Araştırma Makalesi
Determination of combining ability, heterosis, hetorobeltiosis and dominance gene effect in inbred popcorn (Zea mays everta Sturt.) lines
Öz
This study aimed to determine the effects of heterosis, heterobeltiosis and dominance on the inheritance of agronomic traits in popcorn. The study was carried out for two years (2018-2019) under ecological conditions of Samsun province. A total of 32 inbred popcorn lines were crossed with two tester lines (i.e., ‘P206’ and ‘HP7211’) during 1st year and 64 hybrids were obtained. Yield trial was carried out according to the 8 × 8 partially balanced Lattice trial design with 2 replications during 2nd year. Yield and yield components of each genotype were determined, hybrid vigor of the hybrids and general combaning abilities of the parents were examined. Heterosis, heterobeltiosis, and general combaning abilities occurred positively and negatively in all traits. Heterosis rates for grain yield trait were between -11.33 and 178.05%, whereas heterosis rates for bursting volume trait were between -0.9 and 69.9%. Heterobeltiosis rates ranged between -15.85 and 163.86% for grain yield and -14.4 and 69.1% for bursting volume. Overdominance and partial dominance genes were effective in the inheritance of the examined traits. It was also determined that ‘TCK129’, ‘TCK 135’, ‘TCK136’ and ‘TCK144’ lines can be used as genitor lines due to their high grain yield and average bursting volume. These results indicate that new commercial popcorn hybrids which can be planted in Türkiye can be developed in a short time.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Etik Beyan
There is no need to obtain permission from the ethics committee for this study.
Destekleyen Kurum
This research was funded by the General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies (TAGEM) under the project number TAGEM/TA/14/A12/P03/010.
Proje Numarası
TAGEM/TA/14/A12/P03/010
Teşekkür
This research was funded by the General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies (TAGEM) under the project number TAGEM/TA/14/A12/P03/010.
Kaynakça
- Alhadi R. A. A., Hadid, M. L., & Ahmad, S.A., (2013). Potence ratio and path analysis for yield and quality traits in single crosses of maize (Zea mays L.) produced in syria. Jordan J. Agri. Sci. 9(2): 153-161.
- Amanullah, S., Jehan, M., Mansoor A., & Khan, M.A. (2011). Heterosis studies in diallel crosses of maize. Sarhad J. Agric., 27(2): 207-211.
- Babo, R., Nair, S.K., Kumar, A.; Rao, H.S. Verma, P., Gahalain, A., Singh, I.S., Gupta, H.S. (2006). Mapping QTLs for popping ability in a popcorn × flint corn cross. Theor. Appl. Genet., 112, 1392–1399.
- Begum, S., Alam, S. S., Omy, S. H., Amiruzzaman, M., & Rohman, M. M. (2018). Inheritance and combing ability in maize using a 7x7 diallel cross. Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science, 10(9), 239-248. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPBCS2018.0750
- Cabral, P. D. S., do Amaral Júnior, A. T., Freitas, I. L. D. J., Ribeiro, R.M., & Silva, T. R. D. C. (2016). Cause and effect of quantitative characteristics on grain expansion capacity in popcorn. Rev. Cienc. Agron. 47, 108–117. https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20160013
- Coan, M. M. D., Barth, R. J. P., Kuki, M.C., Júnior, A. T. A., Figueiredo, A. S. T., Scapim, C. A., & Warburton, M. (2019). Inheritance study for popping expansion in popcorn vs. flint corn genotypes. Agron. Appl. Genet. Resour. 111, 1–10.
- Daros M, Amaral Júnior AT, Pereira MG, Santos FS, et al. (2004). Correlações entre caracteres agronômicos em dois ciclos de seleção recorrente em milho-pipoca. Ciencia Rural 34, 1389-1394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S010384782004000500010
- De Lima, V.J., do Amaral Júnior, A.T., Kamphorst, S. H., Bispo, R. B., Leite, J.T., Santos, T. D. O., Schmitt, K. F. M., Chaves, M. M., de Oliveira, U. A., & Santos, P. H. A. D. (2019). Combined dominance and additive gene effects in trait ınheritance of drought-stressed and full irrigated popcorn. Agronomy, 9 (12), 782. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120782
- de Oliveira, G. H. F., Murray, S. C., Cunha Júnior, L. C., de Lima, K. M. G., Morais, C .D. L. M. D., Teixeira, G.H.d.A., & Môro, G.V. (2020). Estimation and classification of popping expansion capacity in popcorn breeding programs using NIR spectroscopy. J. Cereal Sci. 91, 102861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102861
- Dhliwayo, T. (2008). Genetic mapping and analysis of traits related to improvement of popcorn. (Publication No. 15863) [Doctoral dissertation, Iowa State University]. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd
- Effa, E. B., Uwah, D. F. & Ukeh, D. A. (2011). Yield response of popcorn (Zea mays L. var. everta) to nitrogen and lime amendment in a southeastern rainforest environment of nigeria. American Journal of Plant Physiolog,y 6: 304-311.
