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Silikanın Kullanım Alanları ve Silika Maruziyetine Bağlı Olası Toksik Etkiler

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 1, 17 - 29, 15.01.2019

Hatice Gül Anlar , Merve Bacanlı , Nurşen Başaran

Öz

Yerkabuğu % 12 serbest kristal silika içermektedir ve silisyum (Si), oksijenden sonra en yaygın ikinci elementtir. Bu nedenle kristal silika maruziyeti metal dökümcülük, inşaat, seramik, taş ocağı, çömlekçilik gibi çok çeşitli iş kollarında söz konusudur. Kristal silika maruziyeti silikozis, akciğer kanseri ve diğer solu- num sistemi hastalıkları ile ilişkilidir. Son yıllarda, kristal silika maruziyeti olan işçilerle yapılan çalışmalarla silika maruziyetinin, mide, nazofaringeal, tükürük bezi, karaciğer, kemik ve beyin kanseri gibi farklı kanserlere de neden olduğu iddia edilmektedir. Kristal silika tozuna maruziyet, özellikle gelişmekte olan ül- keler başta olmak üzere dünya çapında, halen önemli bir sağlık sorunu olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu derleme, silikanın kullanım alanları ve insanlarda silika maruziyetine bağlı toksik etkiler hakkında güncel ve özet bilgilerin yanı sıra ül- kemizde kristal silika maruziyeti ile ilgili güncel yasal düzenlemeler hakkında bilgi sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Silisyum dioksit mesleki silika maruziyeti silikozis kanser tuberküloz

