Kene Felci Olan Köpeklerde Bazı Fiziksel Muayene ve Serum Biyokimyası Parametrelerinin Tanısal Etkinliği
Öz
Kene felcini tanımak, ölümcül olabileceğinden çok önemlidir, ancak spesifik bir tanı testi bulunmamaktadır. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada rutin klinik muayenelerin ve seçilmiş laboratuvar analizlerinin tanısal etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi ve kene felci olan köpeklerde kene yükünün semptomların şiddeti üzerindeki etkisinin anlaşılması amaçlanmıştır. Kene felci tanısı ex juvantibus yöntemi ile doğrulanan 14 köpek, kene sayısına göre Düşük Kene (1-4 kene, n=7) ve Yüksek Kene (5-60 kene, n=7) alt gruplarına ayrıldı. Sağlıklı grup, hastalık geçmişi olmayan köpeklerden oluşturuldu (n=7). Tüm köpeklerin fiziksel muayeneleri ve bazı seçilmiş serum biyokimya profili analizleri karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirildi. Tüm parametrelerin tanısal etkinliği, ROC-tabanlı tanı performans analizi ile araştırıldı. Kene felci olan köpeklerin solunum hızı, sağlıklı köpeklere göre daha yüksekti (p<0.0001). Yüksek Kene grubundaki köpeklerin vücut sıcaklığı ve nabzı diğer gruplardaki köpeklere göre daha yüksekti (p<0.0001). Kapillar tekrar dolum zamanı (CRT) Yüksek Kene grubunda diğer gruplara göre daha kısaydı (p=0.018). Total protein, kan üre azotu (BUN) ve total bilirubin düzeyleri Yüksek Kene grubunda diğer gruplara göre daha yüksekti (p=0.035). Kene sayısı arttıkça, kenelerin toksin salgılama hızı ve hacmi nedeniyle araştırılan analitlerin tanı performansının güçlü bir şekilde arttığı kanısına varıldı. Fakat, özgüllüklerinin düşük olması nedeniyle bu parametrelerin diğer bulgularla birlikte değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
akut flasid paraliz kene paralizi köpek serum biyokimyası tanı
Kaynakça
- Atwell RB, Campbell FE, Evans EA, 2001: Prospective survey of tick paralysis in dogs. Aust Vet J, 79, 412−418.
- Aydın L, Bakırcı S, 2007: Geographical distribution of ticks in Turkey. Parasitol Res, 101 (2), 163-166.
- Barrett PM, Topol EJ, 2016: To truly look inside. The Lancet, 387, 1268-1269.
- Bhutani VK, Johnson L, 2009: Kernicterus in the 21st century: Frequently asked questions. J Perinatol, 29 (Suppl 1), 20–24.
- Boffey GC, Paterson DC, 1973: Creatine phosphokinase elevation in a case of tick paralysis. Can Med Ass J, 108, 866.
- Bowley MP, Chad AD, 2019: Clinical neurophysiology of demyelinating polyneuropathy. Handb Clin Neurol, 161 (3), 241-268.
- Bradbury CA, 2017: Jaundice. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, Côté E (eds), Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (8th Ed), St Louis, MO, USA: Elsevier, pp. 214–216.
- Ceylan O, Dik B, İlhan C, İder M, Gülersoy E, 2019: The first case of anal myiasis caused by Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819) in a dog infested with Rhiphicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) ticks suspected to cause paralysis in Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 25, 721−724.
- Eyer F, Zilker T, 2007: Bench-to-bedside review: Mechanisms and management of hyperthermia due to toxicity. Crit Care, 11 (6), 236.
- Fadia M, Shroff S, Simpson E, 2019: Immune-Mediated Neuropathies. Curr Treat Op Neu, 21 (6), 28.
- Guiloff RJ, McGregor B, Thompson E, Blackwood W, Paul E, 1980: Motor neurone disease with elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 43 (5), 390-396.
- Gülersoy E, Günal İ, 2022: Atypical Presentation of a Tick Paralysis in a Dog. Acta Vet Indones, 10 (1), 23-30.
