Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Which Parenting Style is More Sexist? Evidence from Türkiye

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 94 - 110

Veysi Baydar

https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1609362

Öz

The research explores the association between parenting styles and sexist attitudes among university students in Türkiye. It focuses on four parenting styles — authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, and neglectful — and examines their association with benevolent and hostile sexism. The sample comprised 371 university students aged 18 to 25. The participants completed questionnaires that assessed their perceptions of parenting styles as well as the levels of benevolent and hostile sexism they exhibited. The results indicated that authoritarian parenting was associated with higher benevolent and hostile sexism, while indulgent parenting was linked to lower sexism. Curiously, authoritative parenting, typically associated with positive development outcomes, also showed higher sexism, suggesting that its control dimension may reinforce traditional gender roles. The study highlights the importance of considering gendered socialization processes in understanding the development of sexist attitudes. It suggests parenting interventions should promote nurturing and supportive styles while minimizing controlling behaviors.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sexism Authoritative Indulgent Authoritarian Neglectful Parenting

Kaynakça

  • Alcaide, M., Garcia, O. F., Queiroz, P., & Garcia, F. (2023). Adjustment and maladjustment to later life: Evidence about early experiences in the family. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1059458. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1059458.
  • Aunola, K., Stattin, H., & Nurmi, J.-E. (2000). Parenting styles and adolescents' achievement strategies. Journal of Adolescence, 23(2), 205–222. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2000.0308.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • Barni, D., Fiorilli, C., Romano, L., Zagrean, I., Alfieri, S., & Russo, C. (2022). Gender prejudice within the family: The relation between parents' sexism and their socialization values. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 846016. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.846016
  • Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Developmental, 37(4), 887-907. https://doi.org/10.2307/1126611
  • Baumrind, D. (1967). Child-care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75(1), 43–88.
  • Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4(1), 1-103. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030372
  • Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431691111004
  • Brandt, M. J. (2011). Sexism and gender inequality across 57 societies. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1413–1418. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611420445
  • Bornstein M. H. (2012). Cultural approaches to parenting. Parenting: Science and Practice, 12(2-3), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2012.683359
  • Bornstein, M. H. (2013). Parenting × gender × culture × time. In W. B. Wilcox & K. K. Kline (Eds.), Gender and parenthood: Biological and social scientific perspectives (pp. 91-119). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Bosson, J. K., Parrott, D. J., Swan, S. C., Kuchynka, S. L., & Schramm, A. T. (2015). A dangerous boomerang: Injunctive norms, hostile sexist attitudes, and male-to-female sexual aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 41(6), 580–593. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21597
  • Brown, C. S., & Stone, E. A. (2016). Gender stereotypes and discrimination: How sexism impacts development. In J. B. Benson (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (pp. 105-133). Elsevier Inc.
  • Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Psychological Review, 106(4), 676-713.
  • Butler-Wall, A., Cosier, K., Harper, R. L. S, Sapp, J., Sokolower, J., & Tempel, M. B. (2016). Rethinking sexism, gender, and sexuality. Milwaukee: Rethinking Schools Publication.
  • Calafat, A., García, F., Juan, M., Becoña, E., & Fernández-Hermida, J. R. (2014). Which parenting style is more protective against adolescent substance use? Evidence within the European context. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 138, 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.705
  • Carlo, G., White, R. M. B., Streit, C., Knight, G. P., & Zeiders, K. H. (2018). Longitudinal relations among parenting styles, prosocial behaviors, and academic outcomes in U.S. Mexican adolescents. Child Development, 89(2), 577-592. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12761
  • Collins, W. A. & Steinberg, L. (2006). Adolescent development in interpersonal context. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology vol. three: Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed.) (pp. 1003-1049). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487–496. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487
  • Dobash R. E. & Dobash, R. (1979) Violence against wives: A Case against the patriarchy. New York: Free Press.
  • Dökmen, Z. Y. (2010). Toplumsal cinsiyet: Sosyal psikolojik açıklamalar [Gender: Social psychological explanations]. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Ellemers N. (2018). Gender stereotypes. Annual Review of Psychology, 69, 275–298. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011719
  • Else-Quest, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2018). The psychology of women and gender: Half the human experience + (5th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Epstein, M., & Ward, L. M. (2011). Exploring parent-adolescent communication about gender: Results from adolescent and emerging adult samples. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 65(1-2), 108–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9975-7
  • Gallahan, L. B. (2002). Research and conceptual approaches to the understanding of gender. In M. Biaggio, M. Hersen (Eds.), Issues in the psychology of women (pp. 33-52). New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Garaigordobil, M., & Aliri, J. (2012). Parental socialization styles, parents' educational level, and sexist attitudes in adolescence. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 592–603. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n2.38870
  • Garcia, O. F., & Serra, E. (2019). Raising children with poor school performance: Parenting styles and short- and long-term consequences for adolescent and adult development. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(7), 1089. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071089
  • Garcia, F., Serra, E., Garcia, O. F., Martinez, I., & Cruise, E. (2019). A third emerging stage for the current digital society? Optimal parenting styles in Spain, the United States, Germany, and Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13), 2333. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132333
  • Garcia, O. F., Fuentes, M. C., Gracia, E., Serra, E., & Garcia, F. (2020). Parenting warmth and strictness across three generations: parenting styles and psychosocial adjustment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 7487. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207487
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Hangi Yetiştirme Stili Daha Cinsiyetçi? Türkiye'den Kanıtlar