Kaynakça

  • 1. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Hu- mans, Silica, Some Silicates, Coal Dust and Para-aramid Fib- rils, Lyon: IARC; 1997.
  • 2. Kocbach A, Li Y, Yttri KE, Cassee FR, Schwarze PE, Namork E: Physicochemical characterisation of combustion particles from vehicle exhaust and residential wood smoke. Particle and fibre toxicology 2006;3(1):1-10.
  • 3. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NI- OSH). NIOSH Hazard Review-Health Effects of Occupational Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica, Cincinnati: NIOSH; 2002.
  • 4. Weill H, Jones R, Parkes W: Silicosis and related diseases. Oc- cupational lung disorders. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd; Lon- don, England, 1994.
  • 5. Seiler HG, Sigel H, Sigel A: Handbook on toxicity of inor- ganic compounds. Marcel Dekker; New York, United States, 1988.
  • 6. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Oc- cupational Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica-Review of Health Effects Literature and Preliminary Quantitative Risk Assessment, Washington: OSHA; 2010.
  • 7. Flörke OW, Graetsch HA, Brunk F, Benda L, Paschen S, Berg- na HE, et al. Silica Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Che- mistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co; Weinhe- im, Germany, 2008.
  • 8. Ziskind M, Jones RN, Weill H. Silicosis: The American review of respiratory disease 1976;113(5):643-65.
  • 9. Castranova V, Vallyathan V, Ramsey DM, McLaurin JL, Pack D, Leonard S, et al. Augmentation of pulmonary reactions to quartz inhalation by trace amounts of iron-containing particles. Environmental health perspectives 1997;105 Suppl 5:1319-24.
  • 10. Vallyathan V, Castranova V, Pack D, Leonard S, Shumaker J, Hubbs AF, et al. Freshly fractured quartz inhalation leads to enhanced lung injury and in ammation. Potential role of free radicals. American journal of respiratory and critical care me- dicine 1995;152(3):1003-9.
  • 11. Hessel P, Sluis-Cremer G, Hnizdo E, Faure M, Thomas RG, Wiles F. Progression of silicosis in relation to silica dust expo- sure. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 1988;32(inhaled partic- les VI):689-96.
  • 12. Hnizdo E, Sluis-Cremer GK, Baskind E, Murray J: Emphyse- ma and airway obstruction in non-smoking South African gold miners with long exposure to silica dust. Occupational and en- vironmental medicine 1994;51(8):557-63.
  • 13. Hnizdo E, Murray J, Klempman S: Lung cancer in relation to exposure to silica dust, silicosis and uranium production in South African gold miners. Thorax 1997;52(3):271-5.
  • 14. Kreiss K, Zhen B: Risk of silicosis in a Colorado mi- ning community. American journal of industrial medicine 1996;30(5):529-39.
  • 15. Graham WG, Ashikaga T, Hemenway D, Weaver S: Radiog- raphic abnormalities in Vermont granite workers exposed to low levels of granite dust. Chest 1991;100(6):1507-15.
  • 16. Hnizdo E, Murray J, Sluis-Cremer GK, Thomas RG: Correla- tion between radiological and pathological diagnosis of silico- sis: an autopsy population based study. American journal of industrial medicine 1993;24(4):427-45.
  • 17. BuchananD,MillerB,SoutarC:Quantitativerelationsbetwe- en exposure to respirable quartz and risk of silicosis. Occupa- tional and environmental medicine 2003;60(3):159-64.
  • 18. ChenW,ZhuangZ,AttfieldM,ChenB,GaoP,HarrisonJ,et al. Exposure to silica and silicosis among tin miners in China: exposure-response analyses and risk assessment. Occupatio- nal and environmental medicine 2001;58(1):31-7.
  • 19. Park R, Rice F, Stayner L, Smith R, Gilbert S, Checkoway H: Exposure to crystalline silica, silicosis, and lung disease other than cancer in diatomaceous earth industry workers: a quantitative risk assessment. Occupational and environmental medicine 2002;59(1):36-43.
  • 20. Yang H, Yang L, Zhang J, Chen J: Natural course of silicosis in dust-exposed workers. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology Medical sciences 2006;26(2):257-60.
  • 21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Silicosis Mortality, Prevention, and Control. Atlanta: CDC; 2005.
  • 22. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Work-related lung disease surveillance report 2007. NIOSH; Morganton, North Carolina, United States, 2008.
  • 23. Mason RJ, Broaddus VC, Martin TR, King Jr TE, Schrauf- nagel D, Murray JF, et al. Murray and Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. Elsevier Inc.; Philadelphia, Pensilvania, United States, 2010.
  • 24. Beckett W, Abraham J, Becklake M, Christiani D, Cowie R, Davis G, et al. Adverse effects of crystalline silica exposure. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 1997;155:7.
  • 25. Calvert GM, Rice FL, Boiano JM, Sheehy JW, Sanderson WT. Occupational silica exposure and risk of various disea- ses: an analysis using death certificates from 27 states of the United States. Occupational and environmental medicine 2003;60(2):122-9.
  • 26. Hnizdo E, Murray J: Risk of pulmonary tuberculosis re- lative to silicosis and exposure to silica dust in South Afri- can gold miners. Occupational and environmental medicine 1998;55(7):496-502.
  • 27. teWaternaude JM, Ehrlich RI, Churchyard GJ, Pemba L, Dek- ker K, Vermeis M, et al. Tuberculosis and silica exposure in South African gold miners. Occupational and environmental medicine 2006;63(3):187-92.
  • 28. Cowie RL:The epidemiology of tuberculosis in gold miners with silicosis. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 1994;150(5 Pt 1):1460-2.
