Öz
Özet: Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki sağlık reformu tartışması her seçim döneminde önemli bir konu haline geliyor. Bu durum ABD içinde birçok soru, tartışma ve siyasi bölünmeyi beraberinde getiriyor. Bu sorulardan biri de Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin mevcut özel sigortayı Medicare-for-All sağlık sistemiyle değiştirip değiştirmemesi gerektiğidir. Tartışmaların yoğunluğu "Medicare-for-All"ın bir insan hakkı olarak algılanmasının gerekliliği, mevcut ABD sağlık sisteminin işlevsizliği ve bunun sonucunda ortaya çıkan düşük yaşam beklentisi üzerine odaklanıyor. Bu çalışma, insanlara iyilik yapmak, adil olmak ve insanları zarardan korumak gibi evrensel ilkelerin kaynağı olan Hipokrat Yemini'nin bir tezahürü olarak Medicare-for-All'ın insan hakları açısından nasıl işlevsel olabileceğini, literatür, medya ve yayınlar aracılığıyla elde edilen verilere dayalı bir içerik analizi sunarak tartışacaktır. Bulgular, ABD'deki mevcut sağlık sisteminin karmaşık ve karşılanamaz olduğunu ve bu nedenle düşük yaşam beklentisine neden olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Mevcut sağlık sistemi Medicare-for-All'a dönüştürülseydi, çoğu insan sağlık hizmetlerine erişebilirdi, birçok hastalık tedavi edilebilirdi ve bugün sigortası olmayan veya yetersiz sigortalı milyonlarca insanın omuzlarından mali yük kalkardı. Medicare-for-All, sağlık hizmetlerine erişim ve kullanım ilkesini uygulayarak hem bireysel hem de toplumsal olarak eşitliğe ve adalete katkıda bulunacaktır. Medicare-for-All ile sağlık sigortası bir istihdam ayrıcalığı olmaktan çıkacak ve herkes için bir hak haline gelecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Sağlık Hizmeti Sağlık Sigortası Medicare-for-All Evrensel Sağlık Sistemi
Kaynakça
- American Academy of Family Physicians. (2013). “Health Care for All: A Framework for Moving to a Primary Care-Based Health Care System in the United States”, American Academy of Family Physicians, AAFP, www.aafp.org. Accessed 12 Mar. 2023.
- Association of the American Medical Colleges. (2019). “American Medical School Enrollment Survey Report”, Association of the American Medical Colleges Washington, D.C., AAMC, Sep. 2019.
- Barr, Donald A. (2021). Crossing the American Health Care Chasm: Finding the Path to Bipartisan Collaboration in National Health Care Policy, Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Blair, Jenny. (2022). “More Than 335,000 Lives Could Have Been Saved During Pandemic if U.S. Had Universal Health Care”, Yale School of Medicine, 20 Jun. 2022, www.ysph.yale.edu, accessed 12 Mar. 2023.
- Blake, V. K. (2020). Health care civil rights under Medicare for all. Hastings LJ, 72, 773.
- Blumberg, Linda J., & John Holahan. (2019). "The Pros and Cons of Single-Payer Health Plans", Washington, DC: Urban Institute, www.urban.org, accessed 14 Mar. 2023.
- Chang, J., Peysakhovich, F., Wang, W., & Zhu, J. (2011). “The UK health care system”, The United Kingdom, 30, 2019. actu-uk.pdf (columbia.edu), accessed Mar. 2024.
- Christopher, A. S. (2016). "Single Payer Healthcare: Pluses, Minuses, and What it Means for You", Retrieved from Harvard Health Publishing, 27 Jun. 2016, www.health.harvard.edu, accessed 12 Mar. 2023.
- Commonwealth Fund. (2020). “Health System Overview”, Commonwealth Fund, CMWF, Dec. 2020, www.commonwealthfund.org, accessed 10 Mar. 2023.
- d’Agostino, F., Gaus, G., & Thrasher, J. (1996). Contemporary approaches to the social contract.
