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Turkish Version, Validity and Reliability of the Handwriting Proficiency Screening Questionnaire

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 164 - 177, 30.04.2025

Arzu Demircioğlu Karagöz , Ülkü Kezban Şahin , Songül Atasavun Uysal

Öz

Objectives: Writing proficiency is important for a student's academic success in school. In our country, the number of questionnaires evaluating the factors related to the writing skills of school-age children is quite limited. For this reason, the aim of our study is to investigate the validity and reliability of the Handwriting Proficiency Screening Questionnaire (HPSQ) in Turkish.
Materials and Methods: This study included 200 children recruited from primary public schools. We evaluated the validity of the HPSQ using the Jebsen Hand Function Test (JHFT) to assess writing speed and legibility.
Results: The Cronbach’s alpha was found to be 0.76 for the legibility items (1, 2, 10), 0.72 for the performance time items (3, 4, 9), and 0.74 for the physical and emotional wellbeing items (5, 6, 7, 8). The intraclass correlation coefficient test-retest score was 0.96, and it was highly reliable.
Conclusion: In our study, there was a significant relationship between the HPSQ score and the legibility of the students' handwriting. The HPSQ, which is used to evaluate the handwriting of school children, was found to be valid and reliable in Turkish.

Anahtar Kelimeler

children handwriting questionnaire validity reliability

Kaynakça

  • Amundson, S. H. (2005). Prewriting and Handwriting Skills. In J. Case- Smith (Ed.), Occupational Therapy for children (5 ed., pp. 587- 614). St. Lois, Missouri: Elsevier.
  • Atasavun Uysal, S., & Aki, E. (2012). Relationship between writing skills and visual-motor control in low-vision students. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 115(1), 111-119. http://doi.org/10.2466/24.27.25.PMS.115.4.111-119
  • Atasavun Uysal, S., & Duger, T. (2012). Writing and reading training effects on font type and size preferences by students with low vision. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 114(3), 837-846. http://doi.org/10.2466/15.10.11.24
  • Beebe, J. A., & Lang C. E. (2009). Relationships and responsiveness of six upper extremity function tests during the first 6 months of recovery after stroke. Journal of Neurologic Physical Theraphy, 33(2), 96-103. http://doi.org/10.1097/NPT.0b013e3181a33638
  • Beekhuizen, K. S., & Field-Fote, E. C. (2005). Massed practice versus massed practice with stimulation: effects on upper extremity function and cortical plasticity in individuals with incomplete cervical spinal cord injury. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 19(1), 33-45. http://doi.org/10.1177/1545968305274
  • Daniel, M. E., & Froude, E. H. (1998). Reliability of occupational therapist and teacher evaluations of the handwriting quality of grade 5 and 6 primary school children. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 45(2), 48-58. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1630.1998.tb00782.x
  • Duval-White, C. J., Jirikowic, T., Rios, D., Deitz, J., & Olson, H. C. (2013). Functional handwriting performance in school-age children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67(5), 534-542. http://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2013.008243
  • Feder, K. P., & Majnemer, A. (2003). Children's handwriting evaluation tools and their psychometric properties. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 23(3), 65-84. http://doi.org/10.1080/J006v23n03_05
  • Graham, S., Berninger, V., Weintraub, N., & Schafer, W. (1998). Development of handwriting speed and legibility in grades 1–9. The Journal of Educational Research, 92(1), 42-52. http://doi.org/10.1080/00220679809597574
  • Graham, S., Struck, M., Santoro, J., & Berninger, V. W. (2006). Dimensions of good and poor handwriting legibility in first and second graders: Motor programs, visual–spatial arrangement, and letter formation parameter setting. Developmental Neuropsychology, 29(1), 43-60. http://doi.org/10.1207/s15326942dn2901_4