  • 29. Sherson D, Lander F: Morbidity of pulmonary tuberculosis among silicotic and nonsilicotic foundry workers in Denmark. Journal of occupational medicine : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association 1990;32(2):110-3.
  • 30. Charalambous S, Churchyard GJ, Murray J, De Cock KM, Corbett EL: Persistent radiological changes following miliary tuberculosis in miners exposed to silica dust. The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disea- se 2001;5(11):1044-50.
  • 31. Anandan S, Othman M, Cheong I, Chin G: Scleroderma se- condary to silica exposure--a case report. Singapore medical journal 1995;36(5):559-61.
  • 32. Masson C, Audran M, Pascaretti C, Chevailler A, Subra JF, Tuchais E, et al. Silica-associated systemic erythematosus lu- pus or mineral dust lupus? Lupus 1997;6(1):1-3.
  • 33. Haustein UF, Anderegg U: Silica induced scleroderma-- clinical and experimental aspects. The Journal of rheumato- logy 1998;25(10):1917-26.
  • 34. Kallenberg CG. Renal disease--another effect of silica exposu- re? Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - Europe- an Renal Association 1995;10(7):1117-9.
  • 35. Wilke R, Salisbury S, Abdel-Rahman E, Brazy P: Lupus-like autoimmune disease associated with silicosis. Nephrology Di- alysis Transplantation 1996;11(9):1835-8.
  • 36. Wilke RA. Occupational exposure to silica and end-stage re- nal disease. JAMA 1997;278(7):546-7.
  • 37. Castranova V: Signaling pathways controlling the production of in ammatory mediators in response to crystalline silica ex- posure: role of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. Free radical biology & medicine 2004;37(7):916-25.
  • 38. Johnston CJ, Driscoll KE, Finkelstein JN, Baggs R, O’Reilly MA, Carter J, et al. Pulmonary chemokine and mutagenic res- ponses in rats after subchronic inhalation of amorphous and crystalline silica. Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology 2000;56(2):405-13.
  • 39. Bonassi S, Milić M, Neri M: Frequency of micronuclei and other biomarkers of DNA damage in populations exposed to dusts, asbestos and other fibers. A systematic review. Mutat Res. 2016; 770(Pt A):106-18.
  • 40. Borm PJ, Tran L, Donaldson K: The carcinogenic action of crystalline silica: a review of the evidence supporting secon- dary in ammation-driven genotoxicity as a principal mecha- nism. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 41(9):756-70.
  • 41. Schins RP: Mechanisms of genotoxicity of particles and fibers. Inhal Toxicol. 2002;14(1):57-78. 42. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monog- raphs on the Evaluation of Cracinogenic Risks to Humans. 25 May 2017. Available from: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/ Classification/latest_classif.php [Website]
  • 43. American Throcic Society (ATS) Adverse Effects of Crystal- line Silica Exposure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:761–68.
  • 44. AnlarHG,TanerG,BacanliM,IritasS,KurtT,TutkunE,Yil- maz OH, Basaran N: Assessment of DNA damage in ceramic workers. Mutagenesis. 2017 Jul 19. doi: 10.1093/mutage/ gex016. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 45. Başaran N, Shubair M, Ündeğer Ü, Canpınar H, Kars A. Al- terations in Immune Parameters in Foundry and Pottery Wor- kers. Toxicology. 2002;178(2): 81-8.
  • 46. Başaran N, Shubair M, Undeger U, Kars A. Monitoring of DNA Damage in Foundry and Pottery Workers Exposed to Silica by the Alkaline Comet Assay. American Journal of In- dustrial Medicine. 2003;43(6): 602-10.
  • 47. Demircigil GC, Coskun E, Vidinli N, Erbay Y, Yilmaz M, Cimrin A, et al. Increased Micronucleus Frequencies in Sur- rogate and Target Cells from Workers Exposed to Crystalline Silica-containing Dust. Mutagenesis. 2010;25(2): 163-9.
  • 48. Cocco P, Ward MH, Buiatti E: Occupational risk factors for gastric cancer: an overview. Epidemiologic reviews 1996;18(2):218-34.
  • 49. Zheng W, Shu XO, Ji BT, Gao YT: Diet and other risk factors for cancer of the salivary glands:a population-based case-cont- rol study. International journal of cancer 1996;67(2):194-8.
  • 50. PanG,TakahashiK,FengY,LiuL,LiuT,ZhangS,etal.Nes- ted case-control study of esophageal cancer in relation to occu- pational exposure to silica and other dusts. American journal of industrial medicine 1999;35(3):272-80.
  • 51. 5510 Sayılı Sosyal Sağlık Sigortası ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu. 26200 Sayılı Resmi Gazete; 2006.
  • 52. Tozla Mücadele Yönetmeliği. 28812 Sayılı Resmi Gazete; 2013.
  • 53. İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliğine İlişkin Tehlike Sını arı Listesi Teb- liği. 27417 Sayılı Resmi Gazete; 2009.
  • 54. Sosyal Sigorta Sağlık İşlemleri Tüzüğü. 14223 Sayılı Resmi Gazete; 1972.
  • 55. Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA). Sili- ca, Crystalline Quartz (Respirable Fraction). [İnternet]. 2012. [Erişim tarihi 1 Haziran 2016]. Erişim adresi: https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_266740.html
  • 56. Industrial Minerals (IMA Europe). Occupational Exposure Limits in mg/m3 8 hours TWA–Respirable dust- in EU 271 + Norway & Switzerland. [İnternet]. 2010. [Erişim tarihi 10 Haziran 2016]. Erişim adresi: http://www.ima-europe.eu/ sites/imaeurope.eu/files/publications/OEL_FULL_TABLE_ May_2010_Europe.pdf
  • 57. Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı Meslek Hastalıkla- rı Rehberi. Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı; Ankara: 2013.
  • 58. Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu. 2014 Yılı İstatistik Yıllığı. Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu; Ankara, 2015.