- Flint-Garcia S. A, Buckler E.S, Tiffin. P., Ersoz, E,, & Springer N.M. (2009). Heterosis is prevalent for multiple traits in diverse maize germplasm. PLoS ONE, 4(10): e7433.
- Freıtas Júnıor, S.P., A.T. Amaral Júnıor, M.G, PereıraCruz, C.D. & Scapım C.A. (2006). Capacidade combinatória em milho pipoca por meio de dialelo circulante. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 41: 1599-1607.
- Freitas, J. S. P. F., Amaral, J. A. T., Rangel, R. M. & Viana, A. P. (2009). Genetic gains in popcorn by full-sib recurrent selection. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 9: 1-7.
- Guillen-de la Cruz, P., de la Cruz-Lázaro, E., Castañon-Najera, G., Osorio-Osorio, R., Brito-Manzano, N.P., Lozanodel Río, A. & López-Noverola, U. (2009) Aptitud Combinatoria General y Especifica de Germoplasma Tropical de Maíz. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 10, 101-107.
- Guerrero, C., Gallegos Robles, M., Luna Ortega, J., Castillo, I., Vázquez, C., Carrillo, M., Resendez, A. & Torres, A. (2014) Combining Ability and Heterosis in Corn Breeding Lines to Forage and Grain. American J. Plant Sciences, 5, 845-856. http://dx.doi. org/10.4236/ajps.2014.56098.
- Ghosh, A. Das, P. K., Ghosh, A., & Kundagrami, S. (2018). Heterosis, potence ratio and genetic distance for yield and yield contributing traits in single cross maize hybrids. January 2018; Maydica 63(1).
- Gosai, M. A., Kuchhadiya, G. V., Brahmbhatt, B. N. & Bhalala, K. N. (2017). Study of combining ability in diallel crosses of maize (Zea mays L.) for grain yield and quality traits. Int. J. Res. Agric. Sci., 4(2): 2348–3997.
- Guimaraes, P. D., Paterniani, G. Z., Luders, R. R., de Souza, A. P., Laborda, P. R., & Oliveira K. M. (2007). Correlation between the heterosis of maize hybrids and genetic divergence among lines. Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. J. 42(6):811-816.
- Guimarães, A. G., do Amaral Júnior, A. T., Pena, G. F., de Almeida Filho, J. E., Pereira, M. G., & Santos, P. H. A. D. (2019). Genec gains in the popcorn population uenf-14: Developing the ninth generation of intrapopulation recurrent selectionton. Rev. Caatinga, 32, 625–633.
- Kamphorst, S. H., do Amaral Junior, A.T., de Lima, V. J., Carena, M. J., Azeredo, V. C., Mafra, G. S., Santos, P. H. A. D., Leite, J.T. Schmitt, K. F. M., & dos Santos Junior, D. R. (2021). Driving sustainable popcorn breeding for drought tolerance in brazil. Front. Plant Sci. 12, 1942.
- Khan, M. U., Shah, S. M. A., Rahman, H., Iqbal, A., & Aslam, E. (2019). Evaluation of maize hybrids for yield and maturity traits. Sarhad J. of Agri. 35(1): 7-12.
- Kumar G.P, Prashanth, Y., Reddy, V.N., Kumar, S.S., & Rao P. V. (2014). Heterosis for grain yield and its component traits in maize (Zea mays L.). Int. J. Inbred App. Biosci. 2(1), 106-111.
- Kumar, M., Singhamsetti, A., Madankar, K., & Devesh, P. (2023). Deciphering of popcorn (Zea mays var. everta) heterosis for early maturity, yield and popping expansion volume Across Different Environments Biological Forum – An International Journal, 15(2): 909-915.
