A Study on Milk Quality Characteristics of Simmental (Fleckvieh) Cows Reared Karacabey District of Bursa Province
Öz
Objective The aim of this study was to determine the milk quality characteristics of Simmental (SIM) (Fleckvieh) cattle originating from Austria and Germany
Material and Methods: For this aim, a total of 1928 milk samples taken during morning milking in different seasons between 2018 and 2022 from cattle raised in a disease-free private dairy farm in Karacabey District of Bursa Province were evaluated.
Results: Milk quality characteristics include fat (MFC), protein (MPC), lactose (MLC), total dry matter content (TDMC), milk urea nitrogen (MUN) amount and Log10SCC were determined. Parity effects on MLC (P<0.01) and TDMC (P<0.01), calving year effects on all traits (P<0.05) except MFC, lactation month effects on MPC (P<0.01), MLC (P<0.01), MUN (P<0.01) and Log10SCC (P<0.01), and calving season effects on MPC (P<0.01), MLC (P<0.01) and Log10SCC (P<0.01) were determined to be statistically significant. The averages of MFC, MPC, MLC, TDMC, MUN and Log10SCC were 3.80±0.02%, 3.45±0.01%, 4.83±0.01%, 12.62±0.03%, 15.92±0.09 mg/dl and 4.699±0.014 (50.004 cells/mL), respectively.
Conclusion: Although the MFC of SIM cattle originating from Austria and Germany was found to be slightly lower than those reported in the literature, the low SCC content indicates that the prevalence of mastitis in this genotype is quite low.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Dual purpose cattle Mik fat content Milk protein content Milk urea nitrogen Somatic cell count
Proje Numarası
ZRF 21014
Kaynakça
- Akbulut Ö. 1998. A review for Simmental cattle performance in Turkey. Atatürk Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Dergisi, 29(1): 43-49.
- Anonymous. 2024. Süt üre nitrojeni. Access date: 15.09.2024 https://www.sekanslab.com/Hata?aspxerrorpath=/Beslenme-Saglik-Biyokimya/12/sut-ure-nitrojeni--mun-
- Bendelja D, Prpić Z, Mikulec N, Ivkić Z, Havranek J, Antunac N. 2011. Milk urea concentration in Holstein and Simmental cows. Mljekarstvo 61 (1). 45-55.
- Budimir D, Plavšić M, Popović-Vranješ A. 2011. Production and reproduction characteristics of simmental and holstein friesian cows in Semberıja area. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry. Institute for Animal Husbandry. Belgrade-Zemun, 27(3): 893-899. DOI: 10.2298/BAH1103893B
- Buonaiuto G, Visentin G, Costa A, Niero G, Degano L, Cavallini D, Mammi L.M.E, Palmonari A, Formigoni A, Lopez-Villalobos N. 2024. The effect of first-lactation calving season, milk production and morphology on the survival of Simmental cows. Animal. 18: 101128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2024.101128.
- Cioch B, Ewa C. P, Rzewucka-Wójcık E. 2015. Effect of the age at first calving on milk performance in Simental cows. Folıa pomeranae unıversıtatıs technologıae stetınensıs Folia Pomer. Univ. Technol. Stetin., Agric., Aliment., Pisc., Zootech., 322(36):4: 37–42.
- Cziszter L.T, Gavojdian D, Neamt R, Neciu F, Kusza S, Ilie D. 2016. Effects of temperament on production and reproductive performances in Simmental dual-purpose cows. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, S:50-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2016.08.070.
- Dohoo JR, Leslie KE. 1991. Evaluation of changes in somatic cell counts as indicators of new intramammary infections. Prev. Vet. Med., 10: 225-237.
- Erdem H, Okuyucu İ.C. 2019. Influence of hygiene status of cows on somatic cell count and milk components during summer season. Large Animal Review. 25: 7-10.
- Falta D, Zapletalova L, Hanus O, Kucera J, Vecera M, Chaldek Filipcik R, Kopec T, Lategan F.S. 2023. The interaction between the milk production. milk components with a low frequency of analysis and factors affecting the milk composition in dual-purpose Simmental cows. Czech Journal of Animal Science. 68(3): 99–110. https://doi.org/10.17221/197/2022-CJAS.
