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Comparison of Mental Toughness Levels in Racquet Sports

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 237 - 246

Mustafa Nurullah Kadı , Mert Aydoğmuş , Behnam Cücü , Selime Ela Mekeç , Cansel Arslanoğlu

https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1625110

Öz

The aim of this study is to compare mental toughness levels in racket sports according to various variables. The sample of the study consisted of 415 volunteer athletes (206 females and 209 males). The Mental Toughness Inventory in Sports was used to collect the data. The scale used is a 4-point likert type. In addition, the Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficients of the scale are control 0.66, continuity 0.71, and confidence 0.72. SPSS 21.0 package program was used to analysis of data. Skewness and kurtosis values were used to test the normality distribution of the data, then parametric tests were applied. Independent Groups T-Test and One-Way ANOVA were used to compare variables and Tukey Post Hoc test was used to test between which groups the difference existed. Data were evaluated at a 95% confidence interval and a significance level of 0.05. As a result of the research, no significant difference was found between the mental toughness level and gender variable (p>0,05). There were significant differences in all sub-dimensions between the groups according to the sport type variable, sport age variable, and the number of training days (p<0,05). As a result, it can be said that the mental toughness levels of athletes are affected by the variables of training day, sport age and sport type, and increasing the level of mental toughness is important for athlete performance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mental Toughness Racquet Sports Tennis Badminton Table Tennis