Usage Areas of Silica and Possıble Toxic Effects Due To Silica Exposure

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 1, 17 - 29, 15.01.2019

Hatice Gül Anlar , Merve Bacanlı , Nurşen Başaran

Öz

The earth’s crust contains approximately 12 % free crystalline silica and silicon (Si) is the second most common element after oxygen. Therefore exposures to crystalline silica dust might occur in a large variety of occupations, including metal foundries, constructions and ceramic, quarry, pottery industries. Crystal- line silica exposure has been linked with silicosis, lung cancer and other pul- monary diseases. In recent years, studies conducted with silica-exposed workers have claimed that silica exposure have caused other cancers such as gastric, na- sopharyngeal, salivary gland cancer, liver cancer, bone cancer and brain cancer. Crystalline silica dust exposure in workers is still considered to be important health problem especially in developing countries. This review aims to give a brief summary of the current information about usage and toxic effects of silica in humans and up date regulations about cristalline silica exposure in our country.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Silicon dioxide occupational exposure silicosis cancer tuberculosis

Kaynakça

  • 1. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Hu- mans, Silica, Some Silicates, Coal Dust and Para-aramid Fib- rils, Lyon: IARC; 1997.
  • 2. Kocbach A, Li Y, Yttri KE, Cassee FR, Schwarze PE, Namork E: Physicochemical characterisation of combustion particles from vehicle exhaust and residential wood smoke. Particle and fibre toxicology 2006;3(1):1-10.
  • 3. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NI- OSH). NIOSH Hazard Review-Health Effects of Occupational Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica, Cincinnati: NIOSH; 2002.
  • 4. Weill H, Jones R, Parkes W: Silicosis and related diseases. Oc- cupational lung disorders. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd; Lon- don, England, 1994.
  • 5. Seiler HG, Sigel H, Sigel A: Handbook on toxicity of inor- ganic compounds. Marcel Dekker; New York, United States, 1988.
  • 6. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Oc- cupational Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica-Review of Health Effects Literature and Preliminary Quantitative Risk Assessment, Washington: OSHA; 2010.
  • 7. Flörke OW, Graetsch HA, Brunk F, Benda L, Paschen S, Berg- na HE, et al. Silica Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Che- mistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co; Weinhe- im, Germany, 2008.
  • 8. Ziskind M, Jones RN, Weill H. Silicosis: The American review of respiratory disease 1976;113(5):643-65.
  • 9. Castranova V, Vallyathan V, Ramsey DM, McLaurin JL, Pack D, Leonard S, et al. Augmentation of pulmonary reactions to quartz inhalation by trace amounts of iron-containing particles. Environmental health perspectives 1997;105 Suppl 5:1319-24.
  • 10. Vallyathan V, Castranova V, Pack D, Leonard S, Shumaker J, Hubbs AF, et al. Freshly fractured quartz inhalation leads to enhanced lung injury and in ammation. Potential role of free radicals. American journal of respiratory and critical care me- dicine 1995;152(3):1003-9.
  • 11. Hessel P, Sluis-Cremer G, Hnizdo E, Faure M, Thomas RG, Wiles F. Progression of silicosis in relation to silica dust expo- sure. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 1988;32(inhaled partic- les VI):689-96.
  • 12. Hnizdo E, Sluis-Cremer GK, Baskind E, Murray J: Emphyse- ma and airway obstruction in non-smoking South African gold miners with long exposure to silica dust. Occupational and en- vironmental medicine 1994;51(8):557-63.
  • 13. Hnizdo E, Murray J, Klempman S: Lung cancer in relation to exposure to silica dust, silicosis and uranium production in South African gold miners. Thorax 1997;52(3):271-5.
  • 14. Kreiss K, Zhen B: Risk of silicosis in a Colorado mi- ning community. American journal of industrial medicine 1996;30(5):529-39.
  • 15. Graham WG, Ashikaga T, Hemenway D, Weaver S: Radiog- raphic abnormalities in Vermont granite workers exposed to low levels of granite dust. Chest 1991;100(6):1507-15.