- Franzoi M, Manuelian, C L, Penasa M, De Marchi M. 2020. Effects of somatic cell score on milk yield and mid-infrared predicted composition and technological traits of Brown Swiss, Holstein Friesian and Simmental cattle breeds. Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 103 No. 1. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16916.
- Kaya İ, Uzmay C, Ayyılmaz T. 2014. Composition, somatic cell count and yield for morning and evening composite milk in Holstein cows milked with unequal intervals (Conference presentation abstract). 25th International Scientific-Experts Congress on Agriculture and Food Industry, Çeşme-İzmir, Turkey.
- Kaygısız A, Şahin O. 2023. Bazı sütçü sığır ırklarında somatik hücre sayısı (SHS) ve süt üre nitrojen (MUN) seviyesinin süt verimi ve bileşimine etkileri. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 28 (2): 290-307. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/mkutbd e-ISSN: 2667-7733
- Koç A. 2006. Lactation milk yields and somatic cell counts of Holstein Friesian and Brown-Swiss cattle reared in Aydın Province. Journal of Animal Production, 47(2):1-8.
- Koç A. 2007a. A study on milk fat content, non-fat dry matter content and somatic cell count of Montbeliarde and Holstein-Friesian cows. Proceedings of the Dairy Conference of Turkey: 386-394. 25-27 October, İzmir, Türkiye.
- Koç A. 2007b. Daily milk yield, non-fat dry matter content and somatic cell count of Holstein-Friesian and Brown-Swiss cows. Acta Veterinaria (Beograd), Vol. 57, No. 5-6, 523-535. DOI: 10.2298/AVB0706523K.
- Koç A. 2011. A study of the reproductive performance, milk yield, milk constituents, and somatic cell count of Holstein-Friesian and Montbeliarde cows. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 35: 295-302.
- Koç A. 2015. Effects of somatic cell count and various environmental factors on milk yield and foremilk constituents of Red-Holstein cows. Tarım Bilimleri Der., 21 (3): 439-447.
- Koç A. 2016. Simmental yetiştiriciliğinin değerlendirilmesi: 1. Dünyada ve Türkiye'deki yetiştiriciliği. ADÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi; 13(2) : 103 – 112.
- Koç A, Gürses R. 2020. A study on milk yield, fertility and milk quality characteristics of primiparous Red-Holstein and Holstein-Friesian cows. Turkish Journal of Agriculture -Food Science and Technology, 8(12): 2562-2569, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i12.2562-2569.3690.
- Koç A, Arı Ç. 2020. Milk yield, reproduction and milk quality characteristics of simmental and red-holstein cattle raised at a dairy farm in aydın province: 2. Milk Quality. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology. 8(10): 2074-2080. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i10.2074-2080.3512.
- Koç A, Öner M. 2023. A research on fertility, herd life, milk production and milk quality characteristics of simmental (fleckvieh) cows: 2. Milk quality, Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology. 11(12): 2242-2249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v11i12.2242-2249.6040.
- Kučevıć D, Waehner M, Petrovıć M.M, Pantelıć V. 2005. Ispitivanje osobina mlečnosti kćeri istih bikova simentalske rase u Nemačkoj i Srbiji. Biotehnologija u stočarstvu 21 (1-2). p. 21-27.
- Litwińczuk Z, Barlowska J, Matwijczuk A, Słomiany J. 2016. Changes in milk yield and quality during lactation in Polish Red and White-Backed cows included in the genetic resources conservation programme in comparison with the Simmental breed. Ann. Anim. Sci.. Vol. 16. No. 3: 871–887. DOI: 10.1515/aoas-2015-0095.
- Nikšić D, Ostojıć-Andrıć D, Pantelıć V, Perıšıć P, Novakovıć Ž, Aleksıć S, Lazarevıć M. 2011. Production potential of first calving Simmental heifers in Serbia. 3rd International Congress “New Perspectives and Challenges of Sustainable Livestock Production”. Belgrade. October 5th to 7th. 2011. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry. Vol. 27 (3). p. 1033- 1043.