Kaynakça

  • Altıntaş, A., & Bayar-Koruç, P. (2017). Examining Psychometric Properties of The Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire-SMTQ. Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences, 27(4), 163-171. [CrossRef]
  • Altuntaş, A. (2015). The Role of Dispositional Flow, Motivation Level and Goal Orientation in Determining Mental Toughness of Athletes. Doctorate Thesis, Ankara University, Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara, 124pp (in Turkish).
  • Ardahan, F. (2013). The Examine of The Factors Motivating People Participating in Recreational Exercise by Using Remm Scale with Respect to Some Demographic Variables: Antalya Case. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 4(2), 1-15.
  • Arıkan, R. (2018). A Generale Review on Interview Techniques. Haliç University Journal of Social Sciences 1(1), 97-159.
  • Bebetsos, E., & Antoniou, P. (2003). Psychological Skills of Greek Badminton Athletes. Perceptual And Motor Skills, 97(3_suppl), 1289-1296. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Butt, J., Weinberg, R., & Culp, B. (2010). Exploring Mental Toughness in NCAA Athletes. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 3, 316-332. [CrossRef]
  • Cece, V., Guillet Descas, E., & Martinent, G. (2020). Mental Training Program in Racket Sports: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Racket Sports Science, 2(1), 55-71.
  • Clauss, M., Gérard, P., Mosca, A., & Leclerc, M. (2021). Interplay Between Exercise and Gut Microbiome in The Context of Human Health and Performance. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8, 637010. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Clough, P., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental Toughness: The Concept and its Measurement. Solutions in Sport Psychology, 1, 32-45.
  • Connaughton, D., Wadey, R., Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (2008). The Development and Maintenance of Mental Toughness: Perceptions of Elite performers, Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(1), 83-95. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Covassin, T., & Pero, S. (2004). The Relationship Between Self-Confidence, Mood State, and Anxiety Among Collegiate Tennis Players. Journal of sport behavior, 27(3).
  • Crust, L. (2009). The Relationship Between Mental Toughness and Affect Intensity. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 959-963. [CrossRef]
  • Crust, L., & Clough, P.J. (2011). Developing Mental Toughness: From Research to Practice. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 2(1), 21-32. [CrossRef]
  • Çakır, G., & Kalkavan, A. (2022). Chapter 16 Table Tennis and Mental Endurance, p. 238-251, 4th International Eurasia Sports, Education and Society Congress, 6-8 December, 2019.
  • Dagnall, N., Drinkwater, K. G., Denovan, A., & Walsh, R. S. (2021). The Potential Benefits of Non-Skills Training (Mental Toughness) for Elite Athletes: Coping with the Negative Psychological Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 581431. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Demir, H. (1999). Effect of Strength Training on Aerobic Power in Male Badminton Players Aged 12-16 Years. Selcuk University Journal of Physical Education and Sports Science, 44-47.
  • Demirci, N. (1990). Sports from A to Z. Neyir Publishing and Printing.
  • Ding, C., Soh, K. G., Sun, H., Roslan, S., Cao, S., & Zhao, Y. (2024). Does Mental Fatigue Affect Performance in Racket Sports? A Systematic Review. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 16(1), 179. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Doğan, O. (2015). Spor Psikolojisi. Detay publishing.
  • Filipas, L., Rossi, C., Codella, R., & Bonato, M. (2024). Mental Fatigue Impairs Second Serve Accuracy in Tennis Players. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 95(1), 190-196. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Gould, D., Hodge, K., Peterson, K., & Petlichkoff, L. (1987). Psychological Foundations of Coaching: Similarities and Differences among Intercollegiate Wrestling Coaches. The Sport Psychologist, 1(4), 293-308. [CrossRef]
  • Gucciardi, D.F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J.A. (2009). Advancing Mental Toughness Research and Theory Using Personal Construct Psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2(1), 54-72. [CrossRef]
  • Gucciardi, D.F., Hanton, S., & Fleming, S. (2017). Are Mental Toughness and Mental Health Contradictory Concepts in Elite Sport? A Narrative Review of Theory and Evidence. J Sci Med Sport, 20(3), 307-311. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • GuoJie, M. (2021). The Role of Athletic Psychology, Athlete Engagement in Athletic Performance and Athletes Sports Success in China: Does Coaching Behavior Moderates?. Revista De Psicología Del Deporte (Journal of Sport Psychology), 30(3), 191-204.
  • Guszkowska, M., & Wójcik, K. (2021). Effect of Mental Toughness on Sporting Performance: Review of Studies. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 13(7), 1. [CrossRef]
  • Güvendi, B., Türksoy, A., Güçlü, M., & Konter, E. (2018). Examination of the Level Courage and Mental Toughness of Professional Wrestlers. International Journal of Sports, Exercise & Training Science, 4(2), 70-78. [CrossRef]
  • Habay, J., Proost, M., De Wachter, J., Díaz-García, J., De Pauw, K., Meeusen, R., & Roelands, B. (2021). Mental Fatigue-Associated Decrease in Table Tennis Performance: Is There an Electrophysiological Signature?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 12906. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Ilhan, A. (2020). The Mental Toughness Levels of Tennis Players. Journal of Global Sport and Education Research, 3(2), 28-35.
  • Jacelon, C.S. (1997). The tTait and Process of Resilience. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25, 123-129. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Jackman, P. C., Swann, C., & Crust, L. (2016). Exploring Athletes' Perceptions of the Relationship Between Mental Toughness and Dispositional Flow in Sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 27, 56-65. [CrossRef]
  • Juan, M.V.T., & Lopez, A. (2015). Mental Toughness of Scholar Athletes. Researchers World, 6(3), 22.
  • Kalkavan, A., Özdilek, Ç., & Çakır, G. (2020). Investigation of Mental Toughness Levels of Mountain Bikers. Physical Education and Sport Sciences Journal, 22(2), 31-43
  • Koç, İ. & Gençay, Ö.A. (2021). Investigation of Mental Toughness Levels of Badminton Athletes According to Various Variables. Physical Education and Sport Sciences Journal, 15(1), 110-124
  • Konter, E. (2006). Handbook of Sport Psychology. Nobel Academic Publishing.
  • Kuter, F.Ö., Koparan Şahin, Ş., Koparan, Ş., Öztürk Kuter, F., & Efe, M. (2006). Racket sports profile of Bursa province]. Journal Uludağ University Faculty of Education, 19(1), 153-166.
  • Le Mansec, Y., Pageaux, B., Nordez, A., Dorel, S., & Jubeau, M. (2018). Mental Fatigue Alters the Speed and the Accuracy of the Ball in Table Tennis. Journal of sports sciences, 36(23), 2751-2759. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Lees, A. (2003). Science and the Major Racket Sports: A Review. Journal of sports sciences, 21(9), 707-732. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Liu, Y., Abdullah, B. B., & Abu Saad, H. B. (2024). Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Strength, Speed, and Endurance Performance Among Racket Sports Players: A Systematic Review. Plos One, 19(1), e0295362. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Lochbaum, M., Stoner, E., Hefner, T., Cooper, S., Lane, A. M., & Terry, P. C. (2022). Sport Psychology and Performance Meta-Analyses: A Systematic Review of the Literature. PloS One, 17(2), e0263408. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Luthans F. (2002). Positive Organizational Behavior: Developing and Managing Psychological Strengths, Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 57-72. [CrossRef]
  • Marchant, D.C., Polman, R.C., Clough, P.J., Jackson, J.G., Levy, A.R., & Nicholls, A.R. (2009). Mental Toughness: Managerial and Age Differences. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(5), 428-437. [CrossRef]
  • Mizuno, K., Tanaka, M., Yamaguti, K., Kajimoto, O., Kuratsune, H., & Watanabe, Y. (2011). Mental Fatigue Caused by Prolonged Cognitive Load Associated with Sympathetic Hyperactivity. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 7, 1-7. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Nicholls, A.R., Levy, A.R., Polman, R.C., & Crust, L. (2011). Mental Toughness, Coping Self-Efficacy, and Coping Effectiveness Among Athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 42(6), 513-524.
  • Nicholls, A.R., Polman, R.C., Levy, A.R., & Backhouse, S.H. (2009). Mental Toughness in Sport: Achievement Level, Gender, Age, Experience, and Sport Type Differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(1), 73-75. [CrossRef]
  • Noé, F., Hachard, B., Ceyte, H., Bru, N., & Paillard, T. (2021). Relationship Between the Level of Mental Fatigue Induced by a Prolonged Cognitive Task and the Degree of Balance Disturbance. Experimental Brain Research, 239(7), 2273-2283. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Peke, K. (2020). Investigation of Oriantiring Participants Sports Commitment and Mental Endurance. Master’s Thesis, İstanbul Gelişim University, Institute of Graduate Studies, Istanbul, 89 pp (in Turkish).
  • Rahman, M. M. (2023). Sample Size Determination for Survey Research and Non-Probability Sampling Techniques: A Review and Set of Recommendations. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics, 11(1), 42-62.
  • Sheard M, Golby J, Van Wersch A. (2009). Progress Towards Construct Validation of The Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25, 186-193. [CrossRef]
  • Skoryatina, I. A., & Zavalishina, S. Yu. (2017). Ability to Aggregation of Basic Regular Blood Elements of Patients with Hypertension and Dyslipidemia Receiving Non-Medication and Simvastatin. Bali Medical Journal, 6(3), 521-528. [CrossRef]
  • Şahinler, Y. & Ersoy, A. (2019). Investigation of Mental Strengths of Sportsmen by Different Variables. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 5(2), 168-177. [CrossRef]
  • Taherdoost, H. (2021). Data Collection Methods and Tools for Research; A Step-by-Step Guide to Choose Data Collection Technique for Academic and Business Research Projects. International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM), 10(1), 10-38.
  • Tran, Y., Craig, A., Craig, R., Chai, R., & Nguyen, H. (2020). The Influence of Mental Fatigue on Brain Activity: Evidence From a Systematic Review with Meta‐Analyses. Psychophysiology, 57(5), e13554.[PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Tasever, G., & Kıyıcı, F. (2023). Investigation of the Effects of an 8-Week Training Program on HIF-1 Levels in Football Players Across Different Energy Systems. International Journal of Sports Engineering and Biotechnology, 1(1), 15–20. [CrossRef]
  • Uysal, İ., & Kılıç, A. (2022). Normal Distribution Dilemma. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 12(1), 220-248. [CrossRef]
  • Van Cutsem, J., De Pauw, K., Vandervaeren, C., Marcora, S., Meeusen, R., & Roelands, B. (2019). Mental Fatigue Impairs Visuomotor Response Time in Badminton Players and Controls. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 45, 101579. [CrossRef]
  • Van Cutsem, J., Marcora, S., De Pauw, K., Bailey, S., Meeusen, R., & Roelands, B. (2017). The Effects of Mental Fatigue on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review. Sports medicine, 47, 1569-1588. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Vicente-Salar N., Santos-Sánchez G. & Roche E. (2020). Nutritional Ergogenic Aids in Racquet Sports: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 17;12(9):2842. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Wang, Y., Lei, S. M., & Fan, J. (2023). Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Promoting Athletic Performance and Related Factors Among Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2038. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Wegierska, A. E., Charitos, I. A., Topi, S., Potenza, M. A., Montagnani, M., & Santacroce, L. (2022). The Connection Between Physical Exercise and Gut Microbiota: Implications for Competitive Sports Athletes. Sports Medicine, 52(10), 2355-2369. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Yetim, A. (2014) Sociology and Sports. Ankara: Berikan.
  • Yılmaz, A. (2021). Mental Endurance in Sports. International Journal of Mountaineering and Climbing, 4(2) , 23-42.
  • Yılmaz, N. (2021). Comparıson of Two Dıfferent Racket Sports in Terms of Explosıve Power Parameters. Inonu University, Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences (IUJPESS) (3), 51-60.
  • Zavalishina, S. Y., Karpov, V. Y., Zagorodnikova, A. Y., Ryazantsev, A. A., Alikhojin, R. R., & Voronova, N. N. (2021). Functional Mechanisms for Maintaining Posture in Humans During Ontogenesis. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 12(1), 36-39. [CrossRef]

