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Comparative Air Quality Study of Bathroom Use in Residential Bedrooms

Yıl 2025, Erken Görünüm, 1 - 1

Ayşegül Tereci , Betül Hatipoğlu Şahin , Betül Özkan

https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.1411147

Öz

Indoor air quality in bedrooms, where most people spend around a third of their day, has a significant impact on human health through the quality of sleep. Studies on air quality in residential bedrooms have examined factors affecting air quality, such as the relationship between occupancy patterns and ventilation routines, and the impact of planning has not yet been assessed. This study analyzes how different master bathroom designs affect the air quality in the bedroom. To assess the effect of bedroom air quality, this study compares summer and winter measurements from two dwellings with similar floor areas and occupant types, but with different bathroom-to-bedroom relations. In addition, satisfaction with indoor air quality, an important indicator, was questioned and its connection with sleep quality was evaluated. It was found that the layout of bathrooms in bedrooms is affected by indoor air quality, especially in winter when ventilation is reduced, and that bathrooms leading directly into the bedroom are detrimental to air quality.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Air quality Bedroom planning Measurement Interview

Etik Beyan

No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.

Destekleyen Kurum

KTO KARATAY UNIVERSITY

Teşekkür

The equipment infrastructure of the project has been supported as “R&D infrastructure project” by KTO Karatay University.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Hirshkowitz, M., Whiton, K., Albert, S. M., Alessi, C., Bruni, O., DonCarlos, L. and Ware, J. C., “National Sleep Foundation’s updated sleep duration recommendations”, Sleep Health, 1(4), 233-243, (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2015.10.004
  • [2] Buxton, O. M., Cain, S. W., O’Connor, S. P., Porter, J. H., Duffy, J. F., Wang, W. and Shea, S. A., “Adverse metabolic consequences in humans of prolonged sleep restriction combined with circadian disruption”, Science translational medicine, 4(129), 129ra43-129ra43, (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3003200
  • [3] Cao, T., Lian, Z., Ma, S. and Bao, J., “Thermal comfort and sleep quality under temperature, relative humidity and illuminance in sleep environment”, Journal of Building Engineering, 43, 102575, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102575
  • [4] Lan, L., Pan, L., Lian, Z., Huang, H. and Lin, Y., “Experimental study on thermal comfort of sleeping people at different air temperatures”, Building and Environment, 73, 24-31, (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.11.024
  • [5] Budiawan, W. and Tsuzuki, K., “Thermal comfort and sleep quality of Indonesian students living in Japan during summer and winter”, Buildings, 11(8), 326, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080326
  • [6] Akiyama, Y., Miyake, E., Matsuzaki, R., Ogata, M., Tsuzuki, K. and Tanabe, S. I., “Effect of thermal environment on sleep quality in actual bedroom in summer by sleep stages analysis”, Japan Architectural Review, 4(1), 211-221, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/2475-8876.12187
  • [7] Buonanno, G., Canale, L., Solomon, M. T., Smith, M. G. and Stabile, L., “Effect of bedroom environment on sleep and physiological parameters for individuals with good sleep quality: A pilot study”, Building and Environment, 265, 111994, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111994
  • [8] Yıldız Gülhan, P., Güleç Balbay, E., Elverişli, M. F., Erçelik, M. and Arbak, P., “Do the levels of particulate matters less than 10 μm and seasons affect sleep?”, The Aging Male, 23(1), 36-41, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13685538.2019.1655637
  • [9] Lappharat, S., Taneepanichskul, N., Reutrakul, S. and Chirakalwasan, N., “Effects of bedroom environmental conditions on the severity of obstructive sleep apnea”, Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 14(4), 565-573, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.7046
  • [10] ASHRAE, "ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality", ASHRAE, Atlanta, (2019).
  • [11] Okamoto-Mizuno, K. and Mizuno, K., “Effects of thermal environment on sleep and circadian rhythm”, Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 31, 1-9, (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1880-6805-31-14
  • [12] Mahapatra, A. P. K., Mallick, H. N. and Kumar, V. M., “Changes in sleep on chronic exposure to warm and cold ambient temperatures”, Physiology & Behavior, 84(2), 287-294, (2005). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.12.003
  • [13] Manzar, M. D., Sethi, M. and Hussain, M. E., “Humidity and sleep: a review on thermal aspect”, Biological Rhythm Research, 43(4), 439-457, (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09291016.2011.597621
  • [14] Xiong, J., Lan, L., Lian, Z. and De Dear, R., “Associations of bedroom temperature and ventilation with sleep quality”, Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 26(9), 1274-1284, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2020.1756664
