problems. Regional Formation & Development Studies, (13).
- Olimov, U., & Fayzullaev, Y. (2011). The Republic of Uzbekistan. In Realizing the Millennium Development Goals through socially inclusive macroeconomic policies: Country study (pp. 3–52).
- Özer, Ç. (2023). The Organization of Turkic States–From past to present. Balkan and Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences, 9, 150–161.
- Pomfret, R. (2019). Central Asian economies since independence. Central Asian Survey, 38(3), 328–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2019.1686465
- Ray, S. C., Kumbhakar, S. C., & Dua, P. (2015). Benchmarking for performance evaluation: A production frontier approach. Springer.
- Smith, G. (2024). The post-Soviet states: Mapping the politics of transition. Taylor & Francis.
- Smith, S. C., & Todaro, M. P. (2020). Economic development (13th ed.). Pearson Education.
- Sobirovich, T. B. (2020). The criterion of human indicators in development and renewals in Uzbekistan. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 6(8), 509–511.
- Surkova, O. (2012). Regional disparities in the socioeconomic development of Uzbekistan. Geographia Polonica, 85(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10295-012-0003-x
- Tone, K. (2001). A slacks-based measure of efficiency in data envelopment analysis. European Journal of Operational Research, 130(3), 498–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(99)00407-5
- United Nations Development Programme. (2010). Human Development Report 2010: The real wealth of nations—Pathways to human development. https://hdr.undp.org/en/2010-report
- United Nations Development Programme. (2023). Human Development Report 2023: Uncertain times, unsettled lives: Shaping our future in a transforming world. https://hdr.undp.org
- UNICEF. (2022). Situation analysis of children and adolescents in Uzbekistan. https://www.unicef.org/uzbekistan/reports/situation-analysis-children-and-adolescents-uzbekistan-2022
- Welthungerhilfe, & Concern Worldwide. (2023a). Global Hunger Index 2023: Download all data. https://www.globalhungerindex.org/download/all.html
- Welthungerhilfe, & Concern Worldwide. (2023b). Global Hunger Index: Methodology. https://www.globalhungerindex.org/methodology.html
- Welthungerhilfe, & Concern Worldwide. (2024). Global Hunger Index 2024: How gender justice can advance climate resilience and zero hunger. https://www.globalhungerindex.org
- World Bank. (2022). Uzbekistan: Systematic country diagnostic. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/516181470070366635
- World Bank. (2024). Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN (Accessed November 24, 2024)
- Worldometer. (2024a). Largest countries in the world by land area. https://www.worldometers.info/geography/largest-countries-in-the-world/
- Worldometer. (2024b). GDP by country. https://www.worldometers.info/gdp/gdp-by-country/
- World Population Review. (2024). Countries by population. https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/
- Zhunussova, G., et al. (2021). Income inequality and regional convergence in Uzbekistan. The Journal of Development Studies, 57(6), 969–987. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2021.1887473
Öz
Bu çalışma, Özbekistan’ın 1990–2023 dönemindeki insan gelişimi seyrini diğer Türk Cumhuriyetleri, bölgesel komşular ve Batılı kıstaslarla karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz etmiştir. İnsan Gelişme Endeksi (HDI) ve Küresel Açlık Endeksi (GHI) verilerinin yanı sıra üç farklı Veri Zarflama Analizi (DEA) modelinin kullanıldığı araştırmada, gelişim sonuçlarında hem ilerleme hem de etkinlik düzeyleri değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, Özbekistan’ın özellikle 2016 sonrası reformlar sonrasında, artan kaynak mobilizasyonu ve verimlilik artışı sayesinde önemli gelişmeler kaydettiğini ortaya koymuştur. Başlangıçtaki dalgalanmalar ve süregelen bölgesel eşitsizliklere rağmen, yaşam süresi, eğitim, gelir ve gıda güvenliği alanlarındaki sonuçlar istikrarlı şekilde iyileşmiştir. Etkinlik analizi, Özbekistan’ın yalnızca kaynaklarını artırmakla kalmayıp, aynı zamanda bu kaynakları birçok emsaline kıyasla daha verimli kullanmaya başladığını göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte, 2023 yılında gözlenen ılımlı etkinlik gerilemesi, politika alanında yeniden müdahale gerektiren zayıf noktaları işaret etmektedir. Çalışma, Özbekistan’ın insan gelişimi hedeflerini sistemik reformlarla bütünleştirme konusunda yükselen bir bölgesel model olma potansiyelini vurgulamakta ve bu başarıların sürdürülebilmesi için politika önerileri sunmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Sosyoekonomik Kalkınma İktisadi Etkinlik Analizi Veri Zarflama Analizi İnsani Gelişim İndeksi Küresel Açlık İndeksi
Kaynakça
- Abdurakhmanov, K. H., Zokirova, N. K., Islamov, B., & Hiwatari, M. (2016). Systemic transformation and sustainable human development: Case of Uzbekistan. Gunadarma Publisher.
