Öz
This study aimed to determine the winter survival of Turkish hybrid zoysia grasses under the transitional climate conditions of Isparta. The plant materials were the 214 hybrids developed from crosses involving Zoysia japonica and Zoysia matrella parents, and five commercial cultivars (Emerald, Empire, JaMur, Zenith, and Zeon) as controls. Spring green-up rates were assessed from May to July to evaluate post-winter recovery and adaptation. The findings suggest that a total of 37 hybrids (17%) did not survive winter cold stress. Significant variation in spring green-up rates was observed among the hybrids, with some outperforming both parents, demonstrating transgressive segregation. A total of 63 hybrids (29%) achieved 100% spring green-up, indicating their suitability for use in urban green spaces in regions with a transitional climate. Given the increasing importance of water conservation, these selected hybrids are highly recommended for use in larger-scale green area projects. Additionally, some hybrids outperformed commercial cultivars, suggesting that utilizing these locally developed hybrid lines could reduce dependence on foreign turfgrass varieties while offering sustainable solutions for landscape use without compromising turf quality.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Hybrid lines transitional climates spring green-up winter dormancy zoysia grass
Etik Beyan
There is no need to obtain permission from the ethics committee for this study.
Kaynakça
- Avcıoğlu, R., & Geren, H. (2012). Investigations on the performances of some warm season turf grasses under Mediterranean climate. Anadolu, Journal of AARI, 22(1), 1-17.
- Beard, J. B. (1973). Science and culture. In: Hall, P. and Cliffs, E. (eds) Turfgrass. American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Crop Science Society of America, Inc. and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.: NJ, USA.
- Croce, P., De Luca, A., Mocioni, M., Volterrani, M., & Beard, J. B. (2001). Warm-season turfgrass species and cultivar characterizations for a Mediterranean climate. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, 9:855–859.
- Çakır, M., & Tuğluer, M. (2021). Determination of turfgrass species used in green areas in ısparta city center and evaluation of their quality. 1st International Architectural Sciences and Application Symposium. October 27-29, Isparta, Türkiye.
- Droogers, P., Immerzeel, W. W., & Lorite, I. J. (2010). Estimating actual irrigation application by remotely sensed evapotranspiration observations. Agricultural Water Management, 97(9), 1351-1359.
- Dunn, J. H., Bughrara, S. S., Warmund, M. R., & Fresenburg, B. F. (1999). Low temperature tolerance of Zoysiagrasses. HortScience, 34(1), 96-99.
- Emmons, R. (2000). Turfgrass Science and Management Third Edition, Delmar Publishers, USA.
- Engelke, M. C., & Anderson, S. (2003). Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.). In: Casler MD, Duncan RR (eds) Turfgrass biology and breeding. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, pp 271–285.
- General Directorate of Meteorology. (2024). Seasonal Normals for Provinces (1991-2024). Access Date: 30.07.2024. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=ISPARTA.
- Irkörücü, D. (2018). Evaluation of hybrid Zoysiagrass (Z. japonica x Z. pasifica) for their turfgrass performance and suitability for green spaces. [MSc Thesis, Akdeniz University], Antalya, Türkiye.
- Jackson, M. L. (1962). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall Inc. Englewoods Cliffs, N.I., USA.
- Kır, B., Salman, A., Avcıoğlu, R., & Özkan, Ș. S. (2018). Investigations on the quality characteristics of some new turf alternatives under Mediterranean climatic conditions. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Ege University, 55(4), 389-395. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.393813
- Kim, Y., & Lee, W. G. (2022). Seawater and Its Resources. In Seawater Batteries: Principles, Materials and Technology (pp. 1-35). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
- Kinkade-Levario, H. (2007). Design for Water: Rainwater Harvesting, Stormwater Catchment, and Alternate Water Reuse. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers.
- Magni, S., Pompeiano, A., Gaetani, M., Caturegli, L., Grossi, N., Minelli, A., & Volterrani, M. (2017). Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp. Willd.) for European Lawns: a Review. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 12(4), 395-402.
- Mishra, R. K. (2023). Fresh water availability and its global challenge. British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies, 4(3), 1-78.
