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An Acoustic Analysis of Surrounding Vowel Effects on Intervocalic /h/ in Turkish

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1

Merve Nur Arslan , İpek Pınar Uzun

https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.1534383

Öz

Previous studies on Turkish glottal consonant /h/ typically investigated the acoustic characteristics of this consonant; however, recent studies generally examine the formant frequency changes between preceding and following vowels as to determine the place of articulation of fricatives. This study investigates the place of articulation of Turkish /h/ in intervocalic position by comparing formant frequency changes of preceding and following vowels through their height and rounding characteristics of vowels. A production experiment is conducted with 21 speakers in a sound-proof booth. Stimuli consisted of eight Turkish vowels in preceding and following positions of intervocalic /h/ embedded into a carrier sentence (e.g., [Adam tohum yazdı] ‘The man seed write -past’). Rawdata analysis was performed on normalized mean F1, F2, F3, F2_3 values of each vowel adjacent to /h/. Findings for preceding vowels showed a decrease in rounding features of mean F1, F2, F3 and F2_3 values. On contrary to preceding vowels, findings for the following vowels indicated an increase in both height and rounding features for the mean F1 and F2 values. Overall results suggested that formant changes on the following vowels elicited more significance for the acoustic changes in following vowels compared to preceding vowels.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Formant normalization intervocalic production acoustics