- Galvani, Alison P. (2020). “Improving the Prognosis of Health Care in the USA”, The Lancet, vol. 395, no. 10223, 15 Feb. 2020, pp. 524–533, www.thelancet.com, accessed 22 Feb. 2023.
- Gans, Jared. (2023). “Three in Four Americans Say Medicare Changes Needed for Future Sustainability”, The Hill, Mar. 2023, www.thehill.com, accessed 12 Mar. 2024.
- Gürsoy, Kadir. (2015). "An overview of Turkish healthcare system after health transformation program: main successes, performance assessment, further challenges, and policy options", Sosyal Güvence 7: 83-112.
- Hobbes, T. (1964). Social Contract Theory. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://iep. utm. edu/soc-cont.
- Hoffman, Catherine. (2009). “National health insurance: a brief history of reform efforts in the US”, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, KFF, www.kff.org, accessed 25 Mar. 2024.
- Indla, Vishal, & M. S. Radhika. (2019). "Hippocratic oath: Losing Relevance in Today's World?", Indian Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 61, Suppl 4, S773-S775, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, accessed 09 Mar. 2023.
- Jones, Bradly. (2020). “Increasing Share of Americans Favor a Single Government Program to Provide Health Care Coverage”, Pew Research Center, PRC, www.pewersearch.org, accessed 13 Feb. 2023.
- Jones, Gregory H., et al. (2015). "The Hippocratic Oath, the US Health Care System, and the Affordable Care Act in 2015", The American
- Journal of Medicine, vol. 128, no 11, pp. 1162-1164.
- Johns, M., & Rosenthal, J. (2022). How investing in public health will strengthen America’s health. Center for American Progress: Washington, DC, USA.
- Katz, J., Quealy, K., & Sanger-Katz, M. (2019). Would ‘Medicare for All’ save billions or cost billions. New York Times.
- Keisler-Starkey, K., Bunch, L. N., & Lindstrom, R. A. (2024). Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2023.
- Kerns, Christopher, and Dave Willies. (2020). “The Problem with U.S. Health Care Isn’t a Shortage of Doctors”, Harvard Business Review, www.hbr.org, accessed 13 Feb. 2023.
- Kurani, N., & Wager, E. (2021). How does the quality of the US health system compare to other countries. Retrieved from Health System Tracker website: https://www. healthsystemtracker. org/chart-collection/quality-us-healthcare-system-compare-countries.
- Martin, D., Miller, A. P., Quesnel-Vallée, A., Caron, N. R., Vissandjée, B., & Marchildon, G. P. (2018). “Canada's universal health-care system: achieving its potential”, The Lancet, 391(10131), 1718-1735. Canada's universal health-care system: achieving its potential - PMC (nih.gov), accessed Mar. 2024.
- National Center for Health Statistics (US). (2016). “Health, United States, 2015: With Special Feature on Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities”. Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics (US), NCHS, May 2016, Report No.: 2016-1232. PMID: 27308685, pp. 17). www.cdc.gov, accessed 15 Mar. 2023.
- Nicomachean ethics. Hackett Publishing (2019).
- Palmer, K. S. (1999). "A Brief History: Universal Health Care Efforts in the US. Physicians for a National Health Program”, Physicians for a National Health Program, PNHP, www.pnhp.org, accessed 09 Mar. 2023.
- Tikkanen, Roosa, and Melinda K. Abrams. (2020). “U.S. Health Care from a Global Perspective, 2019: Higher Spending, Worse Outcomes?”, Commonwealth Fund, CMWF, www.commonwealthfund.org, accessed 11 Mar. 2023.
- Volkov, E., Whitman, A., De Lew, N., & Buchmueller, T. (2024). Health Insurance Coverage and Access to Care Among Young Adults, Ages 19 to 25.
- Wolstenholm, Jack. (2019). “What You Need to Know About the US Doctor Shortage”, LeverageRx, 16 www.leveragerx.com, accessed 15 Mar. 2023.
