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Silahsızlanma, Terhis ve Yeniden Entegrasyon Üzerine Bibliyometrik Bir Analiz

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1, 2 - 29, 30.06.2025

Muhammed Karakuş

https://doi.org/10.54627/gcd.1622879

Öz

Silahsızlanma, Terhis ve Yeniden Entegrasyon Süreci (DDR), çatışma sonrası toplumların şiddetten barış ve istikrara geçişinde kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmada; son yirmi yılda DDR alanındaki araştırmalar kapsamlı bir şekilde bibliyometrik analiz yöntemiyle incelenmiş ve Scopus veri tabanından elde edilen veriler kullanılmıştır. 1.211 yayının analiz edildiği araştırmada; alandaki temel eğilimler, odaklanılan temalar ve boşluklar ortaya koyularak yeniden entegrasyon, barış inşası ve geçiş dönemi adaleti gibi temaların ön planda olduğu, aynı zamanda toplumsal cinsiyet perspektiflerinin ve bölgesel vaka çalışmalarının alan yazınına giderek daha fazla dâhil edildiği gösterilmiştir. Ek olarak araştırmaların genişliği ve çeşitliliğine rağmen alan yazınında, bölgelere özgü engellerin ayrıntılı bir şekilde ele alınması ve disiplinler arası yaklaşımların tanıtılması konusunda önemli eksiklikler bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada; yerel bağlamların entegre edilmesi, sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın sağlanması ve DDR programlarının değişen çatışma dinamiklerine uyarlanması gerekliliği ön plana çıkarılarak gelecekteki araştırmalar için bir yol haritası sunulmaktadır. Bulgular, DDR’nin küresel güvenlik ve kalkınmadaki rolüne ilişkin daha derin bir anlayış sağlayarak bu alandaki araştırmacılara bir rehber hükmündedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Silahsızlanma Terhis Yeniden Entegrasyon DDR Bibliyometrik Analiz

