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OTONOM/İNSANSIZ DENİZ ARAÇLARI: ULUSLARARASI DENİZCİLİK SÖZLEŞMELERİ VE DENİZ KAZALARI AÇISINDAN MEVZUATA UYGUNLUĞUNA YÖNELİK BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 27 - 58, 02.06.2025

Batu Şengül , Fatih Yılmaz , Umut Sönmez

https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.1655181

Öz

Son yıllarda yapay zeka ve otomasyon sistemlerinin denizcilik sektörüne entegrasyonu, otonom/insansız deniz araçlarının gelişimini hızlandırmış ve bu teknolojinin sunduğu potansiyel operasyonel avantajları gündeme getirmiştir. Bununla birlikte, mevcut uluslararası denizcilik mevzuatı, insan merkezli düzenlemelere dayandığından, otonom/insansız deniz araçlarının yasal statüsü, sorumluluklar, emniyet ve denetim süreçleri açısından önemli boşluklar barındırmaktadır. Bu çalışma, otonom/insansız deniz araçlarının, denizcilik sektöründeki rolünü ve statüsünü, UNCLOS, SOLAS, COLREG, MARPOL ve STCW gibi başlıca uluslararası denizcilik mevzuatı çerçevesinde analiz etmekte, deniz kazaları bağlamında sorumluluk rejimlerini irdelemekte ve bu teknolojinin denizcilik sözleşmelerine entegrasyonu için gereksinim duyulan düzenleyici çerçevenin potansiyel unsurlarını tartışmaktadır. Ayrıca, otonom kara taşıtları için oluşturulmuş düzenleyici çerçeveden hareketle, denizciliğe uyarlanabilecek düzenleyici yaklaşımlar ve otonom/insansız deniz araçları için kapsamlı bir uluslararası düzenleyici çerçevenin geliştirilmesine yönelik bazı öneriler sunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Denizcilik yönetimi uluslararası denizcilik sözleşmeleri deniz emniyeti ve güvenliği deniz kazaları otonom ve insansız deniz araçları

Kaynakça

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AUTONOMOUS/UNMANNED MARITIME VEHICLES: AN EVALUATION OF REGULATORY COMPLIANCE IN TERMS OF INTERNATIONAL MARITIME CONVENTIONS AND MARINE ACCIDENTS

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 27 - 58, 02.06.2025

Batu Şengül , Fatih Yılmaz , Umut Sönmez

https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.1655181

Öz

In recent years, the integration of artificial intelligence and automation systems into the maritime industry has significantly accelerated the development of autonomus/unmanned maritime vehicles, bringing their potential operational advantages to the forefront. However, since the existing international maritime regulations are based on human-centered frameworks, they contain substantial gaps regarding the legal status, liability, safety, and regulatory oversight of autonomous/unmanned ships. This study examines role and status of autonomus/unmanned maritime vehicles within the international maritime conventions, such as UNCLOS, SOLAS, COLREG, MARPOL, STCW, and analyzing liability regimes in terms of marine accidents and evaluating potential elements of regulatory framework required for their effective integration into the existing regulatory system. Furthermore, drawing upon regulatory frameworks established for autonomous land vehicles, this study explores regulatory approaches that could be adapted to the maritime industry and presents some recommendations for the development of a comprehensive international regulatory framework governing autonomus/unmanned maritime vehicles.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Maritime management international maritime conventions maritime safety and security marine accidents autonomous unmanned maritime vehicles