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 94 - 110

Veysi Baydar

https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1609362

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'deki üniversite öğrencileri arasında yetiştirme stilleri ve cinsiyetçi tutumlar arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Araştırma, dört yetiştirme stiline — açıklayıcı otoriter, hoşgörülü, otoriter ve ihmalkâr — odaklanmakta ve bunların korumacı ve düşmanca cinsiyetçilikle ilişkisini incelemektedir. Örneklem, yaşları 18 ile 25 arasında değişen 371 üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Katılımcılar, ebeveynlerinin yetiştirme stillerine dair algılarını ve kendi korumacı ve düşmanca cinsiyetçilik düzeylerini değerlendiren ölçekleri doldurmuştur. Sonuçlar, otoriter yetiştirme stilinin diğer stillere göre daha yüksek korumacı ve düşmanca cinsiyetçilik barındırdığını; hoşgörülü yetiştirme stilinin ise daha düşük cinsiyetçilikle ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. İlginç bir şekilde, genellikle olumlu gelişim sonuçlarıyla ilişkilendirilen açıklayıcı yetiştirme stili de otoriter yetiştirme stili gibi yüksek cinsiyetçilik göstermiştir. Bu durum, açıklayıcı otoriter yetiştirme stilindeki yüksek talep ve kontrol düzeyinin geleneksel cinsiyet rollerini pekiştirebileceğini düşündürmektedir. Çalışma, cinsiyetçi tutumların gelişimini anlamada cinsiyetlendirilmiş sosyalleşme süreçlerinin önemini vurgulamakta ve ebeveynlik müdahalelerinin destekleyici ve besleyici yönünü teşvik ederken kontrol edici davranışları en aza indirmesi gerektiğini önermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cinsiyetçilik Açıklayıcı Otoriter Hoşgörülü Otoriter İhmalkâr Yetiştirme Stili

