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Production and characterization of PLA based graphene, black carrot waste and huntite-hydromagnetite reinforced biocomposites

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 497 - 515, 15.06.2025

Ayşenur Sönmez , Şeyma Duman , Muhammed Said Fidan

https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1627648

Öz

In this study, biocomposite materials were produced by incorporating black carrot (KH), as a reinforcement material, graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) as additives, and huntite-hydromagnesite (HH) as mineral additives into a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. A comprehensive investigation was conducted on the morphological, physical, mechanical, thermal, and flame retardant properties of the resulting biocomposites. The fabrication of the biocomposites was carried out through the implementation of a twin-screw extrusion method, subsequently followed by a process of hot press molding. Structural and morphological analysis were performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for characterization of the samples. Mechanical properties were evaluated by tensile, flexural, and impact strength tests. Thermal behavior was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and bending temperature under load (HDT) tests. The flame retardant performance of the samples was measured using the UL-94 V combustion test. The experimental findings revealed that the incorporation of KH and HH enhanced the degree of crystallization in all variations of PLA biocomposites. The incorporation of HH enhanced the degradation temperature of the matrix, concurrently augmenting its thermal atability and residual amount. In the PLA/GNP/KH biocomposite, the addition of KH led to a slight decrease in thermal strength, but it also slowed down the rate of mass loss and increased the residue rate. In the PLA/GNP/KH biocomposite, the addition of HH increased the thermal deformation temperature to 55.5 ºC, representing an improvement of 2.97% compared to pure PLA. The finding of this study indicate that the incorporation of KH and HH additives led to a substantial enhancement in the thermal performance of PLA-based biocomposites.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biocomposite Graphene Hydromagnesite Huntite Black carrot PLA

Kaynakça

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PLA esaslı grafen, kara havuç atığı ve huntit-hidromanyezit takviyeli biyokompozitlerin üretimi ve karakterizasyonu

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 497 - 515, 15.06.2025

Ayşenur Sönmez , Şeyma Duman , Muhammed Said Fidan

https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1627648

Öz

Bu çalışmada; polilaktik asit (PLA) matrisi içerisinde takviye malzemesi olarak kara havuç (KH), katkı maddesi olarak grafen nanoplateletler (GNP) ve mineral katkı olarak huntit-hidromanyezit (HH) eklenerek biyokompozit malzemeler üretilmiştir. Üretilen biyokompozitlerin morfolojik, fiziksel, mekanik, termal ve alev geciktirici özellikleri kapsamlı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Biyokompozit üretimi için çift vidalı ekstrüzyon yöntemi kullanılmış, ardından sıcak pres kalıplama ile numuneler şekillendirilmiştir. Numunelerin karakterizasyonunda fourier dönüşümlü kızılötesi spektroskopisi (FTIR), taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile yapısal ve morfolojik analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Mekanik özellikler çekme, eğilme ve darbe dayanımı testleriyle, termal davranış ise diferansiyel taramalı kalorimetre (DSC), termogravimetrik analiz (TGA), yük altında eğilme sıcaklığı (HDT) testleriyle değerlendirilmiştir. Alev geciktirici performans UL-94 V yanma testi ile ölçülmüştür. Sonuçlara göre, KH ve HH katkıları PLA biyokompozitlerin kristalizasyon derecesini tüm varyasyonlarda arttırmıştır. HH ilavesi, matrisin bozunma sıcaklığını iyileştirirken termal kararlılık ve kalıntı miktarını da yükseltmiştir. PLA/GNP/KH biyokompozitinde KH katkısı, ısıl dayanımı hafifçe düşürmesine rağmen kütle kaybı hızını yavaşlatmış ve kalıntı oranını artırmıştır. PLA/GNP/KH/HH biyokompozitinde ise HH ilavesiyle termal deformasyon sıcaklığı 55,5 °C’ye yükselerek saf PLA’ya kıyasla %2,97’lik iyileşme sağlanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler, KH ve HH katkılarının PLA tabanlı biyokompozitin termal performansını önemli ölçüde optimize ettiğini ortaya koymuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biyokompozit Grafen Hidromanyezit Huntit Kara havuç PLA