  • [15] Mishra, A. K., Van Ruitenbeek, A. M., Loomans, M. G. L. C. and Kort, H. S. M., “Window/door opening‐mediated bedroom ventilation and its impact on sleep quality of healthy, young adults”, Indoor Air, 28(2), 339-351, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12435
  • [16] Xu, X., Lian, Z., Shen, J., Cao, T., Zhu, J., Lin, X. and Zhang, T., “Experimental study on sleep quality affected by carbon dioxide concentration”, Indoor Air, 31(2), 440-453, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12748
  • [17] Shen, Y. L., Liu, W. T., Lee, K. Y., Chuang, H. C., Chen, H. W. and Chuang, K. J., “Association of PM2.5 with sleep-disordered breathing from a population-based study in Northern Taiwan urban areas”, Environmental Pollution, 233, 109-113, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.052
  • [18] Wong, N. H. and Huang, B., “Comparative study of the indoor air quality of naturally ventilated and air-conditioned bedrooms of residential buildings in Singapore”, Building and Environment, 39(9), 1115-1123, (2004). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.01.024
  • [19] Strøm‐Tejsen, P., Zukowska, D., Wargocki, P. and Wyon, D. P., “The effects of bedroom air quality on sleep and next‐day performance”, Indoor Air, 26(5), 679-686, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12254
  • [20] Wu, H. W., Kumar, P. and Cao, S. J., “Evaluation of ventilation and indoor air quality inside bedrooms of an elderly care centre”, Energy and Buildings, 313, 114245, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114245
  • [21] Liao, C., Fan, X., Bivolarova, M. P., Mainka, A., Sekhar, C., Laverge, J. and Wargocki, P., "Effects of airing behaviours on bedroom air pollutants", in CLIMA 2022 the 14th HVAC World Congress, Rotterdam, (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.34641/clima.2022.128
  • [22] Heide, V., Georges, L. and Breesch, H., “Characterizing indoor air quality, thermal environment and window opening in natural-ventilated Norwegian bedrooms: An extensive field study”, Building and Environment, 246,110975, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110975
  • [23] Zender–Świercz, E., "Analysis of the impact of the parameters of outside air on the condition of indoor air", International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, p. 14:1583–1590, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-017-1275-5
  • [24] Saramak, A., "Comparative analysis of indoor and outdoor concentration of PM10 particulate matter on example of Cracow City Center", International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16:6609–6616, (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02250-5
  • [25] Zheng, G., Li, K. and Wang, Y. "The Effects of High-Temperature Weather on Human Sleep Quality and Appetite", International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(2):270, (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020270
  • [26] Wang, Z., Cao, B. and Zhu, Y., "Questionnaire survey and field investigation on sleep thermal comfort and behavioral adjustments in bedrooms of Chinese residents", Energy and Buildings, 253:111462, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111462
  • [27] https://kentrehberi.konya.bel.tr/. Access date: 20.12.2023.
  • [28] Buysse, D.J., Reynolds, C.F., Monk, T.H., Berman, S.R. and Kupfer, D.J., “The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI): A new instrument for psychiatric research and practice”, Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193-213, (1989). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
  • [29] Ağargün MY, Kara H, Anlar O. Pittsburgh uyku kalitesi indeksinin geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 7(2):107-15 (1996).
  • [30] ASHRAE. “Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy”. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2013(2013).
  • [31] WHO, “Global Air Quality Guidelines: particulate matter (‎PM2.5 and PM10)‎, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide”, Geneva: World Health Organization Report (2025). https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/345329/9789240034228-eng.pdf?sequence=1 Access date: 24.01.2025
  • [32] EPA, “National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter”, United States Environmental Protection Agency Report, (2024). https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/national-ambient-air-quality-standards-naaqs-pm Access date: 24.01.2025
  • [33] ASHRAE, “ANSI/ASHRAE standard 62.2-2019 ventilation and acceptable indoor air quality in residential buildings”, ASHRAE, Atlanta, (2019).
  • [34] Emmitt, S., “Exploring the nexus between bedroom design and sleep quality in a warming climate”, Urban Climate, 51, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101635
  • [35] Kang, M., Yan, Y., Guo, C., Liu, Y., Fan, X., Wargocki, P., Lan, L., “Ventilation causing an average CO2 concentration of 1,000 ppm negatively affects sleep: A field-lab study on healthy young people”, Building and Environment, 249, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.111118
  • [36] Çobanoğlu, N., Karadeniz, Z. H., Sofuoglu, S. C., Toksoy, M., “Sleep quality: Design of bedroom ventilation and evaluation within the scope of current standards”, Energy and Buildings, 327, (2025). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115073