- Larısh, L. L. B., & Brewbaker J.L. (1999). Diallel analyses of temperate and tropical popcorns Maydica, Bergamo, n.44, p. 279-284.
- Li, Y. L., Dong, Y. B., Niu, S. Z., & Cui, D. Q. (2007). QTL for popping characteristics in popcorn. Plant Breeding, 126, 509–514.
- Mafra, G.S., do Amaral Junior, A.T., Vivas, M., dos Santos, J.S., Silva, F. H. d. L. E., Guimarães, A.G., & Pena, G. F. (2018). The combining ability of popcorn S7 lines for puccinia polysora resistance purposes. Bragantia, 77, 519–526.
- Mather, K. (1949). Biometrical Genetics. Dover Press, New York.
- Mather K., & Jinks J.L, (1971). Biometrical Genetics, Chapman and Hall Ltd. (2nd ed.), London
- Özata E., Öztürk A., Erdal Ş., & Pamukçu, M. (2024). New single hybrid popcorn variety ATASAM. Ekin Journal, 10(1), 59-63.
- Pereıra, M.G. & Amaral Júnıor, A.T. (2001). Estimation of genetic components in popcorn based on the nested design. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 1: 3-10
- Rangel R.M, Amaral Júnior A.T. & Freitas Jr S.P, (2011). Associação entre características agronômicas e capacidade de expansão em população de milho pipoca sob seleção recorrente. Cienc. Agrotec. 35: 225-233. http://dx.doi. org/10.1590/S1413-70542011000200001
- Rinaldi, D.A., Carpentieri-Pipolo, V., Gerage, A.C., Ruas, C. F., Fonseka, J. N. S., Souza, A., Souza, S. G. H. & Garbuglo, D. D. (2007). Correlacao entre heterose e divergencia genética estimadas por cruzamentos dialelicos e marcadores RAPD em populacoes de milho-pipoca. Bragantia, 66: 183-192.
- Santos Junior, D. R. d., Amaral Junior, A. T. d., Lima, V. J. d. Leite, J. T., Bispo, R. B. Azeredo, V. C., Almeida Filho, J. E. d., Kamphorst, S. H., Viana, F. N., & Ribeiro, R. M. (2023). Recurrent ınterpopulation selection in popcorn: from heterosis to genetic Gains. Plants, 12, 1056. https://doi.org/10.3390/ plants12051056
- Santos, J.S., Amaral Júnior, A.T., Vivas, M., Mafra, G.S., Pena, G.F., Silva, F. H. L., & Guimarães, A. G. (2017). Genetic control and combining ability of agronomic attributes and northern leaf blight-related attributes in popcorn. Gen. Mol. Res. 16, 1–11.
- Santos, J.S., de Souza, Y.P., Vivas, M., Amaral Junior, A.T., Filho, J.E.d.A., Mafra, G.S., Viana, A.P., Gravina, G.d.A., & Ferreira, F. R. A. (2020). Genetic merit of popcorn lines and hybrids for multiple foliar diseases and agronomic properties. Funct. Plant Breed. J. 2, 32–47.
- Sahid, Z. D., Syukur, M., & Maharijaya, A. (2020). Combining ability and heterotic effects of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes for yield components and capsaicin content. Sabrao J. Breed. Genet. 52(4): 390401.
- Smith, H. H. (1952). Fixing Transgressive Vigour in Nicotiana rustica, “Heterosis”. Iowa State College Press, Ames
- Soni, N. V., & S. M. Khanorkar (2013). Association of genetic divergence with heterosis, combining ability and mean value for quantitative traits in popcorn (Zea mays var. Everta). The Bioscan, 8(4): 1363-1367.
- Sweley, J.C. Rose, D. J., & Jackson, D. J. (2013). Quality traits and maize. Sarhad J. Agric. 27(2): 207-211.
