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Assessing the reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory adapted for Turkish culture: A meta-analysis

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 476 - 488

Yasemin Duygu Esen , Filiz İsnaç , Hamide Deniz Gülleroğlu

https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.1457753

Öz

This study aims to determine the reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a widely used tool for diagnosing depression—a condition that significantly impacts individuals' lives—through meta-analysis, an advanced statistical technique. To achieve this objective, studies conducted in Turkey between 1961 and 2021 that utilized the Beck Depression Inventory were included. Relevant studies were identified through searches in the "Higher Education Council (HEC) National Thesis Center" and Google Scholar databases. The inclusion criteria focused on studies that reported validity and reliability analyses and contained the keywords “Beck Depression Inventory” or “Beck Depression Scale.” The effect size was calculated using the Cohen's d formula. The meta-analysis revealed an overall reliability coefficient of 0.88 for the Beck Depression Inventory, which, based on Cohen's d classification, represents a large effect size.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Meta-analysis Beck Depression Scale Validity Reliability

Etik Beyan

Ankara University Social Sciences Ethics Committee, 27/06/2022-177.

Kaynakça

  • Abdulkerim, Ş. (2019). Determination of depression and anxiety symptom levels and related factors in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Gazi University.
  • Abramson, J.H. (1994). Making sense of data (2nd ed.). Oxford University Pres.
  • Alan, H. (2015). Effect of progressive muscle relaxation exercises and reflexology applied during chemotherapy treatment on pain, fatigue, anxiety, depression and gynecologic cancer patients' quality of life in randomized control study [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Hacettepe University.
  • American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Revised 4th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
  • Arthur Jr, W., Bennett, W., & Huffcutt, A.I. (2001). Conducting meta-analysis using SAS. Psychology Press.
  • Atalmış, E.H., & Köse, A. (2018). Turkish prospective teachers’ attitudes towards the teaching profession: a meta-analysis study. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 9(4), 393-413. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.410287
  • Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Psychological Corporation.
  • Belsher, G., & Costello, C.G. (1988). Relapse after recovery from unipolar depression: a critical review. Psychological Bulletin 104, 84–96.
  • Borenstein, M., Hedges, L.V., Higgins, J.P.T., & Rothstein, H.R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Wiley.
  • Bozyel, G. (2017). An examination of the mediating role of metacognition in the relationship between childhood trauma and psychological symptoms among undergraduate students [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Dokuz Eylül University.
  • Burcusa S.L., & Iacono W.G. (2007). Risk for recurrence in depression. Clinical Psychology Review 27, 959–985.
  • Card, N.A. (2011). Applied meta-analysis for social science research. The Guilford Press.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Cooper, H., Hedges, L.V., & Valentine, J.C. (2009). The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis (2nd ed.). Russell Sage.
  • Dağ, B. (2012). Sleep behaviour of adolescents and the factors affecting it [Unpublished master’s thesis]. İstanbul University.
  • Demiray, P. (2013). The effect of project based learning method: A meta analytic study [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Ankara University.
  • Dinçer, S. (2014). Eğitim bilimlerinde uygulamalı meta analiz. Pegem Akademi.
  • Dozois, D.J.A., & Covin, R. (2004). The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS). In M.J. Hilsenroth & D.L. Segal (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment (Vol. 2, pp. 50–69). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000). A nonparametric “trim and fill” method of accounting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 95(449), 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2000.10473905
  • Egger, M., Smith, G.D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 315(7109), 629 634. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629
  • Eser, M.T., & Aksu, G. (2021). Beck Depression Inventory-II: A study for meta-analytical reliability generalization. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 11(3), 88-101. https://doi.org/10.14527/pegegog.2021.013
  • Field, A.P. (2001). Meta-analysis of correlation coefficients: A Monte Carlo comparison of fixed and random-effects methods. Psychological Methods, 6(2), 161.
  • García-Batista, Z.E., Guerra-Peña, K., Cano-Vindel, A., Herrera-Martínez, S.X., & Medrano, L.A. (2018). Validity and reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) in general and hospital population of Dominican Republic. PloS one, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750
  • Glass, G.V. (1976). Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research. Educational Researcher, 5(10), 3-8.
  • Gözüyeşil, E. (2012). The effect of brain based learning on academic achievement: A meta analytic study [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Niğde University.
  • Hamidi, R., Fekrizadeh, Z., Azadbakht, M., Garmaroudi, G., Taheri Tanjani, P., Fathizadeh, S., & Ghisvandi, E. (2015). Validity and reliability Beck Depression Inventory-II among the Iranian elderly population. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 22(1), 189-198. https://doi.org/10.21859/jsums-2201189