- Gülersoy E, Erol BB, Ok M, Sevinç M, 2023: Evaluation of qSOFA and variation of hematochemical profile in cats naturally infected with feline panleukopenia virus. Open Vet Sci, 4 (1), 20220118.
- Guo Q, Hu W, Xu L, Luo H, Wang N, Zhang Q, 2021: Decreased serum creatinine levels predict short survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Clin Trans Neuro, 8, 448-455.
- Herndon AM, Thompson AT, Mack C, 2018: Diagnosis and treatment of lower motor neuron disease in Australian dogs and cats. J Vet Med, 1018230.
- Holland CT, 2008: Asymmetrical focal neurological deficits in dogs and cats with naturally occurring tick paralysis (Ixodes holocyclus): 27 cases (1999-2006). Aust Vet J, 86 (10), 377-384.
- Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S, 2000: Applied Logistic Regression. In: Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S, Applied Logistic Regression (2nd Ed). New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 160–164.
- İça A, Çetin H, 2016: Kenelerde Kırım Kongo Kanamalı Ateşi virüsünün moleküler yöntemlerle araştırılması. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 63, 251-257.
- Ilkiw JE, Turner DM, 1987: Infestation in the dog by the paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus. 2. Blood-gas and pH, haematological and biochemical findings. Aust Vet J, 64 (5), 139-142.
- Kaur A, Rohit, Aran KR, 2025: Unraveling the dual role of bilirubin in neurological Diseases: A Comprehensive exploration of its neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects. Brain Res, 15, 149472.
- Leister E, Morton J, Atwell R, Webster R, 2017: Clinical presentations, treatments and risk factors for mortality in cats with tick paralysis caused by Ixodes holocyclus: 2077 cases (2008–2016). J Felin Med Surg, 20, 465–478.
- Lim AK, 2020: Abnormal liver function tests associated with severe rhabdomyolysis. World J Gastroenterol, 26, 1020-1028.
- Malik R, Farrow BR, 1991: Tick paralysis in North America and Australia. Vet Clin N Am: Small Anim Pract, 21 (1), 157-171.
- Marx A, Glass JD, Sutter RW, 2000: Differential diagnosis of acute flaccid paralysis and its role in poliomyelitis surveillance. Epidemiol Rev, 22 (2), 298-316.
- McGee S, 2012: Evidence-based physical diagnosis. 3rd ed., Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.
- Nathwani RA, Pais S, Reynolds TB, Kaplowitz N, 2005: Serum alanine aminotransferase in skeletal muscle diseases. Hepatology, 41, 380-382.
- Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Tarallo VD, Ramos RA, Stanneck D, Baneth G, de Caprariis D, 2012: Apparent tick paralysis by Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) in dogs. Vet Parasitol, 188 (3-4), 325-329.
- Padula AM, 2016: Tick paralysis of animals in Australia. In: Gopalakrishnakone, Faiz SMA, Gnanathasan CA, Habib AG, Fernando R, Yang C (Ed), Clinical Toxinology in Asia Pacific and Africa. Netherlands: Springer, pp. 265−285
- Padula AM, Leister EM, Webster RA, 2020: Tick paralysis in dogs and cats in Australia: Treatment and prevention deliverables from 100 years of research. Aust Vet J, 98, 53−59.
- Schober P, Boer C, Schwarte LA, 2018: Correlation coefficients: Appropriate use and interpretation. Anesth Analg, 126 (5), 1763-1768.
- Shaffran N, 2008: Pain management: The veterinary technician’s perspective. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract, 38, 1415–1428.
- Shapiro SM, 2012: Kernicterus. In: Stevenson DK, Maisels MJ, Watchko JF (Ed), Care of the Jaundiced Neonate. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
- Shelton GD, 2002: Myasthenia gravis and disorders of neuromuscular transmission. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract, 32 (1), 189-206.
- Simon LV, West B, McKinney WP, 2023: Tick Paralysis. In StatPearls. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470478/. Access date: 16.02.2025
- Soulsby EJL, 2005: Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals (7th Ed). New Delhi, India: Elsevier India Private Limited.