- TDÖDTT (2018). Tarımsal değerleri ölçme denemeleri teknik talimatı. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/BUGEM/ TTSM/Belgeler/Tescil/Teknik%20Talimatlar/S%C4% B1cak %20%C4%B0klim%20Tah%C 4%B1llar %C4% B1 /MISIR_TEKNIK_TALIMATI.pdf
Kendilenmiş cin mısır (Zea mays everta Sturt.) hatlarında birleştirme yeteneği, heterosis, hetorobeltiosis ve dominans gen etkinliğinin belirlenmesi
Öz
Bu çalışmada, patlamış mısırın agronomik özelliklerinin kalıtımında heterosis, heterobeltiosis ve baskınlığın etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma, Samsun ekolojik koşullarında iki yıl (2018-2019) süreyle yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın birinci yılında 32 adet kendilenmiş patlamış mısır hattı, iki test hattı (‘P206’ ve ‘HP7211’) ile melezlenmiş ve 64 adet melez elde edilmiştir. İkinci yılda ise verim denemesi, 8 × 8 kısmi dengeli Latis deneme desenine göre 2 tekrarlamalı olarak yürütülmüştür. Denemede her genotipe ait verim ve verim öğeleri belirlenmiş, melezlerin melez gücü ve ebeveynlerin genel kombinasyon uyumları incelenmiştir. Heterosis, heterobeltiosis, genel kombinasyon uyumları tüm özelliklerde olumlu ve olumsuz yönde ortaya çıkmıştır. Denemede tane verimi özelliğinde heterozis oranları-%11.33 ile %178.05 aralığında, patlama hacmi özelliğinde heterozis oranları-%0.9 ile %69.9 aralığında belirlenmiştir. Heterobeltiosis oranları tane verimi özelliğinde-%15.85 ile %163.86 aralığında, patlama hacmi özelliğinde ise-%14.4 ile %69.1 aralığında ölçülmüştür. Çalışmada incelenen özelliklerin kalıtımınında, aşırı baskınlık ve kısmi baskınlık genlerinin etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca yüksek tane verimi ve ortalama patlama hacmi kapasiteleri nedeniyle ‘TCK129’, ‘TCK 135’, ‘TCK136’ ve ‘TCK144’ hatlarının genitor hatları olarak kullanılabileceği belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar kısa sürede Türkiye’de ekilebilecek yeni ticari patlamış mısır melezlerinin elde edilebileceğini göstermektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Proje Numarası
TAGEM/TA/14/A12/P03/010
Kaynakça
- Alhadi R. A. A., Hadid, M. L., & Ahmad, S.A., (2013). Potence ratio and path analysis for yield and quality traits in single crosses of maize (Zea mays L.) produced in syria. Jordan J. Agri. Sci. 9(2): 153-161.
- Amanullah, S., Jehan, M., Mansoor A., & Khan, M.A. (2011). Heterosis studies in diallel crosses of maize. Sarhad J. Agric., 27(2): 207-211.
- Babo, R., Nair, S.K., Kumar, A.; Rao, H.S. Verma, P., Gahalain, A., Singh, I.S., Gupta, H.S. (2006). Mapping QTLs for popping ability in a popcorn × flint corn cross. Theor. Appl. Genet., 112, 1392–1399.
- Begum, S., Alam, S. S., Omy, S. H., Amiruzzaman, M., & Rohman, M. M. (2018). Inheritance and combing ability in maize using a 7x7 diallel cross. Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science, 10(9), 239-248. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPBCS2018.0750
- Cabral, P. D. S., do Amaral Júnior, A. T., Freitas, I. L. D. J., Ribeiro, R.M., & Silva, T. R. D. C. (2016). Cause and effect of quantitative characteristics on grain expansion capacity in popcorn. Rev. Cienc. Agron. 47, 108–117. https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20160013
- Coan, M. M. D., Barth, R. J. P., Kuki, M.C., Júnior, A. T. A., Figueiredo, A. S. T., Scapim, C. A., & Warburton, M. (2019). Inheritance study for popping expansion in popcorn vs. flint corn genotypes. Agron. Appl. Genet. Resour. 111, 1–10.
- Daros M, Amaral Júnior AT, Pereira MG, Santos FS, et al. (2004). Correlações entre caracteres agronômicos em dois ciclos de seleção recorrente em milho-pipoca. Ciencia Rural 34, 1389-1394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S010384782004000500010
- De Lima, V.J., do Amaral Júnior, A.T., Kamphorst, S. H., Bispo, R. B., Leite, J.T., Santos, T. D. O., Schmitt, K. F. M., Chaves, M. M., de Oliveira, U. A., & Santos, P. H. A. D. (2019). Combined dominance and additive gene effects in trait ınheritance of drought-stressed and full irrigated popcorn. Agronomy, 9 (12), 782. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120782
- de Oliveira, G. H. F., Murray, S. C., Cunha Júnior, L. C., de Lima, K. M. G., Morais, C .D. L. M. D., Teixeira, G.H.d.A., & Môro, G.V. (2020). Estimation and classification of popping expansion capacity in popcorn breeding programs using NIR spectroscopy. J. Cereal Sci. 91, 102861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102861
- Dhliwayo, T. (2008). Genetic mapping and analysis of traits related to improvement of popcorn. (Publication No. 15863) [Doctoral dissertation, Iowa State University]. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd
- Effa, E. B., Uwah, D. F. & Ukeh, D. A. (2011). Yield response of popcorn (Zea mays L. var. everta) to nitrogen and lime amendment in a southeastern rainforest environment of nigeria. American Journal of Plant Physiolog,y 6: 304-311.