  • Hedges, L.V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Academic Press.
  • Higgins, J.P.T., & Green, S. (Eds.). (2011). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470712184
  • Higgins, J.P.T., & Thompson, S.G. (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 21(11), 1539-1558.
  • Kablan, Z., Topan, B., & Erkan, B. (2013). The effectiveness level of material use in classroom instruction: A meta-analysis study. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 13(3), 1629-1644. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2013.3.1692
  • Kahveci, M. (2020). Sexual function status, depression and marital adjustment in women in the climacteric period [Unpublished master’s thesis]. İzmir Katip Çelebi University]
  • Keleş Gözütok, Ç. (2019). The effect of anxıety, depression and fear of childbirth on labor results in last trımester pregnancy [Unpublished master’s thesis]. İstanbul Medipol University.
  • Landis, J.R., & Koch, G.G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159-174. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310
  • McDermott, L.M., & Ebmeier, K.P. (2009). A meta-analysis of depression severity and cognitive function. Journal of Affective Disorders, 119(1 3), 1 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.04.022
  • Monroe, S.M., & Harkness, K.L. (2012). Is depression a chronic mental illness? Psychological Medicine, 42(5), 899-902. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711002066
  • Orhan, Ç. (2019). Evaluation of depression and quality of life of women with breast cancer. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Trakya University.
  • Orwin, R.G. (1983). A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Statistics, 8(2), 157-159.
  • Rosenthal, R. (1979). The ‘file-drawer problem’ and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 638-641.
  • Rothstein, H.R., Sutton, A.J., & Borenstein, M. (2005). Publication bias in meta-analysis: Prevention, assessment and adjustments. Wiley.
  • Steer, R.A., & Clark, D.A. (1997). Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with college students. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 30(3), 128–136.
  • Şahin, M.C., & Tekdal, M. (2005). İnternet tabanlı uzaktan eğitimin etkililiği: Bir meta-analiz çalışması [The Effectiveness of Internet-Based Distance Education: A Meta-Analysis Study]. Proceedings of the Academic Informatics 2005 Conference, 2(4), 467–474.
  • Şen, S., & Yıldırım, İ. (2020). CMA ile meta-analiz uygulamaları. Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Sevilmiş, R. (2019). The relationship between internet addiction and depression among university students [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Üsküdar University.
  • Sim, J., & Wright, C.C. (2005). The Kappa statistic in reliability studies: Use, interpretation, and sample size requirements. Physical Therapy, 85(3), 257 268. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/85.3.257
  • Solomon, D.A., Keller, M.B., Leon, A.C., Mueller, T.I., Lavori, P.W., Shea, M.T., … Endicott, J. (2000). Multiple recurrences of major depressive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 229–233. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.2.229
  • Sutton, A.J., & Higgins, J.P.T. (2008). Recent developments in meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 27(20), 2077-2090. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.3108
  • Temel, S., Yildiz, T., & Aslan, F.E. (2020). The effect of marital status on burnout levels of nurses: A meta-analysis study. Journal of Clinical Medicine of Kazakhstan, 4(58), 51-56. https://doi.org/10.23950/jcmk/vol04iss58/a9
  • Thalheimer, W., & Cook, S. (2002). How to calculate effect sizes from published research articles: A simplified methodology. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62(3), 503–514. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164402042001
  • Turan, Y. (2020). The effect of functional dependence of stroke patients on depression and quality of life [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University.
  • Türkmen, E. (2019). Examination of the relationship between personality traits, anger expressi̇on styles and depressive symptoms in university [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Maltepe University.
  • Ulubey, Ö., & Toraman, Ç. (2015). The effect of creative drama on students' academic achievement: A meta-analysis study. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 12(32), 195-220. https://doi.org/10.16992/mku.209027
  • Wang, Y.P., & Gorenstein, C. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 416-431. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048
  • Wiebe, J.S., & Penley, J.A. (2005). A psychometric comparison of the Beck Depression Inventory II in English and Spanish. Psychological assessment, 17(4), 481. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.17.4.481
  • Yıldırım, A., & Çevik, B. (2010). Orem’s self-care deficit theory-based assessment on the nursing interventions for a diabetic foot case. Journal of Continuing Medical Education, 25(5), 205-212. https://doi.org/10.23950/jcmk/vol25iss5/a9
  • Yılmaz, B.T. (2017). Effects of aerobic exercises on the life quality, self-esteem and depression levels of the individuals with depression. [Doctoral Dissertation, Cumhuriyet University].
  • Yılmaz, H. (2019). Care burden, depression and related factors of caregivers with bipolar disorder [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Aydın Adnan Menderes University.
  • Zis, A.P., & Goodwin, F.K. (1979). Major affective disorder as a recurrent illness: A critical review. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36(3), 293-303.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 476 - 488