Kaynakça

  • Aksan, D. (1980). Her yönüyle dil: Ana çizgileriyle Dilbilim II. Ankara University Press.
  • Baayen, R. H. (2008). Analysing linguistic data: A practical introduction to statistics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
  • Bickford, A. C. & Floyd, R. (2003). Tools for analyzing the World’s language: Articulatory phonetics (3rd ed.). SIL International.
  • Boersma, P. & Weenink, D. (2023). Praat: Doing phonetics by computer. (Version 6.2.04) [Computer Software]. https://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/
  • Brinton, L. J. (2000). The structure of modern English: A linguistic introduction. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Brosnahan, L. F. & Malmberg, B. (1979). Introduction to phonetics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Catford, J.C. (1988). A practical introduction to phonetics. Oxford University Press.
  • Chomsky, N. & Halle, M. (1968). The sound pattern of English. Harper & Row.
  • Collins, B. & Mees, I. M. (2003). The phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.). Brill.
  • Davenport, M. & Hannahs, S. J. (2020). Introducing phonetics and phonology (4th ed.). Routledge.
  • Ergenç, İ. & Uzun, İ. P. (2020). Türkçenin ses dizgesi (2nd ed.). Seckin Press.
  • Ertan, E. (2013). Spectrographic characteristics of Turkish /h/. Open Journal of Acoustics, 3, 97-102. https://doi.org/10.4236/oja.2013.34015
  • Fant, G. (2005). Speech acoustics and phonetics. Springer.
  • Flemming, E. S. (2002). Auditory representations in phonology. Routledge.
  • Gussenhoven, C. & Jacobs, H. (2011). Understanding phonology. Routledge.
  • Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. (1999). Cambridge University Press.
  • Hayward, K. (2000). Experimental phonetics. Pearson.
  • Johnson, K. (2003). Acoustic and auditory phonetics (2nd ed.). Blackwell.
  • Kassambara, A. (2020). ‘ggplot2’ based publication ready plots (R package ggpubr version 0.4.0). https://rpkgs.datanovia.com/ggpubr/
  • Keating, P. A. (1988). Underspecification in phonetics. Phonology, 5(2), 275-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S095267570000230X
  • Kent, R. D. & Read, C. (2002). Acoustic analysis of speech. Thomson Learning.
  • Kılıç, M. A. (2012, September). Türkçedeki ötümsüz sürtünmeli ünsüzlerin akustik özellikleri. [Acoustic characteristics of Turkish voiceless fricative consonants]. Presented at 16. International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, (ICTL-2012), Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Knight, R. A. (2012). Phonetics: A coursebook. Cambridge University Press.
  • Kornfilt, J. (1997). Turkish: Descriptive grammars. Routledge.
  • Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2017). lmerTest package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models. Journal of Statistical Software, 82(13), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v082.i13
  • Ladefoged, P. & Disner, S. F. (2012). Vowels and consonants (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Laufer, A. (1991). Phonetic representation: Glottal fricatives. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21(2), 91-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025100300004448
  • Laver, J. (1994). Principles of phonetics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Lenth, R. V. (2016). Least-squares means: The R package lsmeans. Journal of Statistical Software, 69(1), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v069.i01
  • Mackay, I. R. A. (1978). Introducing practical phonetics. Little, Brown and Company.
  • Maddieson, I. (1984). Patterns of sounds. Cambridge University Press.
  • Malik, M. A. & Kokub, I. (2020). Segmental study of Punjabi glottal fricative /h/: An acoustic analysis of glottal fricative in Majhi and Lehndi dialects of Punjabi. Competitive Linguistic Research Journal, 2(1), 1–17.
  • Mielke, J. (2002). Turkish /h/ deletion: Evidence for the interplay of speech perception and phonology. ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 28, 55-72. https://doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.28.2002.159
  • O’Connor, J. D. (1973). Phonetics. Penguin Books.
  • Odden, D. (2005). Introducing phonology. Cambridge University Press.
  • Pandey, P., Mahesh, M. ve Dutta, H. (2017). The glottal fricative and Schwa deletion in Hindi: Implications for speech synthesis. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (IJSRST), 3(8), 643-646. https://ijsrst.com/IJSRST1738146
  • Pickett, J. M. (1999). The acoustics of speech communication: Fundamentals, speech perception theory, and technology. Allyn and Bacon.
  • R Core Team. (2023). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
  • Roach, P. J. (1983). English phonetics and phonology: A practical course. Cambridge University Press.
  • Selen, N. (1979). Söyleyiş sesbilimi, akustik sesbilim ve Türkiye Türkçesi. TLA Press.
  • Sezer, E. (1986). An autosegmental analysis of compensatory lengthening in Turkish. In, Studies in compensatory lengthening (227-250). Foris Publications.
  • Skandera, P. & Burleigh, P. (2005). Manual of English phonetics and phonology. Gunter Narr Verlag.
  • Stevens, K. N. (2000). Acoustic phonetics. The MIT Press.
  • Sun, T., Yu, H. Z. & Jin, Y. S. (2014). An acoustics study on prepositional consonant [h] in Xiahe Tibetan. Advanced Materials Research, 926-930(2014), 1791–1794. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.926-930.1791
  • Syrdal, A. K. & Gopal, H. S. (1986). A perceptual model of vowel recognition based on the auditory representation of American English vowels. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 79(4), 1086-1100. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.393381
  • Titze, I. R. (1994). Principles of voice production. Prentice Hall University Press.
  • Van der Hulst, H. & Van de Weijer, J. (1991). Topics in Turkish phonology. In H. Boeschoten, & L. Verhoeven (Eds.), Turkish Linguistics Today (pp. 11-59). Brill.
  • Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer-Verlag New York. https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org
  • Wright, R., Hargus, S. & Miller J. (2005). Comparing the acoustics of voiced and voiceless fricatives in Deg Xinag. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 118, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4785727
  • Xu, Y. & Gao, H. (2013). FormantPro as a tool for speech analysis and segmentation. Revista de Estudos da Linguagem, 26(4), 1435-1454. https://doi.org/10.17851/2237-2083.26.4.1435-1454
  • Xu, Y. & Gao. H. (2018). FormantPro. (Version 1.4.3) [Praat Script]. http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~uclyyix/FormantPro/
  • Yavuz, H. & Balcı, A. (2011). Turkish phonology and morphology. Anadolu University.
  • Zsiga, E. C. (2013). The sounds of language: An introduction to phonetics and phonology. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.