- Terrault NA, Lok ASF, McMahon BJ, Chang KM, Hwang JP, Jonas MM, Wong JB, 2018: Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology, 67 (4), 1560-1599.
Diagnostic Efficacy of Certain Physical Examination and Serum Biochemistry Parameters in Dogs with Tick Paralysis
Öz
Recognizing tick paralysis is crucial as it can be fatal, but no specific diagnostic test exists. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic effectiveness of routine clinical examinations and selected laboratory analytes and to understand the impact of tick burden on the severity of symptoms in tick-paralyzed dogs. Fourteen dogs, whose diagnosis of tick paralysis was confirmed by the ex juvantibus method, were divided into Low Tick (1-4 ticks, n=7) and High Tick (5-60 ticks, n=7) subgroups based on the number of ticks. The healthy group consisted of dogs with no disease history (n=7). Physical examinations and certain serum biochemistry profile analyses of all the dogs were evaluated comparatively. The diagnostic efficiency of all the parameters was investigated by ROC-based diagnostic performance analysis. The respiratory rate of the dogs with tick paralysis was higher than that of the healthy dogs (p<0.0001). The body temperature and heart rate of the High Tick group dogs were higher than those in the other groups (p<0.0001). Capillary refill time (CRT) was shorter in the High Tick group than in the other groups (p=0.018). Total protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and total bilirubin levels were higher in the High Tick group than in the other groups (p=0.035). It was concluded that as the number of ticks increases, the diagnostic performance of the investigated analytes improves potently due to the rate and volume of toxin secretion by the ticks. However, they should be evaluated together with other parameters due to their low specificity.
Anahtar Kelimeler
acute flaccid paralysis diagnosis dog serum biochemistry tick paralysis
Etik Beyan
This study was approved by the Harran University Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee (09.05.2022, 2021/003 Number Ethics Committee Decision). In addition, the authors declared that Research and Publication Ethical rules were followed.
Destekleyen Kurum
None.
Teşekkür
None.
Kaynakça
- Atwell RB, Campbell FE, Evans EA, 2001: Prospective survey of tick paralysis in dogs. Aust Vet J, 79, 412−418.
- Aydın L, Bakırcı S, 2007: Geographical distribution of ticks in Turkey. Parasitol Res, 101 (2), 163-166.
- Barrett PM, Topol EJ, 2016: To truly look inside. The Lancet, 387, 1268-1269.
- Bhutani VK, Johnson L, 2009: Kernicterus in the 21st century: Frequently asked questions. J Perinatol, 29 (Suppl 1), 20–24.
- Boffey GC, Paterson DC, 1973: Creatine phosphokinase elevation in a case of tick paralysis. Can Med Ass J, 108, 866.
- Bowley MP, Chad AD, 2019: Clinical neurophysiology of demyelinating polyneuropathy. Handb Clin Neurol, 161 (3), 241-268.
- Bradbury CA, 2017: Jaundice. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, Côté E (eds), Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (8th Ed), St Louis, MO, USA: Elsevier, pp. 214–216.
- Ceylan O, Dik B, İlhan C, İder M, Gülersoy E, 2019: The first case of anal myiasis caused by Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819) in a dog infested with Rhiphicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) ticks suspected to cause paralysis in Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 25, 721−724.
- Eyer F, Zilker T, 2007: Bench-to-bedside review: Mechanisms and management of hyperthermia due to toxicity. Crit Care, 11 (6), 236.
- Fadia M, Shroff S, Simpson E, 2019: Immune-Mediated Neuropathies. Curr Treat Op Neu, 21 (6), 28.
- Guiloff RJ, McGregor B, Thompson E, Blackwood W, Paul E, 1980: Motor neurone disease with elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 43 (5), 390-396.
- Gülersoy E, Günal İ, 2022: Atypical Presentation of a Tick Paralysis in a Dog. Acta Vet Indones, 10 (1), 23-30.
- Gülersoy E, Erol BB, Ok M, Sevinç M, 2023: Evaluation of qSOFA and variation of hematochemical profile in cats naturally infected with feline panleukopenia virus. Open Vet Sci, 4 (1), 20220118.