- Nistor E, Bampidis V. A, Pentea M. 2014. Production traits of Romanian simmental cows at first lactation. Slovak J. Anim. Sci., 47(3): 132-141.
- Okuyucu İ. C, Erdem H. 2017. Yarı entansif koşullarda yetiştirilen farklı genotipteki ineklerin süt bileşenlerinin somatik hücre sayısına göre değişimi [Abstract Book. P:39]. 3rd ASM International Congress of Agriculture and Environment, Antalya, Türkiye.
- Önal A.R, Özkan M, Tuna Y.T. 2021. The relationship between somatic cell count, milk yield and components for Simental cows which raised in a private company in İzmir. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences. 34(2): 249-254 DOI: 10.29136/mediterranean.836038.
- Özdede F. 2009. Somatic cell count in milk produced by dairy cattle farms that are members of cattle breeders society in and for province of Ankara. Phd Thesis, Ankara Univ., Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Deprt. of Animal Science, Ankara, Türkiye.
- Özkan M. 2017. Süt sığırlarında somatik hücre sayısının süt bileşimi ve kalitesine etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tekirdağ, Türkiye.
- Pantelic V, Pertovic M.M, Aleksic S, Ostojic D, Sretenovic L, Novakovic Z. 2008. Genetic correlations of productive and reproductive traits of Simmental cows in Republic of Serbia. Archiva Zootechnica 11:4. 73-78.
- Pantelić V, Sretenović L, Ostojić-Andrić D, Trivunović S, Petrović M.M, Aleksić S, Ružić-Muslić D. 2013. Heritability and genetic correlation of production and reproduction traits of Simmental cows. African J. Biotechnology.10: 7117-7121.
- Pantelić V, Petrović M.M, Ostojić-Andrić D, Ružić- Muslić D, Nikšić D, Novaković Ž, Lazarević M. 2014. The effect of genetic and nongenetic factors on production traits of Simmental cows. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry. 30: 251-260.
- Petrovıć M.M, Sretenovıć L, Pantelıć V, Aleksıć S, MıščevıĆ B, Bogdanovıć V, Dušıca Ostojıć, Petrovıć M. 2006. Results of the application of the technology of genetic improvement of Simmental cattle population in Serbia. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry 22 (1- 2). p. 1-8.
- SAS. 1999. Statistical analysis system for windows (Release 9.4). SAS Institut Inc.. Raleigh. NC. USA.
- Wei C, Luo H-P, Wang Y-C, Huang X-X, Zhang, M-H, Wang D, Ge J-J, Xu L, Jiaang H, Ju X. 2021. Analyses of the genetic relationships between lactose, somatic cell score, and growth traits in Simmental cattle. Animal The İnternational Journal of Animal Biosciences. Animal 15. 100027. DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100027.
- Wrhel M, Duchacek J, Gasparik M, Vacek M, Codl R, Pytlih J. 2024. Association between production and reproduction parameters based on parity and breed of dairy cows in The Czech Republic. Archives Animal Breeding.. 67. 197–205. 2024 https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-67-197-2024.
- Yılmaz H. 2010. A Research on Milk Production and Milk Quality Traits of Red Holstein. MSC thesis. Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Depart. of Animal Science Adnan Menderes Univ., Aydın, Türkiye.
Bursa İli Karacabey İlçesinde Yetiştirilen Simmental (Fleckvieh) Irkı Sığırların Süt Kalite Özellikleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma
Öz
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı Avusturya ve Almanya kökenli Simental (SIM) (Fleckvieh) sığırların süt kalite özelliklerinin belirlemesidir..
Materyal ve Metot: Bursa İli Karacabey İlçesi'nde hastalıktan ari özel bir işletmede yetiştirilen sığırlarından 2018-2023 yılları arasında farklı mevsimlerde sabah sağımında alınan toplam 1928 süt örneği değerlendirilmiştir. Süt kalite özellikleri olarak yağ oranı (SYO), protein oranı (SPO), laktoz oranı (SLO), toplam kuru madde oranı (TKMO), süt üre azot miktarı (SÜA) ve Log10SHS özellikleri belirlenmiştir.