- Morris, K. N., & Shearman, R. C. (2006). NTEP turfgrass evaluation guidelines. National Turfgrass Evaluation Program. https://www.ntep.org/pdf/ratings.pdf
- Oh, J. S., Lee, Y. J., & Lee, S. K. (2015). Late Fall Nitrogen Application and Turf Cover for Zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica) Spring Green-up. Weed & Turfgrass Science, 4(4), 383-389.
- Özyavuz, A., & Özyavuz. M. (2012). Xeriscape in landscape design. In Özyavuz, M. (ed) Landscape planning, IntechOpen, London, United Kingdom: pp. 353–60. https://doi.org/10.5772/38989.
- Patil Shirish, S., Kelkar Tushar, S., & Bhalerao Satish, A. (2013). Mulching: A soil and water conservation practice. Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2320, 6063.
- Patton, A. J., & Reicher, Z. J. (2007). Zoysiagrass species and genotypes differ in their winter injury and freeze tolerance. Crop Science, 47, 1619-1627.
- Patton, A. J., Schwartz, B. M., & Kenworthy, K. E. (2017). Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) history, utilization, and improvement in the United States: A review. Crop Science, 57, 1-12.
- Pompeiano, A., Grossi, N., Guglielminetti, L., & Volterrani, M. (2014). Winter color retention and spring green-up of zoysiagrass genotypes in southern Europe. European Journal of Horticultural Science, 79, 158-66.
- Reinert, J. A., & Engelke, M. C. (2001). Resistance in zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) to the tropical sod webworm (Herpetogramma phaeopteralis). International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, 9, 798-801.
- Riffell, S. K., Engelke, M. C., & Morton, S. J. (1995). Performance of three warm-season turfgrasses cultured in shade: Zoysiagrass. Turf, 95(11), 60-65.
- Rimi, F., Macolino, S., Leinauer, B., & Ziliotto, U. (2011). Green-up of seeded bermudagrass cultivars as influenced by spring scalping. HortTechnology, 21(2), 230-235.
- Severmutlu, S., Mutlu, N., Gurbuz, E., Gulsen, O., Hocagil, M., Karaguzel, O., Heng-Moss, T., Shearman, R. C., & Gaussoin, R. E. (2011a). Drought resistance of warm-season turfgrasses grown in Mediterranean region of Turkey. HortTechnology, 21(6), 726-736.
- Severmutlu, S., Mutlu, N., Shearman, R. C., Gürbüz, E., Gülşen, O., Hocagil, M. M., Karagüzel, O., Heng-Moss, T., Riordan, T. P., & Gaussoin, R. E. (2011b). Establishment and turf qualities of warm-season turfgrasses in the mediterranean region. HortTechnology, 21:67–81.
- Shareef, T. M. E., Ma, Z., & Zhao, B., (2019). Essentials of drip irrigation system for saving water and nutrients to plant roots: As a guide for growers. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 11(09), 1129.
- Trappe, J. M., Karcher, D. E., Richardson, M. D., & Patton, A. J. (2011). Shade and traffic tolerance varies for bermudagrass and zoysiagrass cultivars. Crop Science, 51, 870-877.
- Wherley, B. G., Skulkaew, P., Chandra, A., Genovesi, A. D., & Engelke, M. C. (2011). Lowinput performance of zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) cultivars maintained under dense tree shade. HortScience, 46, 1033-1037.
- White, C. B. (2003). The birth of a putting green. USGA Green Section Record. 41(6), 1-6.
- Xie, Q., Niu, J., Xu, X., Xu, L., Zhang, Y., Fan, B., Liang, X., Zhang, L., Yin, S., & Han, L. (2015). De novo assembly of the Japanese lawngrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) root transcriptome and identification of candidate unigenes related to early responses under salt stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 1-14.