Kaynakça

  • Alden, C. (2002). Making old soldiers fade away: Lessons from the reintegration of demobilized soldiers in Mozambique. Security Dialogue, 33(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010602033003008
  • Alonso, J., Díaz, C., Stefania Pérez Páez, N., Iván, R., Mejía, C., & Candidato, *. (2018). Ddr And Truth Commissions, Limits And Meeting Points: Evidence From The Cases Of Namibia, Congo, Indonesia And Colombia. Análisis Político, 31(93), 20–42. https://doi.org/10.15446/ANPOL.V31N93.75615
  • AU. (2018). DDR and Countering Violent Extremism.
  • Bailes, A., Schneckener, U., & Wulf, H. (2006a). Revisiting the State Monopoly on the Legitimate Use of Force . Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance. https://www.dcaf.ch/revisiting-state-monopoly-legitimate-use-force
  • Bailes, A., Schneckener, U., & Wulf, H. (2006b). Revisiting the State Monopoly on the Legitimate Use of Force . Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance. https://www.dcaf.ch/revisiting-state-monopoly-legitimate-use-force
  • Ball, N. (2006). Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: Mapping Issues, Dilemmas and Guiding Principles . In Royal Holloway. University of London.
  • Banholzer, L. (2013a). When Do Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Programs Succeed? SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2367307
  • Banholzer, L. (2013b). When Do Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Programs Succeed? SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2367307
  • Colletta, N. J., Kostner, M., & Wiederhofer, I. (2010). Disarmament, demobilization, and reintegrationlessons and liabilities in reconstruction. In When States Fail: Causes and Consequences. Princeton University Press.
  • Collier, P., & Sambanis, N. (2005). Understanding Civil War (Volume 1: Africa). In Understanding Civil War (Volume 1: Africa) (Vol. 1). The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-6047-7
  • Derksen, D. (2014a). Reintegrating Armed Groups in Afghanistan. In United States Institute of Peace. https://www.usip.org/publications/2014/03/reintegrating-armed-groups-afghanistan
  • Derksen, D. (2014b). Reintegrating Armed Groups in Afghanistan. In United States Institute of Peace. Díaz, J. A. C., Páez, N. S. P., & Mejía, R. I. C. (2018). DDR and truth commissions, limits and meeting points: Evidence from the cases of Namibia, Congo, Indonesia and Colombia. Analisis Politico, 31(93). https://doi.org/10.15446/anpol.v31n93.75615
  • Dorussen, H. (2022). Handbook on Peacekeeping and International Relations. Handbook on Peacekeeping and International Relations, 1–389. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839109935
  • Dzinesa, G. A. (2017). South Africa: Demobilization into the Cold. In DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION IN SOUTHERN AFRICA: SWORDS INTO PLOUGHSHARES? (pp. 133–170). PALGRAVE. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60549-4\_5
  • Greene, O., & Rynn, S. (2008). Linking and Co-ordinating DDR and SSR for Human Security after Conflict : Issues , Experience and Priorities. Security, July.
  • Hansen, S. J. (2020). Deradicalization or DDR?: The challenges emerging from variations in forms of territorial control. In Routledge Handbook of Deradicalisation and Disengagement. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315387420-8
  • Herrera, D., & Peña, A. G. (2022a). Disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) and peacekeeping operations. Handbook on Peacekeeping and International Relations, 118–133. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839109935.00019
  • Herrera, D., & Peña, A. G. (2022b). Disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) and peacekeeping operations. In Handbook on Peacekeeping and International Relations. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.
  • Humphreys, M., & Weinstein, J. (2007). Demobilization and Reintegration. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51, 531–567. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002707302790
  • Humphreys, M., & Weinstein, J. (2008). Who fights? the determinants of participation in civil war. American Journal of Political Science, 52(2), 436–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00322.x
  • Kalyvas, S. N. (2006). The Logic of Violence in Civil War. In The Logic of Violence in Civil War. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511818462
  • Kilroy, W. (2015). Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) as a participatory process: involving communities and beneficiaries in post-conflict disarmament programmes. Healthwell.
  • Knight, M. (2008). Expanding the DDR Model: Politics and Organisations. Journal of Security Sector Management, 6(1).
  • Knight, M., & Ozerdem, A. (2004). Guns, Camps and Cash: Disarmament, Demobilization and Reinsertion of Former Combatants in Transitions from War to Peace. Journal of Peace Research, 41, 499–516. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343304044479