Bulgular: Avusturya ve Alamnya kökenli Simental (SIM) (Fleckvieh) sığırlarda süt kalite özellikleri olarak yağ oranı (SYO), protein oranı (SPO), laktoz oranı (SLO), toplam kuru madde oranı (TKMO), süt üre azot miktarı (SÜA) ve Log10SHS özellikleri belirlenmiştir. SLO (P<0.01) ve TKMO (P<0.01) üzerine parite etkisi, SYO dışındaki tüm özellikler üzerine buzağılama yılı etkisi (P<0.05), SPO (P<0.01), SLO (P<0.01), SÜA (P<0.01) ve Log10SHS (P<0.01) üzerine laktasyon ayı etkisi ve SPO (P<0.01), SLO (P<0.01) ve Log10SHS (P<0.01) üzerine de buzağılama mevsimi etkilerinin istatistiksel olarak önemli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. SYO, SPO, SLO, TKMO, SÜA ve Log10SHS özelliklerine ait ortalamalar sırasıyla %3.81±0.02, %3.45±0.01, %4.80±0.01, %12.59±0.03, 15.92±0.09 mg/dl ve 4.76±0.01 (57.544 hücre/ml) dir.
Sonuç: Avusturya ve Almanya kökenli SIM sığırların MFC'si literatürde bildirilenlerden biraz daha düşük bulunmasına rağmen, SCC içeriğinin düşük olması bu genotipte mastitis prevalansının oldukça düşük olduğunu göstermektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kombine verimli sığır Süt yağı oranı Süt protein oranı Süt üre azotu Somatik hücre sayısı
Etik Beyan
Yapılan bu çalışma kapsamında Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Hayvan Deneyleri Yerel Etik Kurulu (ADÜ-HADYEK)’ten araştırmanın yürütülmesi için 24/08/2023 tarih ve 64583101/2023/137 sayılı Etik Kurul izni alınmıştır
Destekleyen Kurum
Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi
Proje Numarası
ZRF 21014
Teşekkür
Bu çalışma Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi (ZRF 21014) desteklerinden dolayı teşekkür ederim
Kaynakça
- Akbulut Ö. 1998. A review for Simmental cattle performance in Turkey. Atatürk Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Dergisi, 29(1): 43-49.
- Anonymous. 2024. Süt üre nitrojeni. Access date: 15.09.2024 https://www.sekanslab.com/Hata?aspxerrorpath=/Beslenme-Saglik-Biyokimya/12/sut-ure-nitrojeni--mun-
- Bendelja D, Prpić Z, Mikulec N, Ivkić Z, Havranek J, Antunac N. 2011. Milk urea concentration in Holstein and Simmental cows. Mljekarstvo 61 (1). 45-55.
- Budimir D, Plavšić M, Popović-Vranješ A. 2011. Production and reproduction characteristics of simmental and holstein friesian cows in Semberıja area. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry. Institute for Animal Husbandry. Belgrade-Zemun, 27(3): 893-899. DOI: 10.2298/BAH1103893B
- Buonaiuto G, Visentin G, Costa A, Niero G, Degano L, Cavallini D, Mammi L.M.E, Palmonari A, Formigoni A, Lopez-Villalobos N. 2024. The effect of first-lactation calving season, milk production and morphology on the survival of Simmental cows. Animal. 18: 101128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2024.101128.
- Cioch B, Ewa C. P, Rzewucka-Wójcık E. 2015. Effect of the age at first calving on milk performance in Simental cows. Folıa pomeranae unıversıtatıs technologıae stetınensıs Folia Pomer. Univ. Technol. Stetin., Agric., Aliment., Pisc., Zootech., 322(36):4: 37–42.
- Cziszter L.T, Gavojdian D, Neamt R, Neciu F, Kusza S, Ilie D. 2016. Effects of temperament on production and reproductive performances in Simmental dual-purpose cows. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, S:50-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2016.08.070.
- Dohoo JR, Leslie KE. 1991. Evaluation of changes in somatic cell counts as indicators of new intramammary infections. Prev. Vet. Med., 10: 225-237.