Öz
Bu çalışma, Isparta'nın geçiş iklim koşullarında Türk hibrit zoysia çimlerinin kışın hayatta kalma oranlarını belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Bitki materyali olarak Zoysia japonica ve Zoysia matrella ebeveynlerinin çaprazlamalarından elde edilen 214 melez ve kontrol olarak beş ticari çeşit (Emerald, Empire, JaMur, Zenith ve Zeon) kullanılmıştır. Kış sonrası geri gelme ve adaptasyonu değerlendirmek amacıyla, Mayıs'tan Temmuz'a kadar yeniden yeşillenme oranları belirlenmiştir. Bulgular, tüm hibritlerin %17’sini oluşturan toplam 37 hibrit hattın kış soğuk stresine dayanamadığını göstermiştir. Hibritler arasında ilkbaharda yeniden yeşillenme oranlarında önemli farklılıklar gözlemlenmiş olup bazı hatlar her iki ebeveynden de daha iyi performans göstererek transgresif açılım sergilemiştir. Toplamda 63 hibrit hat (%29) %100 yeşillenme oranına ulaşmış ve geçiş iklimine sahip bölgelerdeki kentsel yeşil alanlarda kullanım için uygun olduklarını göstermiştir. Su tasarrufunun giderek daha fazla önem kazandığı göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, bu hibritlerin geniş çaplı yeşil alan projelerinde kullanımı önerilmektedir. Ayrıca, bazı hibritler ticari çeşitlerden üstün performans sergilemiş olup bu yerel hibrit hatların kullanılması, çim sektöründeki dışa bağımlılığı azaltabilir ve yüksek çim kalitesini korurken peyzaj kullanımına sürdürülebilir çözümler sunabilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Hibrit hatlar geçiş iklimleri ilkbaharda yeniden yeşillenme kış dormansisi zoysia çimi
Kaynakça
- Avcıoğlu, R., & Geren, H. (2012). Investigations on the performances of some warm season turf grasses under Mediterranean climate. Anadolu, Journal of AARI, 22(1), 1-17.
- Beard, J. B. (1973). Science and culture. In: Hall, P. and Cliffs, E. (eds) Turfgrass. American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Crop Science Society of America, Inc. and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.: NJ, USA.
- Croce, P., De Luca, A., Mocioni, M., Volterrani, M., & Beard, J. B. (2001). Warm-season turfgrass species and cultivar characterizations for a Mediterranean climate. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, 9:855–859.
- Çakır, M., & Tuğluer, M. (2021). Determination of turfgrass species used in green areas in ısparta city center and evaluation of their quality. 1st International Architectural Sciences and Application Symposium. October 27-29, Isparta, Türkiye.
- Droogers, P., Immerzeel, W. W., & Lorite, I. J. (2010). Estimating actual irrigation application by remotely sensed evapotranspiration observations. Agricultural Water Management, 97(9), 1351-1359.
- Dunn, J. H., Bughrara, S. S., Warmund, M. R., & Fresenburg, B. F. (1999). Low temperature tolerance of Zoysiagrasses. HortScience, 34(1), 96-99.
- Emmons, R. (2000). Turfgrass Science and Management Third Edition, Delmar Publishers, USA.
- Engelke, M. C., & Anderson, S. (2003). Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.). In: Casler MD, Duncan RR (eds) Turfgrass biology and breeding. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, pp 271–285.
- General Directorate of Meteorology. (2024). Seasonal Normals for Provinces (1991-2024). Access Date: 30.07.2024. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=ISPARTA.
- Irkörücü, D. (2018). Evaluation of hybrid Zoysiagrass (Z. japonica x Z. pasifica) for their turfgrass performance and suitability for green spaces. [MSc Thesis, Akdeniz University], Antalya, Türkiye.
- Jackson, M. L. (1962). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall Inc. Englewoods Cliffs, N.I., USA.
- Kır, B., Salman, A., Avcıoğlu, R., & Özkan, Ș. S. (2018). Investigations on the quality characteristics of some new turf alternatives under Mediterranean climatic conditions. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Ege University, 55(4), 389-395. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.393813
- Kim, Y., & Lee, W. G. (2022). Seawater and Its Resources. In Seawater Batteries: Principles, Materials and Technology (pp. 1-35). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
- Kinkade-Levario, H. (2007). Design for Water: Rainwater Harvesting, Stormwater Catchment, and Alternate Water Reuse. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers.