Kaynakça

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  • Angin, N., Ertas, M., Caylak, S., & Fidan, M.S. (2023). Thermal and electrical behaviors of activated carbon-filled PLA/PP hybrid biocomposites. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 37, e00655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2023.e00655
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  • ASTM D648-18. (2018). Standard Test Method for Deflection Temperature of Plastics Under Flexural Load in the Edgewise Position.
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  • Han, H., Hu, S., Feng, J., & Gao, H. (2011). Effect of stearic acid, zinc stearate coating on the properties of synthetic hydromagnesite. Applied Surface Science, 257, 2677–2682.
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  • Kumar, S., & Saha, A. (2024). Utilization of coconut shell biomass residue to develop sustainable biocomposites and characterize the physical, mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14, 12815–12831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03293-4
  • Kumarage, S.H., Godakumbura, P.I., & Prashantha, M.A.B. (2023). A Novel banana fiber reinforced green composite from maleated castor oil and linseed oil. Sustainable Chemical Engineering, 5(1), 71–88. https://doi.org/10.37256/sce.5120243616
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  • Mincheva, R., Guemiza, H., Hidan, C., Moins, S., Coulembier, O. Dubois, & P., Laoutid, F. (2019). Development of ınherently flame—retardant phosphorylated pla by combination of ringopening polymerization and reactive extrusion. Materials, 13, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13010013
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  • Nyambo, C., Mohanty, A.K., & Misra, M. (2011). Effect of maleated compatibilizer on performance of PLA/wheat straw-based green composites. Macromoleculer Material Engineering, 296, 710−718. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201000403
  • Panchal, M., Raghavendra, G., Reddy, A.R., Omprakash, M., & Ohja, S. (2021). Experimental investigation of mechanical and erosion behavior of eggshell nanoparticulate epoxy biocomposite. Polymers and Polymer Composites, 29(7), 897 – 908. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967391120943454
  • Pinto, A.M., Gonçalves, C., Gonçalves, I.C., & Magalhaes, F.D. (2015, February). Effect of biodegradation on PLA/graphene-nanoplatelets composites mechanical properties and biocompatibility. nanoPT 2015 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology International Conference, Porto.
  • Rahmat, N.F., Sajab, M.S., Afdzaluddin, A.M., Chia, C.H., & Ding, G. (2024). Enhancing the electrochemical properties of biopolymer composites using starch-graphene nanoplatelets. Polymer Composites, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28809
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  • Ramesh, P., Prasad, B.D., & Narayana, K.L. (2020). Effect of MMT clay on mechanical, thermal and barrier properties of treated aloevera fiber/ PLA-hybrid biocomposites. Silicon, 12, 1751–1760. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-019-00275-6
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  • Santos, L.G.S., Paz, S.P.A., Cunhaa, E.J.S., & Souza, J.A.S. (2020). Non-halogenated flame-retardant additive from Amazon mineral waste. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(5), 11531–11544.
  • Savaş, L.A., Arslan, C., Hacioglu, F., & Dogan, M. (2018). Effect of reactive and nonreactive surface modifications and compatibilizer use on mechanical and flame-retardant properties of linear low-density polyethylene filled with huntite and hydromagnesite mineral. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 134, 1657–1666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7378-5
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Toplam 78 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ahşap Esaslı Kompozitler
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ayşenur Sönmez 0000-0003-1735-7252

Şeyma Duman 0000-0002-6685-5656

Muhammed Said Fidan 0000-0001-6562-6299

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 5 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Sönmez, A., Duman, Ş., & Fidan, M. S. (2025). PLA esaslı grafen, kara havuç atığı ve huntit-hidromanyezit takviyeli biyokompozitlerin üretimi ve karakterizasyonu. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(2), 497-515. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1627648
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