- Erdem H, Okuyucu İ.C. 2019. Influence of hygiene status of cows on somatic cell count and milk components during summer season. Large Animal Review. 25: 7-10.
- Falta D, Zapletalova L, Hanus O, Kucera J, Vecera M, Chaldek Filipcik R, Kopec T, Lategan F.S. 2023. The interaction between the milk production. milk components with a low frequency of analysis and factors affecting the milk composition in dual-purpose Simmental cows. Czech Journal of Animal Science. 68(3): 99–110. https://doi.org/10.17221/197/2022-CJAS.
- Franzoi M, Manuelian, C L, Penasa M, De Marchi M. 2020. Effects of somatic cell score on milk yield and mid-infrared predicted composition and technological traits of Brown Swiss, Holstein Friesian and Simmental cattle breeds. Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 103 No. 1. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-16916.
- Kaya İ, Uzmay C, Ayyılmaz T. 2014. Composition, somatic cell count and yield for morning and evening composite milk in Holstein cows milked with unequal intervals (Conference presentation abstract). 25th International Scientific-Experts Congress on Agriculture and Food Industry, Çeşme-İzmir, Turkey.
- Kaygısız A, Şahin O. 2023. Bazı sütçü sığır ırklarında somatik hücre sayısı (SHS) ve süt üre nitrojen (MUN) seviyesinin süt verimi ve bileşimine etkileri. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 28 (2): 290-307. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/mkutbd e-ISSN: 2667-7733
- Koç A. 2006. Lactation milk yields and somatic cell counts of Holstein Friesian and Brown-Swiss cattle reared in Aydın Province. Journal of Animal Production, 47(2):1-8.
- Koç A. 2007a. A study on milk fat content, non-fat dry matter content and somatic cell count of Montbeliarde and Holstein-Friesian cows. Proceedings of the Dairy Conference of Turkey: 386-394. 25-27 October, İzmir, Türkiye.
- Koç A. 2007b. Daily milk yield, non-fat dry matter content and somatic cell count of Holstein-Friesian and Brown-Swiss cows. Acta Veterinaria (Beograd), Vol. 57, No. 5-6, 523-535. DOI: 10.2298/AVB0706523K.
- Koç A. 2011. A study of the reproductive performance, milk yield, milk constituents, and somatic cell count of Holstein-Friesian and Montbeliarde cows. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 35: 295-302.
- Koç A. 2015. Effects of somatic cell count and various environmental factors on milk yield and foremilk constituents of Red-Holstein cows. Tarım Bilimleri Der., 21 (3): 439-447.
- Koç A. 2016. Simmental yetiştiriciliğinin değerlendirilmesi: 1. Dünyada ve Türkiye'deki yetiştiriciliği. ADÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi; 13(2) : 103 – 112.
- Koç A, Gürses R. 2020. A study on milk yield, fertility and milk quality characteristics of primiparous Red-Holstein and Holstein-Friesian cows. Turkish Journal of Agriculture -Food Science and Technology, 8(12): 2562-2569, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i12.2562-2569.3690.
- Koç A, Arı Ç. 2020. Milk yield, reproduction and milk quality characteristics of simmental and red-holstein cattle raised at a dairy farm in aydın province: 2. Milk Quality. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology. 8(10): 2074-2080. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i10.2074-2080.3512.
- Koç A, Öner M. 2023. A research on fertility, herd life, milk production and milk quality characteristics of simmental (fleckvieh) cows: 2. Milk quality, Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology. 11(12): 2242-2249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v11i12.2242-2249.6040.
- Kučevıć D, Waehner M, Petrovıć M.M, Pantelıć V. 2005. Ispitivanje osobina mlečnosti kćeri istih bikova simentalske rase u Nemačkoj i Srbiji. Biotehnologija u stočarstvu 21 (1-2). p. 21-27.
- Litwińczuk Z, Barlowska J, Matwijczuk A, Słomiany J. 2016. Changes in milk yield and quality during lactation in Polish Red and White-Backed cows included in the genetic resources conservation programme in comparison with the Simmental breed. Ann. Anim. Sci.. Vol. 16. No. 3: 871–887. DOI: 10.1515/aoas-2015-0095.