  • Levin, J., & Miodownik, D. (2016). The imperative to explore the impact of disarmament on peacemaking efforts and conflict recurrence. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 22(4), 347 – 356. https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2016-0032
  • Maringira, G. (2018). When ex-combatants became peaceful: Azania People’s Liberation Army ex-combatants in post-apartheid South Africa. African Studies, 77(1), 53 – 66. https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2017.1416996
  • Marriage, Z. (2012). The case of the FDLR in DR Congo: A facade of collaboration? In Post-conflict Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: Bringing State-building Back In. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
  • Muggah, R. (2012). Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration. In Elgar Handbook of Civil War and Fragile States. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781006313.00025
  • Muggah, Robert. (2009). Security and post-conflict reconstruction : dealing with fighters in the aftermath of war. Routledge.
  • Mumford, A. (2021). Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) after proxy wars: reconceptualising the consequences of external support. Third World Quarterly, 42(12), 2956 – 2973. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2021.1981762
  • Munive, J., & Stepputat, F. (2015a). Rethinking disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programs. Stability, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.go
  • Munive, J., & Stepputat, F. (2015b). Rethinking disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programs. Stability, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.go
  • OSFU. (2011). The Role of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Programs in Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Some Lessons Learnt.
  • Pauletto, E., & Patel, P. (2010). Challenging Child Soldier DDR Processes and Policies in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Peace, Conflict and Development, 16.
  • Rolston, B. (2007). Demobilization and reintegration of Ex-combatants: The irish case in international perspective. Social and Legal Studies, 16(2), 259 – 280. https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663907076534
  • Shepherd, B. J. (2012a). The case of the FDLR in DR Congo: A technical drift? In Post-conflict Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: Bringing State-building Back In. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
  • Shepherd, B. J. (2012b). The case of the FDLR in DR Congo: A technical drift? In Post-conflict Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: Bringing State-building Back In. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84900254328&partnerID=40&md5=92baecc2ca154c4d6dfd0dd92b2493c6
  • Shesterinina, A. (2020a). Committed to Peace: The Potential of Former FARC-EP Midlevel Commanders as Local Leaders in the Peace Process.
  • Shesterinina, A. (2020b). Committed to Peace: The Potential of Former FARC-EP Midlevel Commanders as Local Leaders in the Peace Process.
  • Spear, J. (2013). Disarmament, demobilization, reinsertion and reintegration in Africa. In Ending Africa’s Wars: Progressing to Peace. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
  • Stedman, S. J. (1997). Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes. International Security, 22(2), 5–53. https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC.22.2.5
  • Striuli, L. (2012). DDR in Mozambique: A success without the first “D.” In Post-conflict Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: Bringing State-building Back In. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
  • Subedi, D. B. (2018a). DDR and Peacebuilding: Implications for Peace and Security. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies, 223 – 262. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58672-8_9
  • Subedi, D. B. (2018b). The Dilemma of DDR. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies, 93 – 106. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58672-8_4
  • Sugito, & Anam, M. Z. (2022). THE UNITED NATIONS MISSION IN DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF TIMOR-LESTE: A FAILED CASE OR A PROBLEMATIC CASE? REVISTA UNISCI, 58, 125–140.
  • UN. (2021). The Evolving Nature of DDR Study on Engaging Armed Groups Across the Peace Continuum. Uvin, P. (1999). Ethnicity and power in Burundi and Rwanda: Different paths to mass violence. Comparative Politics, 31(3), 253 – 271. https://doi.org/10.2307/422339
  • Uvin, P. (2007). Ex-combatants in Burundi: Why they joined, why they left, how they fared. In MDRP. von Dyck, C. (2016). DDR and SSR in War-to-Peace Transition. In DDR and SSR in War-to-Peace Transition. https://doi.org/10.5334/bby
  • Wilén, N. (2013). Identifying the spoilers in the security sector reform-disarmament demobilisation and reintegration process in the Congo. Defense and Security Analysis, 29(2), 117 – 127. https://doi.org/10.1080/14751798.2013.787792