  • 16. Hnizdo E, Murray J, Sluis-Cremer GK, Thomas RG: Correla- tion between radiological and pathological diagnosis of silico- sis: an autopsy population based study. American journal of industrial medicine 1993;24(4):427-45.
  • 17. BuchananD,MillerB,SoutarC:Quantitativerelationsbetwe- en exposure to respirable quartz and risk of silicosis. Occupa- tional and environmental medicine 2003;60(3):159-64.
  • 18. ChenW,ZhuangZ,AttfieldM,ChenB,GaoP,HarrisonJ,et al. Exposure to silica and silicosis among tin miners in China: exposure-response analyses and risk assessment. Occupatio- nal and environmental medicine 2001;58(1):31-7.
  • 19. Park R, Rice F, Stayner L, Smith R, Gilbert S, Checkoway H: Exposure to crystalline silica, silicosis, and lung disease other than cancer in diatomaceous earth industry workers: a quantitative risk assessment. Occupational and environmental medicine 2002;59(1):36-43.
  • 20. Yang H, Yang L, Zhang J, Chen J: Natural course of silicosis in dust-exposed workers. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology Medical sciences 2006;26(2):257-60.
  • 21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Silicosis Mortality, Prevention, and Control. Atlanta: CDC; 2005.
  • 22. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Work-related lung disease surveillance report 2007. NIOSH; Morganton, North Carolina, United States, 2008.
  • 23. Mason RJ, Broaddus VC, Martin TR, King Jr TE, Schrauf- nagel D, Murray JF, et al. Murray and Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. Elsevier Inc.; Philadelphia, Pensilvania, United States, 2010.
  • 24. Beckett W, Abraham J, Becklake M, Christiani D, Cowie R, Davis G, et al. Adverse effects of crystalline silica exposure. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 1997;155:7.
  • 25. Calvert GM, Rice FL, Boiano JM, Sheehy JW, Sanderson WT. Occupational silica exposure and risk of various disea- ses: an analysis using death certificates from 27 states of the United States. Occupational and environmental medicine 2003;60(2):122-9.
  • 26. Hnizdo E, Murray J: Risk of pulmonary tuberculosis re- lative to silicosis and exposure to silica dust in South Afri- can gold miners. Occupational and environmental medicine 1998;55(7):496-502.
  • 27. teWaternaude JM, Ehrlich RI, Churchyard GJ, Pemba L, Dek- ker K, Vermeis M, et al. Tuberculosis and silica exposure in South African gold miners. Occupational and environmental medicine 2006;63(3):187-92.
  • 28. Cowie RL:The epidemiology of tuberculosis in gold miners with silicosis. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 1994;150(5 Pt 1):1460-2.
  • 29. Sherson D, Lander F: Morbidity of pulmonary tuberculosis among silicotic and nonsilicotic foundry workers in Denmark. Journal of occupational medicine : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association 1990;32(2):110-3.
  • 30. Charalambous S, Churchyard GJ, Murray J, De Cock KM, Corbett EL: Persistent radiological changes following miliary tuberculosis in miners exposed to silica dust. The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disea- se 2001;5(11):1044-50.
  • 31. Anandan S, Othman M, Cheong I, Chin G: Scleroderma se- condary to silica exposure--a case report. Singapore medical journal 1995;36(5):559-61.
  • 32. Masson C, Audran M, Pascaretti C, Chevailler A, Subra JF, Tuchais E, et al. Silica-associated systemic erythematosus lu- pus or mineral dust lupus? Lupus 1997;6(1):1-3.
  • 33. Haustein UF, Anderegg U: Silica induced scleroderma-- clinical and experimental aspects. The Journal of rheumato- logy 1998;25(10):1917-26.
  • 34. Kallenberg CG. Renal disease--another effect of silica exposu- re? Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - Europe- an Renal Association 1995;10(7):1117-9.
  • 35. Wilke R, Salisbury S, Abdel-Rahman E, Brazy P: Lupus-like autoimmune disease associated with silicosis. Nephrology Di- alysis Transplantation 1996;11(9):1835-8.
  • 36. Wilke RA. Occupational exposure to silica and end-stage re- nal disease. JAMA 1997;278(7):546-7.
  • 37. Castranova V: Signaling pathways controlling the production of in ammatory mediators in response to crystalline silica ex- posure: role of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. Free radical biology & medicine 2004;37(7):916-25.