- Nikšić D, Ostojıć-Andrıć D, Pantelıć V, Perıšıć P, Novakovıć Ž, Aleksıć S, Lazarevıć M. 2011. Production potential of first calving Simmental heifers in Serbia. 3rd International Congress “New Perspectives and Challenges of Sustainable Livestock Production”. Belgrade. October 5th to 7th. 2011. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry. Vol. 27 (3). p. 1033- 1043.
- Nistor E, Bampidis V. A, Pentea M. 2014. Production traits of Romanian simmental cows at first lactation. Slovak J. Anim. Sci., 47(3): 132-141.
- Okuyucu İ. C, Erdem H. 2017. Yarı entansif koşullarda yetiştirilen farklı genotipteki ineklerin süt bileşenlerinin somatik hücre sayısına göre değişimi [Abstract Book. P:39]. 3rd ASM International Congress of Agriculture and Environment, Antalya, Türkiye.
- Önal A.R, Özkan M, Tuna Y.T. 2021. The relationship between somatic cell count, milk yield and components for Simental cows which raised in a private company in İzmir. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences. 34(2): 249-254 DOI: 10.29136/mediterranean.836038.
- Özdede F. 2009. Somatic cell count in milk produced by dairy cattle farms that are members of cattle breeders society in and for province of Ankara. Phd Thesis, Ankara Univ., Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Deprt. of Animal Science, Ankara, Türkiye.
- Özkan M. 2017. Süt sığırlarında somatik hücre sayısının süt bileşimi ve kalitesine etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tekirdağ, Türkiye.
- Pantelic V, Pertovic M.M, Aleksic S, Ostojic D, Sretenovic L, Novakovic Z. 2008. Genetic correlations of productive and reproductive traits of Simmental cows in Republic of Serbia. Archiva Zootechnica 11:4. 73-78.
- Pantelić V, Sretenović L, Ostojić-Andrić D, Trivunović S, Petrović M.M, Aleksić S, Ružić-Muslić D. 2013. Heritability and genetic correlation of production and reproduction traits of Simmental cows. African J. Biotechnology.10: 7117-7121.
- Pantelić V, Petrović M.M, Ostojić-Andrić D, Ružić- Muslić D, Nikšić D, Novaković Ž, Lazarević M. 2014. The effect of genetic and nongenetic factors on production traits of Simmental cows. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry. 30: 251-260.
- Petrovıć M.M, Sretenovıć L, Pantelıć V, Aleksıć S, MıščevıĆ B, Bogdanovıć V, Dušıca Ostojıć, Petrovıć M. 2006. Results of the application of the technology of genetic improvement of Simmental cattle population in Serbia. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry 22 (1- 2). p. 1-8.
- SAS. 1999. Statistical analysis system for windows (Release 9.4). SAS Institut Inc.. Raleigh. NC. USA.
- Wei C, Luo H-P, Wang Y-C, Huang X-X, Zhang, M-H, Wang D, Ge J-J, Xu L, Jiaang H, Ju X. 2021. Analyses of the genetic relationships between lactose, somatic cell score, and growth traits in Simmental cattle. Animal The İnternational Journal of Animal Biosciences. Animal 15. 100027. DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100027.
- Wrhel M, Duchacek J, Gasparik M, Vacek M, Codl R, Pytlih J. 2024. Association between production and reproduction parameters based on parity and breed of dairy cows in The Czech Republic. Archives Animal Breeding.. 67. 197–205. 2024 https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-67-197-2024.
- Yılmaz H. 2010. A Research on Milk Production and Milk Quality Traits of Red Holstein. MSC thesis. Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Depart. of Animal Science Adnan Menderes Univ., Aydın, Türkiye.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Büyükbaş Hayvan Yetiştirme ve Islahı, Hayvan Yetiştirme, Zootekni, Genetik ve Biyoistatistik |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | ZRF 21014 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 15 Kasım 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 28 Mayıs 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 66 Sayı: 1 |
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