- Flint-Garcia S. A, Buckler E.S, Tiffin. P., Ersoz, E,, & Springer N.M. (2009). Heterosis is prevalent for multiple traits in diverse maize germplasm. PLoS ONE, 4(10): e7433.
- Freıtas Júnıor, S.P., A.T. Amaral Júnıor, M.G, PereıraCruz, C.D. & Scapım C.A. (2006). Capacidade combinatória em milho pipoca por meio de dialelo circulante. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 41: 1599-1607.
- Freitas, J. S. P. F., Amaral, J. A. T., Rangel, R. M. & Viana, A. P. (2009). Genetic gains in popcorn by full-sib recurrent selection. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 9: 1-7.
- Guillen-de la Cruz, P., de la Cruz-Lázaro, E., Castañon-Najera, G., Osorio-Osorio, R., Brito-Manzano, N.P., Lozanodel Río, A. & López-Noverola, U. (2009) Aptitud Combinatoria General y Especifica de Germoplasma Tropical de Maíz. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 10, 101-107.
- Guerrero, C., Gallegos Robles, M., Luna Ortega, J., Castillo, I., Vázquez, C., Carrillo, M., Resendez, A. & Torres, A. (2014) Combining Ability and Heterosis in Corn Breeding Lines to Forage and Grain. American J. Plant Sciences, 5, 845-856. http://dx.doi. org/10.4236/ajps.2014.56098.
- Ghosh, A. Das, P. K., Ghosh, A., & Kundagrami, S. (2018). Heterosis, potence ratio and genetic distance for yield and yield contributing traits in single cross maize hybrids. January 2018; Maydica 63(1).
- Gosai, M. A., Kuchhadiya, G. V., Brahmbhatt, B. N. & Bhalala, K. N. (2017). Study of combining ability in diallel crosses of maize (Zea mays L.) for grain yield and quality traits. Int. J. Res. Agric. Sci., 4(2): 2348–3997.
- Guimaraes, P. D., Paterniani, G. Z., Luders, R. R., de Souza, A. P., Laborda, P. R., & Oliveira K. M. (2007). Correlation between the heterosis of maize hybrids and genetic divergence among lines. Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. J. 42(6):811-816.
- Guimarães, A. G., do Amaral Júnior, A. T., Pena, G. F., de Almeida Filho, J. E., Pereira, M. G., & Santos, P. H. A. D. (2019). Genec gains in the popcorn population uenf-14: Developing the ninth generation of intrapopulation recurrent selectionton. Rev. Caatinga, 32, 625–633.
- Kamphorst, S. H., do Amaral Junior, A.T., de Lima, V. J., Carena, M. J., Azeredo, V. C., Mafra, G. S., Santos, P. H. A. D., Leite, J.T. Schmitt, K. F. M., & dos Santos Junior, D. R. (2021). Driving sustainable popcorn breeding for drought tolerance in brazil. Front. Plant Sci. 12, 1942.
- Khan, M. U., Shah, S. M. A., Rahman, H., Iqbal, A., & Aslam, E. (2019). Evaluation of maize hybrids for yield and maturity traits. Sarhad J. of Agri. 35(1): 7-12.
- Kumar G.P, Prashanth, Y., Reddy, V.N., Kumar, S.S., & Rao P. V. (2014). Heterosis for grain yield and its component traits in maize (Zea mays L.). Int. J. Inbred App. Biosci. 2(1), 106-111.
- Kumar, M., Singhamsetti, A., Madankar, K., & Devesh, P. (2023). Deciphering of popcorn (Zea mays var. everta) heterosis for early maturity, yield and popping expansion volume Across Different Environments Biological Forum – An International Journal, 15(2): 909-915.