Türkçede Ünlülerarası /h/ Üzerine Çevresel Ünlülerin Akustik Etkilerinin Çözümlemesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1

Merve Nur Arslan , İpek Pınar Uzun

https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.1534383

Öz

Türkçede gırtlaksıl /h/ ünsüzü üzerine yapılan önceki çalışmalar bu ünsüzün akustik sesbilgisel özelliklerini incelemektedir. Ancak, güncel çalışmalarda sürtünücülerin çıkış yerini belirlemek için genellikle sürtünücünün öncülünde ve ardılında konumlanan ünlülerin formant sıklık değişimleri araştırılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, ünlülerarası konumdaki /h/ ünsüzünün öncülündeki ve ardılındaki ünlülerin formant değerlerindeki değişimleri kıyaslayarak, ünlülerin yükseklik ve yuvarlaklaşma özellikleri bağlamında /h/ ünsüzünün çıkış yeri özelliğini incelemektedir. Sesletim deneyi, 21 konuşur ile ses yalıtımlı kabinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Uyaranlar, Türkçe ses dizgesindeki sekiz ünlü /h/ ünsüzünün öncülünde ve ardılında konumlanacak biçimde taşıyıcı tümce içerisine yerleştirilmiştir ([Adam tohum yazdı]). Hamveri analizleri /h/ ünsüzünün ses çevresinde bulunan her bir ünlünün normalize edilmiş ortalama F1, F2, F3 ve F2_3 değerleri üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Öncül ünlülerin bulguları, ortalama F1, F2, F3 ve F2_3 değerlerinin yuvarlaklaşmayla düşüş olduğunu göstermiştir. Öncül ünlülerin aksine, ardıl ünlülerin bulguları hem yükseklik hem yuvarlaklaşmayla ortalama F1 ve F2 değerlerinde yükselme olduğunu belirtmiştir. Genel olarak, sonuçlar ardıl ünlülerin akustik sesbilgisel özelliklerinin değişiminin öncül ünlülere kıyasla daha anlamlı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Formant normalizasyon ünlülerarası üretim akustik