Yasemin Duygu Esen , Filiz İsnaç , Hamide Deniz Gülleroğlu

https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.1457753

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abdulkerim, Ş. (2019). Determination of depression and anxiety symptom levels and related factors in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Gazi University.
  • Abramson, J.H. (1994). Making sense of data (2nd ed.). Oxford University Pres.
  • Alan, H. (2015). Effect of progressive muscle relaxation exercises and reflexology applied during chemotherapy treatment on pain, fatigue, anxiety, depression and gynecologic cancer patients' quality of life in randomized control study [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Hacettepe University.
  • American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Revised 4th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
  • Arthur Jr, W., Bennett, W., & Huffcutt, A.I. (2001). Conducting meta-analysis using SAS. Psychology Press.
  • Atalmış, E.H., & Köse, A. (2018). Turkish prospective teachers’ attitudes towards the teaching profession: a meta-analysis study. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 9(4), 393-413. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.410287
  • Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Psychological Corporation.
  • Belsher, G., & Costello, C.G. (1988). Relapse after recovery from unipolar depression: a critical review. Psychological Bulletin 104, 84–96.
  • Borenstein, M., Hedges, L.V., Higgins, J.P.T., & Rothstein, H.R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Wiley.
  • Bozyel, G. (2017). An examination of the mediating role of metacognition in the relationship between childhood trauma and psychological symptoms among undergraduate students [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Dokuz Eylül University.
  • Burcusa S.L., & Iacono W.G. (2007). Risk for recurrence in depression. Clinical Psychology Review 27, 959–985.
  • Card, N.A. (2011). Applied meta-analysis for social science research. The Guilford Press.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Cooper, H., Hedges, L.V., & Valentine, J.C. (2009). The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis (2nd ed.). Russell Sage.
  • Dağ, B. (2012). Sleep behaviour of adolescents and the factors affecting it [Unpublished master’s thesis]. İstanbul University.
  • Demiray, P. (2013). The effect of project based learning method: A meta analytic study [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Ankara University.
  • Dinçer, S. (2014). Eğitim bilimlerinde uygulamalı meta analiz. Pegem Akademi.
  • Dozois, D.J.A., & Covin, R. (2004). The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS). In M.J. Hilsenroth & D.L. Segal (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment (Vol. 2, pp. 50–69). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000). A nonparametric “trim and fill” method of accounting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 95(449), 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2000.10473905
  • Egger, M., Smith, G.D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 315(7109), 629 634. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629
  • Eser, M.T., & Aksu, G. (2021). Beck Depression Inventory-II: A study for meta-analytical reliability generalization. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 11(3), 88-101. https://doi.org/10.14527/pegegog.2021.013
  • Field, A.P. (2001). Meta-analysis of correlation coefficients: A Monte Carlo comparison of fixed and random-effects methods. Psychological Methods, 6(2), 161.
  • García-Batista, Z.E., Guerra-Peña, K., Cano-Vindel, A., Herrera-Martínez, S.X., & Medrano, L.A. (2018). Validity and reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) in general and hospital population of Dominican Republic. PloS one, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750
  • Glass, G.V. (1976). Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research. Educational Researcher, 5(10), 3-8.
  • Gözüyeşil, E. (2012). The effect of brain based learning on academic achievement: A meta analytic study [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Niğde University.
  • Hamidi, R., Fekrizadeh, Z., Azadbakht, M., Garmaroudi, G., Taheri Tanjani, P., Fathizadeh, S., & Ghisvandi, E. (2015). Validity and reliability Beck Depression Inventory-II among the Iranian elderly population. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 22(1), 189-198. https://doi.org/10.21859/jsums-2201189
  • Hedges, L.V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Academic Press.
  • Higgins, J.P.T., & Green, S. (Eds.). (2011). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470712184
  • Higgins, J.P.T., & Thompson, S.G. (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 21(11), 1539-1558.
  • Kablan, Z., Topan, B., & Erkan, B. (2013). The effectiveness level of material use in classroom instruction: A meta-analysis study. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 13(3), 1629-1644. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2013.3.1692
  • Kahveci, M. (2020). Sexual function status, depression and marital adjustment in women in the climacteric period [Unpublished master’s thesis]. İzmir Katip Çelebi University]
  • Keleş Gözütok, Ç. (2019). The effect of anxıety, depression and fear of childbirth on labor results in last trımester pregnancy [Unpublished master’s thesis]. İstanbul Medipol University.