A Bibliometric Analysis of Demobilization, Disarmament and Reintegration

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1, 2 - 29, 30.06.2025

Muhammed Karakuş

https://doi.org/10.54627/gcd.1622879

Öz

The Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) process is critical in helping post-conflict societies transition from violence to peace and stability. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of DDR research over the past two decades, using data from the Scopus database. Analyzing 1,211 publications, the study identifies key trends, thematic focuses, and gaps in the field. It reveals that themes such as reintegration, peacebuilding, and transitional justice are prominent, while gender perspectives and regional case studies are increasingly incorporated. Despite the breadth and heterogeneity of research in this field, significant gaps remain, especially about differentiated consideration of region-specific obstacles and the introduction of interdisciplinary approaches. Moreover, the study offers a roadmap for future research, emphasizing the need to integrate local contexts, ensure sustainable development, and adapt DDR programs to changing conflict dynamics. The findings provide a deeper understanding of DDR’s role in global security and development, guiding those working in this field.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Disarmament Demobilization Reintegration DDR Bibliometric Analysis

Kaynakça

  • Alden, C. (2002). Making old soldiers fade away: Lessons from the reintegration of demobilized soldiers in Mozambique. Security Dialogue, 33(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010602033003008
  • Alonso, J., Díaz, C., Stefania Pérez Páez, N., Iván, R., Mejía, C., & Candidato, *. (2018). Ddr And Truth Commissions, Limits And Meeting Points: Evidence From The Cases Of Namibia, Congo, Indonesia And Colombia. Análisis Político, 31(93), 20–42. https://doi.org/10.15446/ANPOL.V31N93.75615
  • AU. (2018). DDR and Countering Violent Extremism.
  • Bailes, A., Schneckener, U., & Wulf, H. (2006a). Revisiting the State Monopoly on the Legitimate Use of Force . Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance. https://www.dcaf.ch/revisiting-state-monopoly-legitimate-use-force
  • Bailes, A., Schneckener, U., & Wulf, H. (2006b). Revisiting the State Monopoly on the Legitimate Use of Force . Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance. https://www.dcaf.ch/revisiting-state-monopoly-legitimate-use-force
  • Ball, N. (2006). Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: Mapping Issues, Dilemmas and Guiding Principles . In Royal Holloway. University of London.
  • Banholzer, L. (2013a). When Do Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Programs Succeed? SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2367307
  • Banholzer, L. (2013b). When Do Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Programs Succeed? SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2367307
  • Colletta, N. J., Kostner, M., & Wiederhofer, I. (2010). Disarmament, demobilization, and reintegrationlessons and liabilities in reconstruction. In When States Fail: Causes and Consequences. Princeton University Press.
  • Collier, P., & Sambanis, N. (2005). Understanding Civil War (Volume 1: Africa). In Understanding Civil War (Volume 1: Africa) (Vol. 1). The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-6047-7
  • Derksen, D. (2014a). Reintegrating Armed Groups in Afghanistan. In United States Institute of Peace. https://www.usip.org/publications/2014/03/reintegrating-armed-groups-afghanistan
  • Derksen, D. (2014b). Reintegrating Armed Groups in Afghanistan. In United States Institute of Peace. Díaz, J. A. C., Páez, N. S. P., & Mejía, R. I. C. (2018). DDR and truth commissions, limits and meeting points: Evidence from the cases of Namibia, Congo, Indonesia and Colombia. Analisis Politico, 31(93). https://doi.org/10.15446/anpol.v31n93.75615
  • Dorussen, H. (2022). Handbook on Peacekeeping and International Relations. Handbook on Peacekeeping and International Relations, 1–389. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839109935
  • Dzinesa, G. A. (2017). South Africa: Demobilization into the Cold. In DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION IN SOUTHERN AFRICA: SWORDS INTO PLOUGHSHARES? (pp. 133–170). PALGRAVE. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60549-4\_5
  • Greene, O., & Rynn, S. (2008). Linking and Co-ordinating DDR and SSR for Human Security after Conflict : Issues , Experience and Priorities. Security, July.
  • Hansen, S. J. (2020). Deradicalization or DDR?: The challenges emerging from variations in forms of territorial control. In Routledge Handbook of Deradicalisation and Disengagement. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315387420-8
  • Herrera, D., & Peña, A. G. (2022a). Disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) and peacekeeping operations. Handbook on Peacekeeping and International Relations, 118–133. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839109935.00019
  • Herrera, D., & Peña, A. G. (2022b). Disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) and peacekeeping operations. In Handbook on Peacekeeping and International Relations. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.
  • Humphreys, M., & Weinstein, J. (2007). Demobilization and Reintegration. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51, 531–567. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002707302790
  • Humphreys, M., & Weinstein, J. (2008). Who fights? the determinants of participation in civil war. American Journal of Political Science, 52(2), 436–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00322.x
  • Kalyvas, S. N. (2006). The Logic of Violence in Civil War. In The Logic of Violence in Civil War. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511818462
  • Kilroy, W. (2015). Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) as a participatory process: involving communities and beneficiaries in post-conflict disarmament programmes. Healthwell.