Yıl 2025, Erken Görünüm, 1 - 1

Ayşegül Tereci , Betül Hatipoğlu Şahin , Betül Özkan

https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.1411147

Öz

Kaynakça

  • [1] Hirshkowitz, M., Whiton, K., Albert, S. M., Alessi, C., Bruni, O., DonCarlos, L. and Ware, J. C., “National Sleep Foundation’s updated sleep duration recommendations”, Sleep Health, 1(4), 233-243, (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2015.10.004
  • [2] Buxton, O. M., Cain, S. W., O’Connor, S. P., Porter, J. H., Duffy, J. F., Wang, W. and Shea, S. A., “Adverse metabolic consequences in humans of prolonged sleep restriction combined with circadian disruption”, Science translational medicine, 4(129), 129ra43-129ra43, (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3003200
  • [3] Cao, T., Lian, Z., Ma, S. and Bao, J., “Thermal comfort and sleep quality under temperature, relative humidity and illuminance in sleep environment”, Journal of Building Engineering, 43, 102575, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102575
  • [4] Lan, L., Pan, L., Lian, Z., Huang, H. and Lin, Y., “Experimental study on thermal comfort of sleeping people at different air temperatures”, Building and Environment, 73, 24-31, (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.11.024
  • [5] Budiawan, W. and Tsuzuki, K., “Thermal comfort and sleep quality of Indonesian students living in Japan during summer and winter”, Buildings, 11(8), 326, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080326
  • [6] Akiyama, Y., Miyake, E., Matsuzaki, R., Ogata, M., Tsuzuki, K. and Tanabe, S. I., “Effect of thermal environment on sleep quality in actual bedroom in summer by sleep stages analysis”, Japan Architectural Review, 4(1), 211-221, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/2475-8876.12187
  • [7] Buonanno, G., Canale, L., Solomon, M. T., Smith, M. G. and Stabile, L., “Effect of bedroom environment on sleep and physiological parameters for individuals with good sleep quality: A pilot study”, Building and Environment, 265, 111994, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111994
  • [8] Yıldız Gülhan, P., Güleç Balbay, E., Elverişli, M. F., Erçelik, M. and Arbak, P., “Do the levels of particulate matters less than 10 μm and seasons affect sleep?”, The Aging Male, 23(1), 36-41, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13685538.2019.1655637
  • [9] Lappharat, S., Taneepanichskul, N., Reutrakul, S. and Chirakalwasan, N., “Effects of bedroom environmental conditions on the severity of obstructive sleep apnea”, Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 14(4), 565-573, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.7046
  • [10] ASHRAE, "ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality", ASHRAE, Atlanta, (2019).
  • [11] Okamoto-Mizuno, K. and Mizuno, K., “Effects of thermal environment on sleep and circadian rhythm”, Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 31, 1-9, (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1880-6805-31-14
  • [12] Mahapatra, A. P. K., Mallick, H. N. and Kumar, V. M., “Changes in sleep on chronic exposure to warm and cold ambient temperatures”, Physiology & Behavior, 84(2), 287-294, (2005). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.12.003
  • [13] Manzar, M. D., Sethi, M. and Hussain, M. E., “Humidity and sleep: a review on thermal aspect”, Biological Rhythm Research, 43(4), 439-457, (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09291016.2011.597621
  • [14] Xiong, J., Lan, L., Lian, Z. and De Dear, R., “Associations of bedroom temperature and ventilation with sleep quality”, Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 26(9), 1274-1284, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2020.1756664
  • [15] Mishra, A. K., Van Ruitenbeek, A. M., Loomans, M. G. L. C. and Kort, H. S. M., “Window/door opening‐mediated bedroom ventilation and its impact on sleep quality of healthy, young adults”, Indoor Air, 28(2), 339-351, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12435
  • [16] Xu, X., Lian, Z., Shen, J., Cao, T., Zhu, J., Lin, X. and Zhang, T., “Experimental study on sleep quality affected by carbon dioxide concentration”, Indoor Air, 31(2), 440-453, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12748
  • [17] Shen, Y. L., Liu, W. T., Lee, K. Y., Chuang, H. C., Chen, H. W. and Chuang, K. J., “Association of PM2.5 with sleep-disordered breathing from a population-based study in Northern Taiwan urban areas”, Environmental Pollution, 233, 109-113, (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.052