Etik Beyan

Etik Kurul'dan gerekli izin alınmış ve çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde etik ilkelere uyulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Alcaide, M., Garcia, O. F., Queiroz, P., & Garcia, F. (2023). Adjustment and maladjustment to later life: Evidence about early experiences in the family. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1059458. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1059458.
  • Aunola, K., Stattin, H., & Nurmi, J.-E. (2000). Parenting styles and adolescents' achievement strategies. Journal of Adolescence, 23(2), 205–222. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2000.0308.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • Barni, D., Fiorilli, C., Romano, L., Zagrean, I., Alfieri, S., & Russo, C. (2022). Gender prejudice within the family: The relation between parents' sexism and their socialization values. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 846016. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.846016
  • Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Developmental, 37(4), 887-907. https://doi.org/10.2307/1126611
  • Baumrind, D. (1967). Child-care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75(1), 43–88.
  • Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4(1), 1-103. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030372
  • Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431691111004
  • Brandt, M. J. (2011). Sexism and gender inequality across 57 societies. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1413–1418. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611420445
  • Bornstein M. H. (2012). Cultural approaches to parenting. Parenting: Science and Practice, 12(2-3), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2012.683359
  • Bornstein, M. H. (2013). Parenting × gender × culture × time. In W. B. Wilcox & K. K. Kline (Eds.), Gender and parenthood: Biological and social scientific perspectives (pp. 91-119). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Bosson, J. K., Parrott, D. J., Swan, S. C., Kuchynka, S. L., & Schramm, A. T. (2015). A dangerous boomerang: Injunctive norms, hostile sexist attitudes, and male-to-female sexual aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 41(6), 580–593. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21597
  • Brown, C. S., & Stone, E. A. (2016). Gender stereotypes and discrimination: How sexism impacts development. In J. B. Benson (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (pp. 105-133). Elsevier Inc.
  • Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Psychological Review, 106(4), 676-713.
  • Butler-Wall, A., Cosier, K., Harper, R. L. S, Sapp, J., Sokolower, J., & Tempel, M. B. (2016). Rethinking sexism, gender, and sexuality. Milwaukee: Rethinking Schools Publication.
  • Calafat, A., García, F., Juan, M., Becoña, E., & Fernández-Hermida, J. R. (2014). Which parenting style is more protective against adolescent substance use? Evidence within the European context. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 138, 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.705
  • Carlo, G., White, R. M. B., Streit, C., Knight, G. P., & Zeiders, K. H. (2018). Longitudinal relations among parenting styles, prosocial behaviors, and academic outcomes in U.S. Mexican adolescents. Child Development, 89(2), 577-592. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12761
  • Collins, W. A. & Steinberg, L. (2006). Adolescent development in interpersonal context. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology vol. three: Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed.) (pp. 1003-1049). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487–496. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487
  • Dobash R. E. & Dobash, R. (1979) Violence against wives: A Case against the patriarchy. New York: Free Press.
  • Dökmen, Z. Y. (2010). Toplumsal cinsiyet: Sosyal psikolojik açıklamalar [Gender: Social psychological explanations]. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Ellemers N. (2018). Gender stereotypes. Annual Review of Psychology, 69, 275–298. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011719
  • Else-Quest, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2018). The psychology of women and gender: Half the human experience + (5th ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Epstein, M., & Ward, L. M. (2011). Exploring parent-adolescent communication about gender: Results from adolescent and emerging adult samples. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 65(1-2), 108–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9975-7
  • Gallahan, L. B. (2002). Research and conceptual approaches to the understanding of gender. In M. Biaggio, M. Hersen (Eds.), Issues in the psychology of women (pp. 33-52). New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Garaigordobil, M., & Aliri, J. (2012). Parental socialization styles, parents' educational level, and sexist attitudes in adolescence. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 592–603. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n2.38870
  • Garcia, O. F., & Serra, E. (2019). Raising children with poor school performance: Parenting styles and short- and long-term consequences for adolescent and adult development. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(7), 1089. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071089