Kaynakça

  • Aksan, D. (1980). Her yönüyle dil: Ana çizgileriyle Dilbilim II. Ankara University Press.
  • Baayen, R. H. (2008). Analysing linguistic data: A practical introduction to statistics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
  • Bickford, A. C. & Floyd, R. (2003). Tools for analyzing the World’s language: Articulatory phonetics (3rd ed.). SIL International.
  • Boersma, P. & Weenink, D. (2023). Praat: Doing phonetics by computer. (Version 6.2.04) [Computer Software]. https://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/
  • Brinton, L. J. (2000). The structure of modern English: A linguistic introduction. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Brosnahan, L. F. & Malmberg, B. (1979). Introduction to phonetics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Catford, J.C. (1988). A practical introduction to phonetics. Oxford University Press.
  • Chomsky, N. & Halle, M. (1968). The sound pattern of English. Harper & Row.
  • Collins, B. & Mees, I. M. (2003). The phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.). Brill.
  • Davenport, M. & Hannahs, S. J. (2020). Introducing phonetics and phonology (4th ed.). Routledge.
  • Ergenç, İ. & Uzun, İ. P. (2020). Türkçenin ses dizgesi (2nd ed.). Seckin Press.
  • Ertan, E. (2013). Spectrographic characteristics of Turkish /h/. Open Journal of Acoustics, 3, 97-102. https://doi.org/10.4236/oja.2013.34015
  • Fant, G. (2005). Speech acoustics and phonetics. Springer.
  • Flemming, E. S. (2002). Auditory representations in phonology. Routledge.
  • Gussenhoven, C. & Jacobs, H. (2011). Understanding phonology. Routledge.
  • Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. (1999). Cambridge University Press.
  • Hayward, K. (2000). Experimental phonetics. Pearson.
  • Johnson, K. (2003). Acoustic and auditory phonetics (2nd ed.). Blackwell.
  • Kassambara, A. (2020). ‘ggplot2’ based publication ready plots (R package ggpubr version 0.4.0). https://rpkgs.datanovia.com/ggpubr/
  • Keating, P. A. (1988). Underspecification in phonetics. Phonology, 5(2), 275-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S095267570000230X
  • Kent, R. D. & Read, C. (2002). Acoustic analysis of speech. Thomson Learning.
  • Kılıç, M. A. (2012, September). Türkçedeki ötümsüz sürtünmeli ünsüzlerin akustik özellikleri. [Acoustic characteristics of Turkish voiceless fricative consonants]. Presented at 16. International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, (ICTL-2012), Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Knight, R. A. (2012). Phonetics: A coursebook. Cambridge University Press.
  • Kornfilt, J. (1997). Turkish: Descriptive grammars. Routledge.
  • Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2017). lmerTest package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models. Journal of Statistical Software, 82(13), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v082.i13
  • Ladefoged, P. & Disner, S. F. (2012). Vowels and consonants (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Laufer, A. (1991). Phonetic representation: Glottal fricatives. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21(2), 91-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025100300004448
  • Laver, J. (1994). Principles of phonetics. Cambridge University Press.
  • Lenth, R. V. (2016). Least-squares means: The R package lsmeans. Journal of Statistical Software, 69(1), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v069.i01
  • Mackay, I. R. A. (1978). Introducing practical phonetics. Little, Brown and Company.
  • Maddieson, I. (1984). Patterns of sounds. Cambridge University Press.
  • Malik, M. A. & Kokub, I. (2020). Segmental study of Punjabi glottal fricative /h/: An acoustic analysis of glottal fricative in Majhi and Lehndi dialects of Punjabi. Competitive Linguistic Research Journal, 2(1), 1–17.
  • Mielke, J. (2002). Turkish /h/ deletion: Evidence for the interplay of speech perception and phonology. ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 28, 55-72. https://doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.28.2002.159
  • O’Connor, J. D. (1973). Phonetics. Penguin Books.
  • Odden, D. (2005). Introducing phonology. Cambridge University Press.
  • Pandey, P., Mahesh, M. ve Dutta, H. (2017). The glottal fricative and Schwa deletion in Hindi: Implications for speech synthesis. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (IJSRST), 3(8), 643-646. https://ijsrst.com/IJSRST1738146
  • Pickett, J. M. (1999). The acoustics of speech communication: Fundamentals, speech perception theory, and technology. Allyn and Bacon.
  • R Core Team. (2023). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
  • Roach, P. J. (1983). English phonetics and phonology: A practical course. Cambridge University Press.
  • Selen, N. (1979). Söyleyiş sesbilimi, akustik sesbilim ve Türkiye Türkçesi. TLA Press.
  • Sezer, E. (1986). An autosegmental analysis of compensatory lengthening in Turkish. In, Studies in compensatory lengthening (227-250). Foris Publications.
  • Skandera, P. & Burleigh, P. (2005). Manual of English phonetics and phonology. Gunter Narr Verlag.
  • Stevens, K. N. (2000). Acoustic phonetics. The MIT Press.
  • Sun, T., Yu, H. Z. & Jin, Y. S. (2014). An acoustics study on prepositional consonant [h] in Xiahe Tibetan. Advanced Materials Research, 926-930(2014), 1791–1794. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.926-930.1791
  • Syrdal, A. K. & Gopal, H. S. (1986). A perceptual model of vowel recognition based on the auditory representation of American English vowels. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 79(4), 1086-1100. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.393381
  • Titze, I. R. (1994). Principles of voice production. Prentice Hall University Press.
  • Van der Hulst, H. & Van de Weijer, J. (1991). Topics in Turkish phonology. In H. Boeschoten, & L. Verhoeven (Eds.), Turkish Linguistics Today (pp. 11-59). Brill.
  • Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer-Verlag New York. https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org
  • Wright, R., Hargus, S. & Miller J. (2005). Comparing the acoustics of voiced and voiceless fricatives in Deg Xinag. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 118, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4785727
  • Xu, Y. & Gao, H. (2013). FormantPro as a tool for speech analysis and segmentation. Revista de Estudos da Linguagem, 26(4), 1435-1454. https://doi.org/10.17851/2237-2083.26.4.1435-1454
  • Xu, Y. & Gao. H. (2018). FormantPro. (Version 1.4.3) [Praat Script]. http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~uclyyix/FormantPro/
  • Yavuz, H. & Balcı, A. (2011). Turkish phonology and morphology. Anadolu University.
  • Zsiga, E. C. (2013). The sounds of language: An introduction to phonetics and phonology. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Dil Çalışmaları (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Merve Nur Arslan 0009-0004-3416-4887

İpek Pınar Uzun 0000-0003-3103-0758

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 4 Haziran 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Ağustos 2024
Kabul Tarihi 11 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Arslan, M. N., & Uzun, İ. P. (2025). An Acoustic Analysis of Surrounding Vowel Effects on Intervocalic /h/ in Turkish. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 42(1). https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.1534383


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