  • Knight, M. (2008). Expanding the DDR Model: Politics and Organisations. Journal of Security Sector Management, 6(1).
  • Knight, M., & Ozerdem, A. (2004). Guns, Camps and Cash: Disarmament, Demobilization and Reinsertion of Former Combatants in Transitions from War to Peace. Journal of Peace Research, 41, 499–516. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343304044479
  • Levin, J., & Miodownik, D. (2016). The imperative to explore the impact of disarmament on peacemaking efforts and conflict recurrence. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 22(4), 347 – 356. https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2016-0032
  • Maringira, G. (2018). When ex-combatants became peaceful: Azania People’s Liberation Army ex-combatants in post-apartheid South Africa. African Studies, 77(1), 53 – 66. https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2017.1416996
  • Marriage, Z. (2012). The case of the FDLR in DR Congo: A facade of collaboration? In Post-conflict Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: Bringing State-building Back In. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
  • Muggah, R. (2012). Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration. In Elgar Handbook of Civil War and Fragile States. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781006313.00025
  • Muggah, Robert. (2009). Security and post-conflict reconstruction : dealing with fighters in the aftermath of war. Routledge.
  • Mumford, A. (2021). Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) after proxy wars: reconceptualising the consequences of external support. Third World Quarterly, 42(12), 2956 – 2973. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2021.1981762
  • Munive, J., & Stepputat, F. (2015a). Rethinking disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programs. Stability, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.go
  • Munive, J., & Stepputat, F. (2015b). Rethinking disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programs. Stability, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.go
  • OSFU. (2011). The Role of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Programs in Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Some Lessons Learnt.
  • Pauletto, E., & Patel, P. (2010). Challenging Child Soldier DDR Processes and Policies in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Peace, Conflict and Development, 16.
  • Rolston, B. (2007). Demobilization and reintegration of Ex-combatants: The irish case in international perspective. Social and Legal Studies, 16(2), 259 – 280. https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663907076534
  • Shepherd, B. J. (2012a). The case of the FDLR in DR Congo: A technical drift? In Post-conflict Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: Bringing State-building Back In. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
  • Shepherd, B. J. (2012b). The case of the FDLR in DR Congo: A technical drift? In Post-conflict Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: Bringing State-building Back In. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84900254328&partnerID=40&md5=92baecc2ca154c4d6dfd0dd92b2493c6
  • Shesterinina, A. (2020a). Committed to Peace: The Potential of Former FARC-EP Midlevel Commanders as Local Leaders in the Peace Process.
  • Shesterinina, A. (2020b). Committed to Peace: The Potential of Former FARC-EP Midlevel Commanders as Local Leaders in the Peace Process.
  • Spear, J. (2013). Disarmament, demobilization, reinsertion and reintegration in Africa. In Ending Africa’s Wars: Progressing to Peace. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
  • Stedman, S. J. (1997). Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes. International Security, 22(2), 5–53. https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC.22.2.5
  • Striuli, L. (2012). DDR in Mozambique: A success without the first “D.” In Post-conflict Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: Bringing State-building Back In. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
  • Subedi, D. B. (2018a). DDR and Peacebuilding: Implications for Peace and Security. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies, 223 – 262. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58672-8_9
  • Subedi, D. B. (2018b). The Dilemma of DDR. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies, 93 – 106. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58672-8_4
  • Sugito, & Anam, M. Z. (2022). THE UNITED NATIONS MISSION IN DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF TIMOR-LESTE: A FAILED CASE OR A PROBLEMATIC CASE? REVISTA UNISCI, 58, 125–140.
  • UN. (2021). The Evolving Nature of DDR Study on Engaging Armed Groups Across the Peace Continuum. Uvin, P. (1999). Ethnicity and power in Burundi and Rwanda: Different paths to mass violence. Comparative Politics, 31(3), 253 – 271. https://doi.org/10.2307/422339
  • Uvin, P. (2007). Ex-combatants in Burundi: Why they joined, why they left, how they fared. In MDRP. von Dyck, C. (2016). DDR and SSR in War-to-Peace Transition. In DDR and SSR in War-to-Peace Transition. https://doi.org/10.5334/bby
  • Wilén, N. (2013). Identifying the spoilers in the security sector reform-disarmament demobilisation and reintegration process in the Congo. Defense and Security Analysis, 29(2), 117 – 127. https://doi.org/10.1080/14751798.2013.787792
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası Güvenlik, Uluslararası İlişkilerde Terörizm, Uluslararası İlişkilerde Uyuşmazlık Çözümü
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Muhammed Karakuş 0000-0003-0078-8603

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 4 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Karakuş, M. (2025). A Bibliometric Analysis of Demobilization, Disarmament and Reintegration. Güvenlik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 27(1), 2-29. https://doi.org/10.54627/gcd.1622879
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