  • Graham, S., Weintraub, N., & Berninger, V. (2001). Which manuscript letters do primary grade children write legibly? Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(3), 488-497. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.93.3.488
  • Guillemin, F., Bombardier, C., & Beaton, D. (1993). Cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality of life measures: literature review and proposed guidelines. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 46(12), 1417-1432. http://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(93)90142-N
  • Jebsen, R. H. (1969). An objective and standardized test of hand function. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 50(6), 311-319.
  • Kushki, A., Chau, T., & Anagnostou, E. (2011). Handwriting difficulties in children with autism spectrum disorders: A scoping review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(12), 1706-1716. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1335-5
  • McHale, K., & Cermak, S. A. (1992). Fine motor activities in elementary school: Preliminary findings and provisional implications for children with fine motor problems. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 46(10), 898-903. http://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.46.10.898
  • Pade, M., Liberman, L., Sopher, R. S., & Ratzon, N. Z. (2018). Pressure distributions on the chair seat and backrest correlate with handwriting outcomes of school children. Work, 61(4), 639-646. http://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-182831
  • Parush, S., Lifshitz, N., Yochman, A., & Weintraub, N. (2010). Relationships between handwriting components and underlying perceptual-motor functions among students during copying and dictation tasks. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research: Occupation, Participation and Health, 30(1), 39-48. http://doi.org/10.3928/15394492-20091214-06
  • Prunty, M., & Barnett, A. L. (2017). Understanding handwriting difficulties: A comparison of children with and without motor impairment. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 34(3-4), 205-218. http://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2017.1376630
  • Reedman, S. E., Beagley, S., Sakzewski, L., & Boyd, R. N. (2016). The Jebsen Taylor test of hand function: a pilot test–retest reliability study in typically developing children. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 36(3), 292-304. http://doi.org/10.3109/01942638.2015.1040576
  • Rosenblum, S. (2008). Development, reliability, and validity of the Handwriting Proficiency Screening Questionnaire (HPSQ). American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62(3), 298-307.
  • Seo, S. M. (2018). The effect of fine motor skills on handwriting legibility in preschool age children. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 30(2), 324-327. http://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.30.324
  • Sharma, S., Schumacher Jr, H. R., & McLellan, A. T. (1994). Evaluation of the Jebson hand function test for use in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology, 7(1), 16-19. http://doi.org/10.1002/art.1790070105.
  • Sığırtmaç, İ. C., & Öksüz, Ç. (2021). Investigation of reliability, validity, and cutoff value of the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test. Journal of Hand Therapy, 34(3), 396-403. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jht.2020.01.004
  • Uyanık, M., Bumin, G., Düger, T., & Kayıhan, H. (2001). İlkokul öğrencilerinin yazı yazma performanslarına etki eden faktörlerin araştırılması. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 1(3), 161-166.
  • Yıldız, M., Açan, M., Berber, V., Bulut, S., & Zalimhan, R. (2015). İlkokul öğrencilerinin yazma sürecindeki ergonomik tercihleri: Kalem tutma, el tercihi, oturuş ve kağıt pozisyonu. International Journal of Social Science, 40, 61-71. http://doi.org/10.9761/JASSS3040
  • Ziviani, J., & Elkins, J. (1984). An evaluation of handwriting performance. Educational Review, 36(3), 249-261. http://doi.org/10.1080/0013191840360304