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, Y. M., Yaakob, O., & Sun, B. K. (2014). Design of a new low-cost ROV vehicle. Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering), 69(7), 27-32. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v69.3262
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  • Arslan, K. B. (2018). İnsansız deniz araçlarının hukuki rejimi [The legal regime governing unmanned underwater vehicles]. Lex Imperfecta, 3, 31-34.
  • Avikus. (2024). Avikus successfully conducts the world’s first transoceanic voyage of a large merchant ship relying on autonomous navigation technologies. Avikus AI. Accessed: 17.02.2025. https://avikus.ai/en-us/press/hd-hyundais-avikus-recognized-for-innovation-at-ces-for-second-consecutive-year-1-0-0-0-1
  • Baltacı, A. (2019). Nitel araştırma süreci: Nitel bir araştırma nasıl yapılır? [Qualitative research process: How to conduct qualitative research?]. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (AEÜSBED), 5(2), 368-388. https://doi.org/10.31592/aeusbed.598299
  • Bi, H., Gao, C., & Ma, Y. (2018). Research on the legal status of unmanned surface vehicles. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1069, 012004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1069/1/012004
  • Bolat, F., & Koşaner, Ö. (2021). İnsansız gemilerin güncel statüleri [The current status of unmanned ships]. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 23, 341-358. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.870875
  • Boviatsis, M., & Vlachos, G. (2022). Sustainable operation of unmanned ships under current international maritime law. Sustainability, 14(12), 7369. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127369
  • Bowen, G. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
  • Bursuc, A., Munteanu, C., & Rus, S. (2024). Overview on sea drones evolution and their use in modern warfare. Revista Academiei Forţelor Terestre, 29(2), 195–209. https://doi.org/10.2478/raft-2024-0021
  • Canlı, G. A., Kurtoğlu, İ., Canlı, M. O., & Tuna, Ö. S. (2016). Dünyada ve ülkemizde insansız sualtı araçları İSAA-AUV & ROV tasarım ve uygulamaları [Unmanned underwater vehicles in the world and our country: AUV & ROV design and applications]. GİDB Dergi(04), 43-75.
  • Chircop, A. (2017). Testing international regimes: The advent of automated commercial vessels. In A. Arnauld, K. Decken, & N. Matz-Lück (Eds.), German Yearbook of International Law (Vol. 60, pp. 109-142). Berlin: Duncker & Humbold.
  • Churilov, A. (2018). The legal basis of liability for the damage caused during the operation of an autonomous vehicle. Legal Concept, (4), 30–34. https://doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2018.4.4
  • Crook, T. M. (2016). Chinese seize U.S. Navy underwater drone in South China Sea. U.S. Department of Defense. Accessed: 20.02.2025. https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/1032823/chinese-seize-us-navy-underwater-drone-in-south-china-sea/
  • Cui, S., & Liang, Y. (2024). China’s “Zhifei” revolutionizes smart shipping. Accessed: 17.02.2025. https://www.stdaily.com/web/English/2024-01/29/content_1950470.html
  • Deketelaere, P. (2017). The legal challenges of unmanned vessels [Unpublished master's thesis]. Gent University. Accessed: 03.02.2025. https://libstore.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/002/349/671/RUG01-002349671_2017_0001_AC.pdf
  • Deling, W., Dongkui, W., Changhai, H., & Changyue, W. (2020). Marine autonomous surface ship - A great challenge to maritime education and training. American Journal of Water Science and Engineering, 6(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20200601.12
  • Dremliuga, R., & Rusli, M. H. M. (2020). The development of the legal framework for autonomous shipping: Lessons learned from a regulation for a driverless car. Journal of Politics and Law, 13(3), 295-301. https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v13n3p295
  • Ece, N. J. (2018). Uluslararası ticaretin geleceği insansız gemiler: GZFT analizi ve hukuki boyutları [Unmanned ships which are the future of international trade: SWOT analysis and legal aspects]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 279–302. https://doi.org/10.18613/deudfd.495774
  • EMSA (2024). Annual overview of marine casualties and incidents 2024. Accessed: 18.02.2025. https://emsa.europa.eu/damage-stability-study/download/7981/5352/23.html
  • Gogarty, B., & Hagger, M. (2008). The laws of man over vehicles unmanned: The legal response to robotic revolution on sea, land and air. Journal of Law, Information and Science, 19, 73-145.
  • Griggs, T., & Wakabayashi, D. (2018). How a self-driving Uber killed a pedestrian in Arizona. The New York Times. Accessed: 02.02.2025. www.nytimes.com/inter-active/2018/03/20/us/self-driving-uber-pedestrian-killed.html?action=click&contentCollection=Technology&module=RelatedCover-age&region=Marginalia&pgtype=article
  • Guinness (2024). Deepest rescue underwater. Guinness World Records. Accessed: 16.02.2025. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/67811-deepest-rescue-underwater
  • IMO (2018). IMO takes first steps to address autonomous ships. Accessed: 09.02.2025. https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/PressBriefings/Pages/08-MSC-99-mass-scoping.aspx