- Alkire, S., & Foster, J. (2011). Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7–8), 476–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.11.006
- Asian Development Bank. (2011). Uzbekistan: Education sector assessment. https://www.adb.org/documents/uzbekistan-education-sector-assessment
- Asian Development Bank. (2021). Uzbekistan: Education sector analysis. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents- reports/documentdetail/379211551844192053/uzbekistan-education-sector-analysis Banker, R. D., Charnes, A., & Cooper, W. W. (1984). Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis. Management Science, 30(9), 1078–1092. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.30.9.1078
- Central Intelligence Agency. (2024). Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) country comparison. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/
- Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8
- Davletova, D. (2025). Human capital development through public funding for poverty reduction: The case of Uzbekistan. Академические исследования в современной науке, 4(7), 26–31.
- Disman, D., & Goyibnazarov, S. (2024). Human capital development and economic growth in Uzbekistan. International Journal of Management Science and Business, 6(1), 19–28.
- Färe, R., Grosskopf, S., & Lovell, C. A. K. (1985). The measurement of efficiency of production. Springer.
- Färe, R., Grosskopf, S., & Lovell, C. A. K. (1989). Multilateral productivity comparisons when some outputs are undesirable. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 71(1), 90–98. https://doi.org/10.2307/1928055
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2022). Food security and nutrition overview: Central Asia. https://www.fao.org
- International Food Policy Research Institute. (2023). Global Hunger Index 2023: The state of food security and nutrition in the world. Welthungerhilfe & Concern Worldwide. https://www.globalhungerindex.org
- International Labour Organization. (2021). Decent Work Country Programme for Uzbekistan (2021–2025). https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_mas/@program/documents/genericdocument/wcms_836411.pdf
- Kozhabaeva, S. A., Mukan, B. G., & Yelshibayev, R. K. (2021). Human development in Kazakhstan: Problems and methods of analysis. Economics: The Strategy and Practice, 16(4), 174–187.
- Marples, D. R. (2016). The collapse of the Soviet Union, 1985–1991. Routledge.
- Medlin, W. K., & Cave, W. M. (1964). Social change and education in developing areas: Uzbekistan. Comparative Education Review, 8(2), 166–175.
- Mee, W., & Alimdjanova, D. (2001). Women in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Asian Development Bank.
- Nazarova, B., Saidkarimova, S., & Obloqulova, S. (2015). Education development in Uzbekistan. Voice of Research, 43.
- Nurdinova, S. (2013). Human development and gender issues: A case of Uzbekistan and Latvia. In New Challenges of Economic and Business Development (pp. 457–469).
- Nurdinova, S. (2014). Human development and women employment in Uzbekistan: Situation and problems. Regional Formation & Development Studies, (13).
- Olimov, U., & Fayzullaev, Y. (2011). The Republic of Uzbekistan. In Realizing the Millennium Development Goals through socially inclusive macroeconomic policies: Country study (pp. 3–52).
- Özer, Ç. (2023). The Organization of Turkic States–From past to present. Balkan and Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences, 9, 150–161.
- Pomfret, R. (2019). Central Asian economies since independence. Central Asian Survey, 38(3), 328–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2019.1686465
- Ray, S. C., Kumbhakar, S. C., & Dua, P. (2015). Benchmarking for performance evaluation: A production frontier approach. Springer.
- Smith, G. (2024). The post-Soviet states: Mapping the politics of transition. Taylor & Francis.
- Smith, S. C., & Todaro, M. P. (2020). Economic development (13th ed.). Pearson Education.
- Sobirovich, T. B. (2020). The criterion of human indicators in development and renewals in Uzbekistan. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 6(8), 509–511.
- Surkova, O. (2012). Regional disparities in the socioeconomic development of Uzbekistan. Geographia Polonica, 85(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10295-012-0003-x
- Tone, K. (2001). A slacks-based measure of efficiency in data envelopment analysis. European Journal of Operational Research, 130(3), 498–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(99)00407-5
- United Nations Development Programme. (2010). Human Development Report 2010: The real wealth of nations—Pathways to human development. https://hdr.undp.org/en/2010-report
- United Nations Development Programme. (2023). Human Development Report 2023: Uncertain times, unsettled lives: Shaping our future in a transforming world. https://hdr.undp.org
- UNICEF. (2022). Situation analysis of children and adolescents in Uzbekistan. https://www.unicef.org/uzbekistan/reports/situation-analysis-children-and-adolescents-uzbekistan-2022
- Welthungerhilfe, & Concern Worldwide. (2023a). Global Hunger Index 2023: Download all data. https://www.globalhungerindex.org/download/all.html
- Welthungerhilfe, & Concern Worldwide. (2023b). Global Hunger Index: Methodology. https://www.globalhungerindex.org/methodology.html
- Welthungerhilfe, & Concern Worldwide. (2024). Global Hunger Index 2024: How gender justice can advance climate resilience and zero hunger. https://www.globalhungerindex.org
- World Bank. (2022). Uzbekistan: Systematic country diagnostic. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/516181470070366635
- World Bank. (2024). Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN (Accessed November 24, 2024)
- Worldometer. (2024a). Largest countries in the world by land area. https://www.worldometers.info/geography/largest-countries-in-the-world/
- Worldometer. (2024b). GDP by country. https://www.worldometers.info/gdp/gdp-by-country/
- World Population Review. (2024). Countries by population. https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/
- Zhunussova, G., et al. (2021). Income inequality and regional convergence in Uzbekistan. The Journal of Development Studies, 57(6), 969–987. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2021.1887473
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Mikroekonomik Teori, Kalkınma Ekonomisi - Makro |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 1 Temmuz 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 29 Nisan 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 17 Haziran 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1 |