  • [18] Wong, N. H. and Huang, B., “Comparative study of the indoor air quality of naturally ventilated and air-conditioned bedrooms of residential buildings in Singapore”, Building and Environment, 39(9), 1115-1123, (2004). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.01.024
  • [19] Strøm‐Tejsen, P., Zukowska, D., Wargocki, P. and Wyon, D. P., “The effects of bedroom air quality on sleep and next‐day performance”, Indoor Air, 26(5), 679-686, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12254
  • [20] Wu, H. W., Kumar, P. and Cao, S. J., “Evaluation of ventilation and indoor air quality inside bedrooms of an elderly care centre”, Energy and Buildings, 313, 114245, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114245
  • [21] Liao, C., Fan, X., Bivolarova, M. P., Mainka, A., Sekhar, C., Laverge, J. and Wargocki, P., "Effects of airing behaviours on bedroom air pollutants", in CLIMA 2022 the 14th HVAC World Congress, Rotterdam, (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.34641/clima.2022.128
  • [22] Heide, V., Georges, L. and Breesch, H., “Characterizing indoor air quality, thermal environment and window opening in natural-ventilated Norwegian bedrooms: An extensive field study”, Building and Environment, 246,110975, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110975
  • [23] Zender–Świercz, E., "Analysis of the impact of the parameters of outside air on the condition of indoor air", International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, p. 14:1583–1590, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-017-1275-5
  • [24] Saramak, A., "Comparative analysis of indoor and outdoor concentration of PM10 particulate matter on example of Cracow City Center", International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16:6609–6616, (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02250-5
  • [25] Zheng, G., Li, K. and Wang, Y. "The Effects of High-Temperature Weather on Human Sleep Quality and Appetite", International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(2):270, (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020270
  • [26] Wang, Z., Cao, B. and Zhu, Y., "Questionnaire survey and field investigation on sleep thermal comfort and behavioral adjustments in bedrooms of Chinese residents", Energy and Buildings, 253:111462, (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111462
  • [27] https://kentrehberi.konya.bel.tr/. Access date: 20.12.2023.
  • [28] Buysse, D.J., Reynolds, C.F., Monk, T.H., Berman, S.R. and Kupfer, D.J., “The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI): A new instrument for psychiatric research and practice”, Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193-213, (1989). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
  • [29] Ağargün MY, Kara H, Anlar O. Pittsburgh uyku kalitesi indeksinin geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 7(2):107-15 (1996).
  • [30] ASHRAE. “Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy”. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2013(2013).
  • [31] WHO, “Global Air Quality Guidelines: particulate matter (‎PM2.5 and PM10)‎, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide”, Geneva: World Health Organization Report (2025). https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/345329/9789240034228-eng.pdf?sequence=1 Access date: 24.01.2025
  • [32] EPA, “National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter”, United States Environmental Protection Agency Report, (2024). https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/national-ambient-air-quality-standards-naaqs-pm Access date: 24.01.2025
  • [33] ASHRAE, “ANSI/ASHRAE standard 62.2-2019 ventilation and acceptable indoor air quality in residential buildings”, ASHRAE, Atlanta, (2019).
  • [34] Emmitt, S., “Exploring the nexus between bedroom design and sleep quality in a warming climate”, Urban Climate, 51, (2023). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101635
  • [35] Kang, M., Yan, Y., Guo, C., Liu, Y., Fan, X., Wargocki, P., Lan, L., “Ventilation causing an average CO2 concentration of 1,000 ppm negatively affects sleep: A field-lab study on healthy young people”, Building and Environment, 249, (2024). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.111118
  • [36] Çobanoğlu, N., Karadeniz, Z. H., Sofuoglu, S. C., Toksoy, M., “Sleep quality: Design of bedroom ventilation and evaluation within the scope of current standards”, Energy and Buildings, 327, (2025). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115073
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mimarlık (Diğer)
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Ayşegül Tereci 0000-0001-5989-9565