  • Landis, J.R., & Koch, G.G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159-174. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310
  • McDermott, L.M., & Ebmeier, K.P. (2009). A meta-analysis of depression severity and cognitive function. Journal of Affective Disorders, 119(1 3), 1 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.04.022
  • Monroe, S.M., & Harkness, K.L. (2012). Is depression a chronic mental illness? Psychological Medicine, 42(5), 899-902. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711002066
  • Orhan, Ç. (2019). Evaluation of depression and quality of life of women with breast cancer. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Trakya University.
  • Orwin, R.G. (1983). A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Statistics, 8(2), 157-159.
  • Rosenthal, R. (1979). The ‘file-drawer problem’ and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 638-641.
  • Rothstein, H.R., Sutton, A.J., & Borenstein, M. (2005). Publication bias in meta-analysis: Prevention, assessment and adjustments. Wiley.
  • Steer, R.A., & Clark, D.A. (1997). Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with college students. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 30(3), 128–136.
  • Şahin, M.C., & Tekdal, M. (2005). İnternet tabanlı uzaktan eğitimin etkililiği: Bir meta-analiz çalışması [The Effectiveness of Internet-Based Distance Education: A Meta-Analysis Study]. Proceedings of the Academic Informatics 2005 Conference, 2(4), 467–474.
  • Şen, S., & Yıldırım, İ. (2020). CMA ile meta-analiz uygulamaları. Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Sevilmiş, R. (2019). The relationship between internet addiction and depression among university students [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Üsküdar University.
  • Sim, J., & Wright, C.C. (2005). The Kappa statistic in reliability studies: Use, interpretation, and sample size requirements. Physical Therapy, 85(3), 257 268. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/85.3.257
  • Solomon, D.A., Keller, M.B., Leon, A.C., Mueller, T.I., Lavori, P.W., Shea, M.T., … Endicott, J. (2000). Multiple recurrences of major depressive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 229–233. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.2.229
  • Sutton, A.J., & Higgins, J.P.T. (2008). Recent developments in meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 27(20), 2077-2090. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.3108
  • Temel, S., Yildiz, T., & Aslan, F.E. (2020). The effect of marital status on burnout levels of nurses: A meta-analysis study. Journal of Clinical Medicine of Kazakhstan, 4(58), 51-56. https://doi.org/10.23950/jcmk/vol04iss58/a9
  • Thalheimer, W., & Cook, S. (2002). How to calculate effect sizes from published research articles: A simplified methodology. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62(3), 503–514. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164402042001
  • Turan, Y. (2020). The effect of functional dependence of stroke patients on depression and quality of life [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University.
  • Türkmen, E. (2019). Examination of the relationship between personality traits, anger expressi̇on styles and depressive symptoms in university [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Maltepe University.
  • Ulubey, Ö., & Toraman, Ç. (2015). The effect of creative drama on students' academic achievement: A meta-analysis study. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 12(32), 195-220. https://doi.org/10.16992/mku.209027
  • Wang, Y.P., & Gorenstein, C. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 416-431. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048
  • Wiebe, J.S., & Penley, J.A. (2005). A psychometric comparison of the Beck Depression Inventory II in English and Spanish. Psychological assessment, 17(4), 481. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.17.4.481
  • Yıldırım, A., & Çevik, B. (2010). Orem’s self-care deficit theory-based assessment on the nursing interventions for a diabetic foot case. Journal of Continuing Medical Education, 25(5), 205-212. https://doi.org/10.23950/jcmk/vol25iss5/a9
  • Yılmaz, B.T. (2017). Effects of aerobic exercises on the life quality, self-esteem and depression levels of the individuals with depression. [Doctoral Dissertation, Cumhuriyet University].
  • Yılmaz, H. (2019). Care burden, depression and related factors of caregivers with bipolar disorder [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Aydın Adnan Menderes University.
  • Zis, A.P., & Goodwin, F.K. (1979). Major affective disorder as a recurrent illness: A critical review. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36(3), 293-303.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme Teorileri ve Uygulamaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yasemin Duygu Esen 0000-0002-9300-0389

Filiz İsnaç 0000-0002-2578-912X

Hamide Deniz Gülleroğlu 0000-0001-6995-8223

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 1 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Mart 2024
Kabul Tarihi 25 Kasım 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Esen, Y. D., İsnaç, F., & Gülleroğlu, H. D. (2025). Assessing the reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory adapted for Turkish culture: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 12(2), 476-488. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.1457753

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