- Magni, S., Pompeiano, A., Gaetani, M., Caturegli, L., Grossi, N., Minelli, A., & Volterrani, M. (2017). Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp. Willd.) for European Lawns: a Review. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 12(4), 395-402.
- Mishra, R. K. (2023). Fresh water availability and its global challenge. British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies, 4(3), 1-78.
- Morris, K. N., & Shearman, R. C. (2006). NTEP turfgrass evaluation guidelines. National Turfgrass Evaluation Program. https://www.ntep.org/pdf/ratings.pdf
- Oh, J. S., Lee, Y. J., & Lee, S. K. (2015). Late Fall Nitrogen Application and Turf Cover for Zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica) Spring Green-up. Weed & Turfgrass Science, 4(4), 383-389.
- Özyavuz, A., & Özyavuz. M. (2012). Xeriscape in landscape design. In Özyavuz, M. (ed) Landscape planning, IntechOpen, London, United Kingdom: pp. 353–60. https://doi.org/10.5772/38989.
- Patil Shirish, S., Kelkar Tushar, S., & Bhalerao Satish, A. (2013). Mulching: A soil and water conservation practice. Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2320, 6063.
- Patton, A. J., & Reicher, Z. J. (2007). Zoysiagrass species and genotypes differ in their winter injury and freeze tolerance. Crop Science, 47, 1619-1627.
- Patton, A. J., Schwartz, B. M., & Kenworthy, K. E. (2017). Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) history, utilization, and improvement in the United States: A review. Crop Science, 57, 1-12.
- Pompeiano, A., Grossi, N., Guglielminetti, L., & Volterrani, M. (2014). Winter color retention and spring green-up of zoysiagrass genotypes in southern Europe. European Journal of Horticultural Science, 79, 158-66.
- Reinert, J. A., & Engelke, M. C. (2001). Resistance in zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) to the tropical sod webworm (Herpetogramma phaeopteralis). International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, 9, 798-801.
- Riffell, S. K., Engelke, M. C., & Morton, S. J. (1995). Performance of three warm-season turfgrasses cultured in shade: Zoysiagrass. Turf, 95(11), 60-65.
- Rimi, F., Macolino, S., Leinauer, B., & Ziliotto, U. (2011). Green-up of seeded bermudagrass cultivars as influenced by spring scalping. HortTechnology, 21(2), 230-235.
- Severmutlu, S., Mutlu, N., Gurbuz, E., Gulsen, O., Hocagil, M., Karaguzel, O., Heng-Moss, T., Shearman, R. C., & Gaussoin, R. E. (2011a). Drought resistance of warm-season turfgrasses grown in Mediterranean region of Turkey. HortTechnology, 21(6), 726-736.
- Severmutlu, S., Mutlu, N., Shearman, R. C., Gürbüz, E., Gülşen, O., Hocagil, M. M., Karagüzel, O., Heng-Moss, T., Riordan, T. P., & Gaussoin, R. E. (2011b). Establishment and turf qualities of warm-season turfgrasses in the mediterranean region. HortTechnology, 21:67–81.
- Shareef, T. M. E., Ma, Z., & Zhao, B., (2019). Essentials of drip irrigation system for saving water and nutrients to plant roots: As a guide for growers. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 11(09), 1129.
- Trappe, J. M., Karcher, D. E., Richardson, M. D., & Patton, A. J. (2011). Shade and traffic tolerance varies for bermudagrass and zoysiagrass cultivars. Crop Science, 51, 870-877.
- Wherley, B. G., Skulkaew, P., Chandra, A., Genovesi, A. D., & Engelke, M. C. (2011). Lowinput performance of zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) cultivars maintained under dense tree shade. HortScience, 46, 1033-1037.
- White, C. B. (2003). The birth of a putting green. USGA Green Section Record. 41(6), 1-6.
- Xie, Q., Niu, J., Xu, X., Xu, L., Zhang, Y., Fan, B., Liang, X., Zhang, L., Yin, S., & Han, L. (2015). De novo assembly of the Japanese lawngrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) root transcriptome and identification of candidate unigenes related to early responses under salt stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 1-14.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Bahçe Bitkileri Yetiştirme ve Islahı (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Nisan 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 21 Ekim 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 5 Mart 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1 |