  • IMO (2020). Hot topics: Autonomous shipping. Accessed: 09.02.2025. https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/Autonomous-shipping.aspx
  • IMO (2021). MSC.1/Circ.1638. Outcome of the regulatory scoping exercise for the use of maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS). Accessed: 09.02.2025. https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/MediaCentre/PressBriefings/Documents/MSC.1-Circ.1638%20-%20Outcome%20Of%20The%20Regulatory%20Scoping%20ExerciseFor%20The%20Use%20Of%20Maritime%20Autonomous%20Surface%20Ships...%20(Secretariat).pdf
  • IMO (2022). Joint MSC-LEG-FAL Working Group on Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS). Accessed: 11.02.2025. https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/MeetingSummaries/Pages/Joint-MSC-LEG-FAL-Working-Group-on-MASS.aspx
  • IMO (2023a). MASS-JWG 2/WP.1 - Report of the MSC-LEG-FAL Joint Working Group on Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) on its second session. Accessed: 11.02.2025. https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Documents/MSC%20107-5-1-Report%20of%20the%20MSC-LEG-FAL%20Joint%20Working%20Group.pdf
  • IMO (2023b). Development of the strategic plan for 2024 to 2029. Accessed: 05.02.2025. https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/About/strategy/Documents/A%2033-Res.1173.pdf
  • IMO (2024a). IMO-DOCS. https://docs.imo.org/
  • IMO (2024b). MASS-JWG 3/WP.1. Report of the MSC-LEG-FAL Joint Working Group on Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) on its third session. Accessed: 08.02.2025. https://www.koregs.org/upfiles/board/86.%20MASS-JWG%203%20%B0%E1%B0%FA%BA%B8%B0%ED%BC%AD%28%BF%B5%B9%AE%29.pdf
  • IMO (2024c). Maritime Safety Committee - 109th session (MSC 109). Accessed: 08.02.2025. https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/MeetingSummaries/Pages/MSC-109th-session.aspx
  • Ivanova, L., & Kalashnikov, N. (2022). The liability limits of self-driving cars. The United Kingdom Law and Society Association, 21, 619–630.
  • Kara, H. (2020). Gemilerde yapay zeka kullanımı ve buna dair hukuki sorunlar [The usage of artificial intelligence in ships and legal issues]. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(1), 17-51.
  • Klein, N. (2019). Maritime autonomous vehicles within the international law framework to enhance maritime security. International Law Studies, 95, 244–271.
  • Komianos, A. (2018). The autonomous shipping era: Operational, regulatory and quality challenges. TransNav, The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 12(2), 335–348. https://doi.org/10.12716/1001.12.02.15
  • Lagrone, S. (2021). Navy takes delivery of Sea Hawk unmanned vessel. Accessed: 12.02.2025. https://news.usni.org/2021/04/08/navy-takes-delivery-of-sea-hawk-unmanned-vessel
  • Liu, Z., Zhang, Y., Yu, X., & Yuan, C. (2016). Unmanned surface vehicles: An overview of developments and challenges. Annual Reviews in Control, 41, 71–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcontrol.2016.04.018
  • Lloyd Register (2017). LR Code for Unmanned Marine Systems. Accessed: 10.02.2025. https://mlaus.org/wp-content/uploads/bp-attachments/6555/LR-Code-for-Unmanned-Marine-Systems-February-2017.-STP.pdf
  • Mingtsung, C., Qiaoying, C., & You, W. (2020). Research on the responsibility of automatic driving vehicle accident. 4th International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS 2020), 623–630. Atlantis Press SARL. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200826.125
  • MSC (2018). MSC 99/5/1 - Regulatory Scoping Exercise for the Use of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS). IMO, Accessed: 21.02.2025. https://www.itfglobal.org/sites/default/files/node/resources/files/2018%20MSC%2099-5-1%20-%20Comments%20and%20proposals%20on%20the%20way%20forward%20for%20the%20regulatory%20scoping%20exercise%20%28IFSMA%20and%20ITF%29_1.pdf
  • Noma, T. (2016). Existing conventions and unmanned ships - need for changes? World Maritime University. Accessed: 15.02.2025. https://commons.wmu.se/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1526&context=all_dissertations
  • Odin (2024). JARI-USV-A Orca Class Chinese Unmanned Surface Combat Vessel. Accessed: 18.02.2025. https://odin.tradoc.army.mil/WEG/Asset/6a8d2beb9b96a0cc59f87de77c4aa2ee
  • O'Rourke, R. (2024). Navy Large Unmanned Surface and Undersea Vehicles: Background and Issues for Congress (R45757). Accessed: 17.02.2025. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R45757
  • Özyurt, H. (2024). ULAQ KAMA’nın deniz harekatında kullanım düşünceleri [Considerations on the use of ULAQ KAMA in naval operations]. METEKSAN. Accessed: 18.02.2025. https://www.meteksan.com/files/ulaq/ulaq_kama_makale.pdf
  • Piersson, D. (2009). Lost in the sky, found in the sea. Naval History, 23(3). Accessed: 17.02.2025. https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2009/june/lost-sky-found-sea
  • Radutniy, O. E. (2017). Criminal liability of artificial intelligence. Problems of Legality, 0(138), 132–141. https://doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.138.105661