- Zieff, Gabriel et al. (2020). “Universal Healthcare in the United States of America: A Healthy Debate”, Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) vol. 56.11 580. 30 Oct. 2020, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, accessed 31 Mar. 2023.
Öz
Abstract: The debate on healthcare reform in the United States becomes a major topic in every election cycle. This situation brings with it many questions, debates, and political divisions within the US. One of these questions is whether the United States should replace the current private insurance with a Medicare-for-All healthcare system. The intensity of the debates focuses on the necessity of "Medicare-for-All" being perceived as a human right, the dysfunctionality of the current US healthcare system, and the resulting low life expectancy. This study will discuss how Medicare-for-All can be functional in terms of human rights as a manifestation of the Hippocratic Oath, which is the source of universal principles such as doing good to people, being fair, and protecting people from harm, by presenting a content analysis based on data obtained through literature, media, and publications. The findings reveal that the current healthcare system in the US is complex and unaffordable, thus causing low life expectancy. If the current health care system were to be transformed into Medicare-for-All, most people would have access to health care, many diseases would be treatable, and the financial burden would be lifted from the shoulders of millions of people who are uninsured or underinsured today. Medicare-for-All would contribute to equality and justice, both individually and socially, by implementing the principle of access to and use of health care. With Medicare-for-All, health insurance would cease to be an employment privilege and become a right for all.
Keywords: Healthcare, Health Insurance, Medicare-for-All, Universal Healthcare System
Anahtar Kelimeler
Healthcare Health Insurance Medicare-for-All Universal Healthcare System
Kaynakça
- American Academy of Family Physicians. (2013). “Health Care for All: A Framework for Moving to a Primary Care-Based Health Care System in the United States”, American Academy of Family Physicians, AAFP, www.aafp.org. Accessed 12 Mar. 2023.
- Association of the American Medical Colleges. (2019). “American Medical School Enrollment Survey Report”, Association of the American Medical Colleges Washington, D.C., AAMC, Sep. 2019.
- Barr, Donald A. (2021). Crossing the American Health Care Chasm: Finding the Path to Bipartisan Collaboration in National Health Care Policy, Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Blair, Jenny. (2022). “More Than 335,000 Lives Could Have Been Saved During Pandemic if U.S. Had Universal Health Care”, Yale School of Medicine, 20 Jun. 2022, www.ysph.yale.edu, accessed 12 Mar. 2023.
- Blake, V. K. (2020). Health care civil rights under Medicare for all. Hastings LJ, 72, 773.
- Blumberg, Linda J., & John Holahan. (2019). "The Pros and Cons of Single-Payer Health Plans", Washington, DC: Urban Institute, www.urban.org, accessed 14 Mar. 2023.
- Chang, J., Peysakhovich, F., Wang, W., & Zhu, J. (2011). “The UK health care system”, The United Kingdom, 30, 2019. actu-uk.pdf (columbia.edu), accessed Mar. 2024.
- Christopher, A. S. (2016). "Single Payer Healthcare: Pluses, Minuses, and What it Means for You", Retrieved from Harvard Health Publishing, 27 Jun. 2016, www.health.harvard.edu, accessed 12 Mar. 2023.
- Commonwealth Fund. (2020). “Health System Overview”, Commonwealth Fund, CMWF, Dec. 2020, www.commonwealthfund.org, accessed 10 Mar. 2023.
- d’Agostino, F., Gaus, G., & Thrasher, J. (1996). Contemporary approaches to the social contract.
- Galvani, Alison P. (2020). “Improving the Prognosis of Health Care in the USA”, The Lancet, vol. 395, no. 10223, 15 Feb. 2020, pp. 524–533, www.thelancet.com, accessed 22 Feb. 2023.
- Gans, Jared. (2023). “Three in Four Americans Say Medicare Changes Needed for Future Sustainability”, The Hill, Mar. 2023, www.thehill.com, accessed 12 Mar. 2024.