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 164 - 177, 30.04.2025

Arzu Demircioğlu Karagöz , Ülkü Kezban Şahin , Songül Atasavun Uysal

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Amundson, S. H. (2005). Prewriting and Handwriting Skills. In J. Case- Smith (Ed.), Occupational Therapy for children (5 ed., pp. 587- 614). St. Lois, Missouri: Elsevier.
  • Atasavun Uysal, S., & Aki, E. (2012). Relationship between writing skills and visual-motor control in low-vision students. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 115(1), 111-119. http://doi.org/10.2466/24.27.25.PMS.115.4.111-119
  • Atasavun Uysal, S., & Duger, T. (2012). Writing and reading training effects on font type and size preferences by students with low vision. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 114(3), 837-846. http://doi.org/10.2466/15.10.11.24
  • Beebe, J. A., & Lang C. E. (2009). Relationships and responsiveness of six upper extremity function tests during the first 6 months of recovery after stroke. Journal of Neurologic Physical Theraphy, 33(2), 96-103. http://doi.org/10.1097/NPT.0b013e3181a33638
  • Beekhuizen, K. S., & Field-Fote, E. C. (2005). Massed practice versus massed practice with stimulation: effects on upper extremity function and cortical plasticity in individuals with incomplete cervical spinal cord injury. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 19(1), 33-45. http://doi.org/10.1177/1545968305274
  • Daniel, M. E., & Froude, E. H. (1998). Reliability of occupational therapist and teacher evaluations of the handwriting quality of grade 5 and 6 primary school children. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 45(2), 48-58. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1630.1998.tb00782.x
  • Duval-White, C. J., Jirikowic, T., Rios, D., Deitz, J., & Olson, H. C. (2013). Functional handwriting performance in school-age children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67(5), 534-542. http://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2013.008243
  • Feder, K. P., & Majnemer, A. (2003). Children's handwriting evaluation tools and their psychometric properties. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 23(3), 65-84. http://doi.org/10.1080/J006v23n03_05
  • Graham, S., Berninger, V., Weintraub, N., & Schafer, W. (1998). Development of handwriting speed and legibility in grades 1–9. The Journal of Educational Research, 92(1), 42-52. http://doi.org/10.1080/00220679809597574
  • Graham, S., Struck, M., Santoro, J., & Berninger, V. W. (2006). Dimensions of good and poor handwriting legibility in first and second graders: Motor programs, visual–spatial arrangement, and letter formation parameter setting. Developmental Neuropsychology, 29(1), 43-60. http://doi.org/10.1207/s15326942dn2901_4
  • Graham, S., Weintraub, N., & Berninger, V. (2001). Which manuscript letters do primary grade children write legibly? Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(3), 488-497. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.93.3.488
  • Guillemin, F., Bombardier, C., & Beaton, D. (1993). Cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality of life measures: literature review and proposed guidelines. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 46(12), 1417-1432. http://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(93)90142-N
  • Jebsen, R. H. (1969). An objective and standardized test of hand function. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 50(6), 311-319.
  • Kushki, A., Chau, T., & Anagnostou, E. (2011). Handwriting difficulties in children with autism spectrum disorders: A scoping review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(12), 1706-1716. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1335-5
  • McHale, K., & Cermak, S. A. (1992). Fine motor activities in elementary school: Preliminary findings and provisional implications for children with fine motor problems. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 46(10), 898-903. http://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.46.10.898
  • Pade, M., Liberman, L., Sopher, R. S., & Ratzon, N. Z. (2018). Pressure distributions on the chair seat and backrest correlate with handwriting outcomes of school children. Work, 61(4), 639-646. http://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-182831
  • Parush, S., Lifshitz, N., Yochman, A., & Weintraub, N. (2010). Relationships between handwriting components and underlying perceptual-motor functions among students during copying and dictation tasks. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research: Occupation, Participation and Health, 30(1), 39-48. http://doi.org/10.3928/15394492-20091214-06
  • Prunty, M., & Barnett, A. L. (2017). Understanding handwriting difficulties: A comparison of children with and without motor impairment. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 34(3-4), 205-218. http://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2017.1376630
  • Reedman, S. E., Beagley, S., Sakzewski, L., & Boyd, R. N. (2016). The Jebsen Taylor test of hand function: a pilot test–retest reliability study in typically developing children. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 36(3), 292-304. http://doi.org/10.3109/01942638.2015.1040576
  • Rosenblum, S. (2008). Development, reliability, and validity of the Handwriting Proficiency Screening Questionnaire (HPSQ). American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62(3), 298-307.
  • Seo, S. M. (2018). The effect of fine motor skills on handwriting legibility in preschool age children. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 30(2), 324-327. http://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.30.324
  • Sharma, S., Schumacher Jr, H. R., & McLellan, A. T. (1994). Evaluation of the Jebson hand function test for use in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology, 7(1), 16-19. http://doi.org/10.1002/art.1790070105.
  • Sığırtmaç, İ. C., & Öksüz, Ç. (2021). Investigation of reliability, validity, and cutoff value of the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test. Journal of Hand Therapy, 34(3), 396-403. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jht.2020.01.004
  • Uyanık, M., Bumin, G., Düger, T., & Kayıhan, H. (2001). İlkokul öğrencilerinin yazı yazma performanslarına etki eden faktörlerin araştırılması. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 1(3), 161-166.
  • Yıldız, M., Açan, M., Berber, V., Bulut, S., & Zalimhan, R. (2015). İlkokul öğrencilerinin yazma sürecindeki ergonomik tercihleri: Kalem tutma, el tercihi, oturuş ve kağıt pozisyonu. International Journal of Social Science, 40, 61-71. http://doi.org/10.9761/JASSS3040
  • Ziviani, J., & Elkins, J. (1984). An evaluation of handwriting performance. Educational Review, 36(3), 249-261. http://doi.org/10.1080/0013191840360304
Toplam 26 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Arzu Demircioğlu Karagöz 0000-0003-3432-6343

Ülkü Kezban Şahin 0000-0001-8972-4774

Songül Atasavun Uysal

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 25 Nisan 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Demircioğlu Karagöz, A., Şahin, Ü. K., & Atasavun Uysal, S. (2025). Turkish Version, Validity and Reliability of the Handwriting Proficiency Screening Questionnaire. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 12(1), 164-177. https://doi.org/10.21020/husbfd.1306277
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