  • Garcia, F., Serra, E., Garcia, O. F., Martinez, I., & Cruise, E. (2019). A third emerging stage for the current digital society? Optimal parenting styles in Spain, the United States, Germany, and Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13), 2333. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132333
  • Garcia, O. F., Fuentes, M. C., Gracia, E., Serra, E., & Garcia, F. (2020). Parenting warmth and strictness across three generations: parenting styles and psychosocial adjustment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 7487. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207487
  • Glick, P., & Fiske, S.T. (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491–512.
  • Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1997). Hostile and benevolent sexism: Measuring ambivalent sexist attitudes toward women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(1), 119-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00104.x
  • Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (2001). An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American Psychologist, 56(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.2.109
  • Glick, P., Lameiras, M., Fiske, S. T., Eckes, T., Masser, B., Volpato, C., Manganelli, A. M., Pek, J. C. X., Huang, L.-l., Sakalli-Uğurlu, N., Castro, Y. R., D'Avila Pereira, M. L., Willemsen, T. M., Brunner, A., Six-Materna, I., & Wells, R. (2004). Bad but bold: Ambivalent attitudes toward men predict gender inequality in 16 nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(5), 713–728. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.5.713
  • Gray, M. R., & Steinberg, L. (1999). Unpacking authoritative parenting: Reassessing a multidimensional construct. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(3), 574–587. https://doi.org/10.2307/353561
  • Paul Halpern, H., & Perry-Jenkins, M. (2016). Parents' gender ideology and gendered behavior as predictors of children's gender-role attitudes: A longitudinal exploration. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 74(11), 527–542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-015-0539-0
  • Hand, C. (2018). Everything you need to know about sexism. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
  • Haslett, B. B., & Lipman, S. (1997). Micro inequities: Up close and personal. In N. V. Benokraitis (Ed.), Subtle sexism: Current practice and prospects for change (pp. 34–53). Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Khaleque, A. (2021). Parenting and child development: across ethnicity and culture. California: Praeger.
  • Kuppens, S., & Ceulemans, E. (2019). Parenting styles: A closer look at a well-known concept. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(1), 168–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1242-x
  • La Bella, L. (2018). Confronting sexism. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
  • Lamborn, S. D., Mounts, N. S., Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 62(5), 1049-1065. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01588.x
  • Leaper, C. (2000). The social construction and socialization of gender during development. In P. H. Miller & E. K. Scholnick (Eds.), Toward a feminist developmental psychology (pp. 127–152). Routledge.
  • Leaper, C., & Friedman, C. K. (2007). The Socialization of Gender. In J. E. Grusec & P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 561–587). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Lipowska, M., Lipowski, M., & Pawlicka, P. (2016). “Daughter and son: a completely different story”? Gender as a moderator of the relationship between sexism and parental attitudes. Health Psychology Report, 4(3), 224–236. https://doi.org/10.5114/hpr.2016.62221
  • Liss, M., Richmond, K., & Erchull, M. J. (2019). Psychology of women and gender. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
  • Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.) & E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. IV. Socialization, personality and social development (pp. 1-101). Wiley.
  • Martínez, I., & García, J. F. (2007). Impact of parenting styles on adolescents' self-esteem and internalization of values in Spain. The Spanish journal of psychology, 10(2), 338–348. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600006600
  • Mesman, J., & Groeneveld, M. G. (2018). Gendered parenting in early childhood: Subtle but unmistakable if you know where to look. Child Development Perspectives, 12(1), 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12250
  • Montañés, P., de Lemus, S., Bohner, G., Megías, J. L., Moya, M., & Garcia-Retamero, R. (2012). Intergenerational transmission of benevolent sexism from mothers to daughters and its relation to daughters’ academic performance and goals. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 66(7-8), 468–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-0116-0
  • Moscatelli, S. & Rubini, M. (2009). Parenting styles in adolescence: The role of warmth, strictness, and psychological autonomy granting in influencing collective self-esteem and expectations for the future. In P. H. Krause, T. M. Dailey (Eds.), Handbook of parenting: styles, stresses and strategies (Family Issues in the 21st Century Series) (pp. 341-349). New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