- Guo Q, Hu W, Xu L, Luo H, Wang N, Zhang Q, 2021: Decreased serum creatinine levels predict short survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Clin Trans Neuro, 8, 448-455.
- Herndon AM, Thompson AT, Mack C, 2018: Diagnosis and treatment of lower motor neuron disease in Australian dogs and cats. J Vet Med, 1018230.
- Holland CT, 2008: Asymmetrical focal neurological deficits in dogs and cats with naturally occurring tick paralysis (Ixodes holocyclus): 27 cases (1999-2006). Aust Vet J, 86 (10), 377-384.
- Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S, 2000: Applied Logistic Regression. In: Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S, Applied Logistic Regression (2nd Ed). New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 160–164.
- İça A, Çetin H, 2016: Kenelerde Kırım Kongo Kanamalı Ateşi virüsünün moleküler yöntemlerle araştırılması. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 63, 251-257.
- Ilkiw JE, Turner DM, 1987: Infestation in the dog by the paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus. 2. Blood-gas and pH, haematological and biochemical findings. Aust Vet J, 64 (5), 139-142.
- Kaur A, Rohit, Aran KR, 2025: Unraveling the dual role of bilirubin in neurological Diseases: A Comprehensive exploration of its neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects. Brain Res, 15, 149472.
- Leister E, Morton J, Atwell R, Webster R, 2017: Clinical presentations, treatments and risk factors for mortality in cats with tick paralysis caused by Ixodes holocyclus: 2077 cases (2008–2016). J Felin Med Surg, 20, 465–478.
- Lim AK, 2020: Abnormal liver function tests associated with severe rhabdomyolysis. World J Gastroenterol, 26, 1020-1028.
- Malik R, Farrow BR, 1991: Tick paralysis in North America and Australia. Vet Clin N Am: Small Anim Pract, 21 (1), 157-171.
- Marx A, Glass JD, Sutter RW, 2000: Differential diagnosis of acute flaccid paralysis and its role in poliomyelitis surveillance. Epidemiol Rev, 22 (2), 298-316.
- McGee S, 2012: Evidence-based physical diagnosis. 3rd ed., Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.
- Nathwani RA, Pais S, Reynolds TB, Kaplowitz N, 2005: Serum alanine aminotransferase in skeletal muscle diseases. Hepatology, 41, 380-382.
- Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Tarallo VD, Ramos RA, Stanneck D, Baneth G, de Caprariis D, 2012: Apparent tick paralysis by Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) in dogs. Vet Parasitol, 188 (3-4), 325-329.
- Padula AM, 2016: Tick paralysis of animals in Australia. In: Gopalakrishnakone, Faiz SMA, Gnanathasan CA, Habib AG, Fernando R, Yang C (Ed), Clinical Toxinology in Asia Pacific and Africa. Netherlands: Springer, pp. 265−285
- Padula AM, Leister EM, Webster RA, 2020: Tick paralysis in dogs and cats in Australia: Treatment and prevention deliverables from 100 years of research. Aust Vet J, 98, 53−59.
- Schober P, Boer C, Schwarte LA, 2018: Correlation coefficients: Appropriate use and interpretation. Anesth Analg, 126 (5), 1763-1768.
- Shaffran N, 2008: Pain management: The veterinary technician’s perspective. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract, 38, 1415–1428.
- Shapiro SM, 2012: Kernicterus. In: Stevenson DK, Maisels MJ, Watchko JF (Ed), Care of the Jaundiced Neonate. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
- Shelton GD, 2002: Myasthenia gravis and disorders of neuromuscular transmission. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract, 32 (1), 189-206.
- Simon LV, West B, McKinney WP, 2023: Tick Paralysis. In StatPearls. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470478/. Access date: 16.02.2025
- Soulsby EJL, 2005: Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals (7th Ed). New Delhi, India: Elsevier India Private Limited.
- Terrault NA, Lok ASF, McMahon BJ, Chang KM, Hwang JP, Jonas MM, Wong JB, 2018: Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology, 67 (4), 1560-1599.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Veteriner İç Hastalıkları |
| Bölüm | Araştıma |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 19 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 18 Mart 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 3 Haziran 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1 |