  • Rodriguez Delgado, P. J. (2018). The legal challenges of unmanned ships in private maritime law: What laws would you change? Maritime, Port and Transport Law between Legacies of the Past and Modernization, 5, l Diritto marittimo – Quaderni, Italy, 493-523. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3297487
  • Riess, R., & Sottile, Z. (2023). Uber self-driving car test driver pleads guilty to endangerment in pedestrian death case. CNN Business. Accessed: 20.02.2025. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/29/business/uber-self-driving-car-death-guilty/index.html
  • Ringbom, H. (2019). Regulating autonomous ships—concepts, challenges and precedents. Ocean Development & International Law, 50(2-3), 141-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/00908320.2019.1582593 Roberts, G.N., & Sutton, R. (2006). Advances in Unmanned Marine Vehicles, Volume 69. IET, London, UK. https://doi.org/10.1049/PBCE069E
  • Rødseth, Ø. J., & Nordahl, H. (2017). Definitions for autonomous merchant ships. NFAS. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22209.17760
  • Schelin, J. (2019). The responsibility for unmanned ships—shipmaster’s position. TRANSIDIT, 75, 40-43. Accessed: 11.02.2025. http://www.maritimelawlibrary.se/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Responsibility-for-Unmanned-Ships.pdf
  • Sözer, B. (2020). Self-steering ships. Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(2), 1349-1350.
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  • Tesla, N. (1898). Method of and apparatus for controlling mechanism of moving vessels or vehicles. U.S. Patent Office. 613809. Accessed: 04.02.2025. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/6b/b5/5d/3dc49d9a2758de/US613809.pdf
  • Tesla, N. (1919). My inventions: The autobiography of Nikola Tesla. Accessed: 10.02.2025. https://www.ubnt.ni.ac.rs/legacy/images/pdf/Tesla/pdf/1_Autobiografije/1_1_Autobiografije/1919_My_Inventions.pdf
  • The Nippon Foundation (2024). The Nippon Foundation MEGURI2040 Fully Autonomous Ship Program. Accessed: 14.02.2025. https://www.nippon-foundation.or.jp/en/what/projects/meguri2040
  • U.S. Navy (2004). Unmanned Undersea Vehicle Master Plan. Accessed: 07.02.2025. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA511748.pdf
  • U.S. Navy (2007a). The Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations. Accessed: 07.02.2025. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-D201-PURL-gpo56195/pdf/GOVPUB-D201-PURL-gpo56195.pdf
  • U.S. Navy (2007b). The Navy Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) Master Plan. Accessed: 07.02.2025. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA504867.pdf
  • U.S. Navy (2022). The Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations. Accessed: 07.02.2025. https://stjececmsdusgva001.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/public/documents/NWP_1-14M.pdf
  • Uyan, K., Yılmaz, F., & Sönmez, U. (2024). A research on the opportunities of autonomous unmanned marine vehicles to enhance maritime safety and security. Journal of Transportation and Logistics, 9(2), 234-244. https://doi.org/10.26650/JTL.2024.1393580
  • Vallejo, D.A.G. (2015). Electric currents: Programming legal status into autonomous unmanned maritime vehicles. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 47(1), 405-428. Accessed: 17.02.2025. https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol47/iss1/25
  • Van Hooydonk, E. (2014). The law of unmanned merchant shipping: An exploration. The Journal of International Maritime Law, 20, 403–423.
  • Var Türk, K. (2019). Deniz haydutluğu ve siber güvenlik bakımından uluslararası deniz hukuku çerçevesinde bir değerlendirme: İnsansız gemiler [An evaluation with regard to piracy and cybersecurity under the law of the sea: Unmanned ships]. DEHUKAM Journal of the Sea and Maritime Law, 2(2), 495-540.
  • Veal, R., Tsimplis, M., & Serdy, A. (2019). The legal status and operation of unmanned maritime vehicles. Ocean Development & International Law, 50(1), 23-48.
  • Widditsch, H. R. (1973). SPURV—The first decade. Accessed: 12.02.2025. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA050816.pdf
  • Xinhua (2016). China to hand over underwater drone to US in appropriate manner. Accessed: 12.02.2025. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-12/18/content_27699934.htm
  • YARA (2024). Yara Birkeland Press Kit. Accessed: 10.02.2025. https://www.yara.com/news-and-media/media-library/press-kits/yara-birkeland-press-kit/
  • Zhu, L. & Xing, W. (2019). A Pioneering Study of Third-Party Liability Insurance for Unmanned/Autonomous Commercial Ships. Journal of Business Law, 6, 442-458.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Batu Şengül 0009-0001-0669-4379

Fatih Yılmaz 0000-0001-5652-0265

Umut Sönmez 0000-0001-9772-8855

Yayımlanma Tarihi 2 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Şengül, B., Yılmaz, F., & Sönmez, U. (2025). AUTONOMOUS/UNMANNED MARITIME VEHICLES: AN EVALUATION OF REGULATORY COMPLIANCE IN TERMS OF INTERNATIONAL MARITIME CONVENTIONS AND MARINE ACCIDENTS. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(1), 27-58. https://doi.org/10.28956/gbd.1655181
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