- Gürsoy, Kadir. (2015). "An overview of Turkish healthcare system after health transformation program: main successes, performance assessment, further challenges, and policy options", Sosyal Güvence 7: 83-112.
- Hobbes, T. (1964). Social Contract Theory. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://iep. utm. edu/soc-cont.
- Hoffman, Catherine. (2009). “National health insurance: a brief history of reform efforts in the US”, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, KFF, www.kff.org, accessed 25 Mar. 2024.
- Indla, Vishal, & M. S. Radhika. (2019). "Hippocratic oath: Losing Relevance in Today's World?", Indian Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 61, Suppl 4, S773-S775, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, accessed 09 Mar. 2023.
- Jones, Bradly. (2020). “Increasing Share of Americans Favor a Single Government Program to Provide Health Care Coverage”, Pew Research Center, PRC, www.pewersearch.org, accessed 13 Feb. 2023.
- Jones, Gregory H., et al. (2015). "The Hippocratic Oath, the US Health Care System, and the Affordable Care Act in 2015", The American
- Journal of Medicine, vol. 128, no 11, pp. 1162-1164.
- Johns, M., & Rosenthal, J. (2022). How investing in public health will strengthen America’s health. Center for American Progress: Washington, DC, USA.
- Katz, J., Quealy, K., & Sanger-Katz, M. (2019). Would ‘Medicare for All’ save billions or cost billions. New York Times.
- Keisler-Starkey, K., Bunch, L. N., & Lindstrom, R. A. (2024). Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2023.
- Kerns, Christopher, and Dave Willies. (2020). “The Problem with U.S. Health Care Isn’t a Shortage of Doctors”, Harvard Business Review, www.hbr.org, accessed 13 Feb. 2023.
- Kurani, N., & Wager, E. (2021). How does the quality of the US health system compare to other countries. Retrieved from Health System Tracker website: https://www. healthsystemtracker. org/chart-collection/quality-us-healthcare-system-compare-countries.
- Martin, D., Miller, A. P., Quesnel-Vallée, A., Caron, N. R., Vissandjée, B., & Marchildon, G. P. (2018). “Canada's universal health-care system: achieving its potential”, The Lancet, 391(10131), 1718-1735. Canada's universal health-care system: achieving its potential - PMC (nih.gov), accessed Mar. 2024.
- National Center for Health Statistics (US). (2016). “Health, United States, 2015: With Special Feature on Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities”. Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics (US), NCHS, May 2016, Report No.: 2016-1232. PMID: 27308685, pp. 17). www.cdc.gov, accessed 15 Mar. 2023.
- Nicomachean ethics. Hackett Publishing (2019).
- Palmer, K. S. (1999). "A Brief History: Universal Health Care Efforts in the US. Physicians for a National Health Program”, Physicians for a National Health Program, PNHP, www.pnhp.org, accessed 09 Mar. 2023.
- Tikkanen, Roosa, and Melinda K. Abrams. (2020). “U.S. Health Care from a Global Perspective, 2019: Higher Spending, Worse Outcomes?”, Commonwealth Fund, CMWF, www.commonwealthfund.org, accessed 11 Mar. 2023.
- Volkov, E., Whitman, A., De Lew, N., & Buchmueller, T. (2024). Health Insurance Coverage and Access to Care Among Young Adults, Ages 19 to 25.
- Wolstenholm, Jack. (2019). “What You Need to Know About the US Doctor Shortage”, LeverageRx, 16 www.leveragerx.com, accessed 15 Mar. 2023.
- Zieff, Gabriel et al. (2020). “Universal Healthcare in the United States of America: A Healthy Debate”, Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) vol. 56.11 580. 30 Oct. 2020, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, accessed 31 Mar. 2023.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Sosyoloji (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | İnceleme Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 1 Temmuz 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 16 Ekim 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 20 Haziran 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1 |