Betül Hatipoğlu Şahin 0000-0002-0516-7120

Betül Özkan 0000-0002-2678-4769

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 26 Nisan 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 25 Şubat 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Erken Görünüm

Kaynak Göster

APA Tereci, A., Hatipoğlu Şahin, B., & Özkan, B. (2025). Comparative Air Quality Study of Bathroom Use in Residential Bedrooms. Gazi University Journal of Science1-1. https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.1411147
AMA Tereci A, Hatipoğlu Şahin B, Özkan B. Comparative Air Quality Study of Bathroom Use in Residential Bedrooms. Gazi University Journal of Science. Published online 01 Nisan 2025:1-1. doi:10.35378/gujs.1411147
Chicago Tereci, Ayşegül, Betül Hatipoğlu Şahin, ve Betül Özkan. “Comparative Air Quality Study of Bathroom Use in Residential Bedrooms”. Gazi University Journal of Science, Nisan (Nisan 2025), 1-1. https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.1411147.
EndNote Tereci A, Hatipoğlu Şahin B, Özkan B (01 Nisan 2025) Comparative Air Quality Study of Bathroom Use in Residential Bedrooms. Gazi University Journal of Science 1–1.
IEEE A. Tereci, B. Hatipoğlu Şahin, ve B. Özkan, “Comparative Air Quality Study of Bathroom Use in Residential Bedrooms”, Gazi University Journal of Science, ss. 1–1, Nisan 2025, doi: 10.35378/gujs.1411147.
ISNAD Tereci, Ayşegül vd. “Comparative Air Quality Study of Bathroom Use in Residential Bedrooms”. Gazi University Journal of Science. Nisan 2025. 1-1. https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.1411147.
JAMA Tereci A, Hatipoğlu Şahin B, Özkan B. Comparative Air Quality Study of Bathroom Use in Residential Bedrooms. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2025;:1–1.
MLA Tereci, Ayşegül vd. “Comparative Air Quality Study of Bathroom Use in Residential Bedrooms”. Gazi University Journal of Science, 2025, ss. 1-1, doi:10.35378/gujs.1411147.
Vancouver Tereci A, Hatipoğlu Şahin B, Özkan B. Comparative Air Quality Study of Bathroom Use in Residential Bedrooms. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2025:1-.