- Larısh, L. L. B., & Brewbaker J.L. (1999). Diallel analyses of temperate and tropical popcorns Maydica, Bergamo, n.44, p. 279-284.
- Li, Y. L., Dong, Y. B., Niu, S. Z., & Cui, D. Q. (2007). QTL for popping characteristics in popcorn. Plant Breeding, 126, 509–514.
- Mafra, G.S., do Amaral Junior, A.T., Vivas, M., dos Santos, J.S., Silva, F. H. d. L. E., Guimarães, A.G., & Pena, G. F. (2018). The combining ability of popcorn S7 lines for puccinia polysora resistance purposes. Bragantia, 77, 519–526.
- Mather, K. (1949). Biometrical Genetics. Dover Press, New York.
- Mather K., & Jinks J.L, (1971). Biometrical Genetics, Chapman and Hall Ltd. (2nd ed.), London
- Özata E., Öztürk A., Erdal Ş., & Pamukçu, M. (2024). New single hybrid popcorn variety ATASAM. Ekin Journal, 10(1), 59-63.
- Pereıra, M.G. & Amaral Júnıor, A.T. (2001). Estimation of genetic components in popcorn based on the nested design. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 1: 3-10
- Rangel R.M, Amaral Júnior A.T. & Freitas Jr S.P, (2011). Associação entre características agronômicas e capacidade de expansão em população de milho pipoca sob seleção recorrente. Cienc. Agrotec. 35: 225-233. http://dx.doi. org/10.1590/S1413-70542011000200001
- Rinaldi, D.A., Carpentieri-Pipolo, V., Gerage, A.C., Ruas, C. F., Fonseka, J. N. S., Souza, A., Souza, S. G. H. & Garbuglo, D. D. (2007). Correlacao entre heterose e divergencia genética estimadas por cruzamentos dialelicos e marcadores RAPD em populacoes de milho-pipoca. Bragantia, 66: 183-192.
- Santos Junior, D. R. d., Amaral Junior, A. T. d., Lima, V. J. d. Leite, J. T., Bispo, R. B. Azeredo, V. C., Almeida Filho, J. E. d., Kamphorst, S. H., Viana, F. N., & Ribeiro, R. M. (2023). Recurrent ınterpopulation selection in popcorn: from heterosis to genetic Gains. Plants, 12, 1056. https://doi.org/10.3390/ plants12051056
- Santos, J.S., Amaral Júnior, A.T., Vivas, M., Mafra, G.S., Pena, G.F., Silva, F. H. L., & Guimarães, A. G. (2017). Genetic control and combining ability of agronomic attributes and northern leaf blight-related attributes in popcorn. Gen. Mol. Res. 16, 1–11.
- Santos, J.S., de Souza, Y.P., Vivas, M., Amaral Junior, A.T., Filho, J.E.d.A., Mafra, G.S., Viana, A.P., Gravina, G.d.A., & Ferreira, F. R. A. (2020). Genetic merit of popcorn lines and hybrids for multiple foliar diseases and agronomic properties. Funct. Plant Breed. J. 2, 32–47.
- Sahid, Z. D., Syukur, M., & Maharijaya, A. (2020). Combining ability and heterotic effects of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes for yield components and capsaicin content. Sabrao J. Breed. Genet. 52(4): 390401.
- Smith, H. H. (1952). Fixing Transgressive Vigour in Nicotiana rustica, “Heterosis”. Iowa State College Press, Ames
- Soni, N. V., & S. M. Khanorkar (2013). Association of genetic divergence with heterosis, combining ability and mean value for quantitative traits in popcorn (Zea mays var. Everta). The Bioscan, 8(4): 1363-1367.
- Sweley, J.C. Rose, D. J., & Jackson, D. J. (2013). Quality traits and maize. Sarhad J. Agric. 27(2): 207-211.
- TDÖDTT (2018). Tarımsal değerleri ölçme denemeleri teknik talimatı. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/BUGEM/ TTSM/Belgeler/Tescil/Teknik%20Talimatlar/S%C4% B1cak %20%C4%B0klim%20Tah%C 4%B1llar %C4% B1 /MISIR_TEKNIK_TALIMATI.pdf
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Tahıllar ve Yemeklik Tane Baklagiller, Tarımda Bitki Islahı |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | TAGEM/TA/14/A12/P03/010 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Nisan 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 10 Ekim 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 13 Ocak 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1 |