  • 38. Johnston CJ, Driscoll KE, Finkelstein JN, Baggs R, O’Reilly MA, Carter J, et al. Pulmonary chemokine and mutagenic res- ponses in rats after subchronic inhalation of amorphous and crystalline silica. Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology 2000;56(2):405-13.
  • 39. Bonassi S, Milić M, Neri M: Frequency of micronuclei and other biomarkers of DNA damage in populations exposed to dusts, asbestos and other fibers. A systematic review. Mutat Res. 2016; 770(Pt A):106-18.
  • 40. Borm PJ, Tran L, Donaldson K: The carcinogenic action of crystalline silica: a review of the evidence supporting secon- dary in ammation-driven genotoxicity as a principal mecha- nism. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 41(9):756-70.
  • 41. Schins RP: Mechanisms of genotoxicity of particles and fibers. Inhal Toxicol. 2002;14(1):57-78. 42. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monog- raphs on the Evaluation of Cracinogenic Risks to Humans. 25 May 2017. Available from: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/ Classification/latest_classif.php [Website]
  • 43. American Throcic Society (ATS) Adverse Effects of Crystal- line Silica Exposure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:761–68.
  • 44. AnlarHG,TanerG,BacanliM,IritasS,KurtT,TutkunE,Yil- maz OH, Basaran N: Assessment of DNA damage in ceramic workers. Mutagenesis. 2017 Jul 19. doi: 10.1093/mutage/ gex016. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 45. Başaran N, Shubair M, Ündeğer Ü, Canpınar H, Kars A. Al- terations in Immune Parameters in Foundry and Pottery Wor- kers. Toxicology. 2002;178(2): 81-8.
  • 46. Başaran N, Shubair M, Undeger U, Kars A. Monitoring of DNA Damage in Foundry and Pottery Workers Exposed to Silica by the Alkaline Comet Assay. American Journal of In- dustrial Medicine. 2003;43(6): 602-10.
  • 47. Demircigil GC, Coskun E, Vidinli N, Erbay Y, Yilmaz M, Cimrin A, et al. Increased Micronucleus Frequencies in Sur- rogate and Target Cells from Workers Exposed to Crystalline Silica-containing Dust. Mutagenesis. 2010;25(2): 163-9.
  • 48. Cocco P, Ward MH, Buiatti E: Occupational risk factors for gastric cancer: an overview. Epidemiologic reviews 1996;18(2):218-34.
  • 49. Zheng W, Shu XO, Ji BT, Gao YT: Diet and other risk factors for cancer of the salivary glands:a population-based case-cont- rol study. International journal of cancer 1996;67(2):194-8.
  • 50. PanG,TakahashiK,FengY,LiuL,LiuT,ZhangS,etal.Nes- ted case-control study of esophageal cancer in relation to occu- pational exposure to silica and other dusts. American journal of industrial medicine 1999;35(3):272-80.
  • 51. 5510 Sayılı Sosyal Sağlık Sigortası ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu. 26200 Sayılı Resmi Gazete; 2006.
  • 52. Tozla Mücadele Yönetmeliği. 28812 Sayılı Resmi Gazete; 2013.
  • 53. İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliğine İlişkin Tehlike Sını arı Listesi Teb- liği. 27417 Sayılı Resmi Gazete; 2009.
  • 54. Sosyal Sigorta Sağlık İşlemleri Tüzüğü. 14223 Sayılı Resmi Gazete; 1972.
  • 55. Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA). Sili- ca, Crystalline Quartz (Respirable Fraction). [İnternet]. 2012. [Erişim tarihi 1 Haziran 2016]. Erişim adresi: https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_266740.html
  • 56. Industrial Minerals (IMA Europe). Occupational Exposure Limits in mg/m3 8 hours TWA–Respirable dust- in EU 271 + Norway & Switzerland. [İnternet]. 2010. [Erişim tarihi 10 Haziran 2016]. Erişim adresi: http://www.ima-europe.eu/ sites/imaeurope.eu/files/publications/OEL_FULL_TABLE_ May_2010_Europe.pdf
  • 57. Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı Meslek Hastalıkla- rı Rehberi. Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı; Ankara: 2013.
  • 58. Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu. 2014 Yılı İstatistik Yıllığı. Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu; Ankara, 2015.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Eczacılık ve İlaç Bilimleri
Bölüm Review Articles
Yazarlar

Hatice Gül Anlar

Merve Bacanlı

Nurşen Başaran

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ocak 2019
Kabul Tarihi 1 Eylül 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 39 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Anlar HG, Bacanlı M, Başaran N. Silikanın Kullanım Alanları ve Silika Maruziyetine Bağlı Olası Toksik Etkiler. HUJPHARM. 2019;39(1):17-29.