  • Oakley, A. (1985). Sex, gender and society. Aldershot: Gower Publishing Company Limited.
  • O’Keeffe, A. T. (2002). Parenting. In N. J. Salkind (Ed.), Child development (pp. 295-300). New York: Macmillan Reference USA.
  • Overall, N. C., Cross, E. J., Low, R. S. T., McRae, C. S., Henderson, A. M. E., & Chang, V. T. (2023). Fathers’ and mothers’ sexism predict less responsive parenting behavior during family interactions. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506231200296
  • Peker, C., & Aydın, A. (2017). Ergenlerde algılanan ebeveynlik stilleri, narsisizm, psikolojik ve sosyal uyum [Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism in adolescents: Associations with perceived parenting styles, psychological and social adjustment]. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi [Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health], 24(2), 137-153.
  • Pomerleau, A., Bolduc, D., Malcuit, G., & Cossette, L. (1990). Pink or blue: Environmental gender stereotypes in the first two years of life. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 22(5-6), 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00288339
  • Rodríguez-Menés, J., & Safranoff, A. (2012). Violence against women in intimate relations: A contrast of five theories. European Journal of Criminology, 9(6), 584-602. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370812453410
  • Sakallı-Uğurlu, N. (2002). Çelişik duygulu cinsiyetçilik ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Ambivalent sexism scale: A study of validity and reliability]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi [Turkish Journal of Psychology], 17(49), 47-58.
  • Savigny, H. (2020). Sexism and misogyny. In K. Ross (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of gender, media, and communication (pp. 1-7). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119429128.iegmc092
  • Simons, L. G., & Conger, R. D. (2007). Linking Mother-Father Differences in Parenting to a Typology of Family Parenting Styles and Adolescent Outcomes. Journal of Family Issues, 28(2), 212–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X06294593
  • Sinno, S., Schuette, C. & Killen, M. (2014). Developmental social cognition about gender roles in the family and societal context. In P. J. Leman & H. R. Tenenbaum (Eds.), Gender and development (pp. 133-154). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315870878
  • Skinner, O. D. & McHale, S. M. (2022). Family gender socialization in childhood and adolescence. In D. P. VanderLaan & W. I. Wong (Eds.) Gender and sexuality development: Contemporary theory and research (pp. 233-253). Springer.
  • Smetana, J. G. (2017). Current research on parenting styles, dimensions, and beliefs. Current Opinion in Psychology, 15, 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.02.012
  • Smith, S. R. & Hamon, R. R. (2012). Exploring family theories (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Steinberg, L., Susie D. Lamborn, S. D. Darling, N., Mounts, N. S., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1994). Over-time changes in adjustment and competence among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 65(3), 754-770. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131416
  • Sutfin, E. L., Fulcher, M., Bowles, R. P., & Patterson, C. J. (2008). How lesbian and heterosexual parents convey attitudes about gender to their children: The role of gendered environments. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 58(7-8), 501–513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9368-0
  • Sümer, N., & Güngör, D. (1999). Çocuk yetiştirme stillerinin bağlanma stilleri, benlik değerlendirmeleri ve yakın ilişkiler üzerindeki etkisi [The impact of perceived parenting styles on attachment styles, self-evaluations, and close relationships]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi [Turkish Journal of Psychology], 14(44), 35-62.
  • Swim, J. K., Aikin, K. J., Hall, W. S., & Hunter, B. A. (1995). Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(2), 199-214. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.199
  • Swim, J.K., Cohen, & L.L. (1997). Overt, covert, and subtle sexism: A comparison between the attitudes toward women and modem sexism scales. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(1), 103-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00103.x
  • Teti, D. M., & Candelaria, M. A. (2002). Parenting competence. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 4: Social conditions and applied parenting (2nd ed.) (pp. 149-180). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Turner, P. J., & Gervai, J. (1995). A multidimensional study of gender typing in preschool children and their parents: Personality, attitudes, preferences, behavior, and cultural differences. Developmental Psychology, 31(5), 759–772. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.31.5.759
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kadın Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Veysi Baydar 0000-0002-1434-079X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 18 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Baydar, V. (2025). Which Parenting Style is More Sexist? Evidence from Türkiye. İçtimaiyat, 9(1), 94-110. https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1609362
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