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 237 - 246

Mustafa Nurullah Kadı , Mert Aydoğmuş , Behnam Cücü , Selime Ela Mekeç , Cansel Arslanoğlu

https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1625110

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Altıntaş, A., & Bayar-Koruç, P. (2017). Examining Psychometric Properties of The Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire-SMTQ. Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences, 27(4), 163-171. [CrossRef]
  • Altuntaş, A. (2015). The Role of Dispositional Flow, Motivation Level and Goal Orientation in Determining Mental Toughness of Athletes. Doctorate Thesis, Ankara University, Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara, 124pp (in Turkish).
  • Ardahan, F. (2013). The Examine of The Factors Motivating People Participating in Recreational Exercise by Using Remm Scale with Respect to Some Demographic Variables: Antalya Case. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 4(2), 1-15.
  • Arıkan, R. (2018). A Generale Review on Interview Techniques. Haliç University Journal of Social Sciences 1(1), 97-159.
  • Bebetsos, E., & Antoniou, P. (2003). Psychological Skills of Greek Badminton Athletes. Perceptual And Motor Skills, 97(3_suppl), 1289-1296. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Butt, J., Weinberg, R., & Culp, B. (2010). Exploring Mental Toughness in NCAA Athletes. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 3, 316-332. [CrossRef]
  • Cece, V., Guillet Descas, E., & Martinent, G. (2020). Mental Training Program in Racket Sports: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Racket Sports Science, 2(1), 55-71.
  • Clauss, M., Gérard, P., Mosca, A., & Leclerc, M. (2021). Interplay Between Exercise and Gut Microbiome in The Context of Human Health and Performance. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8, 637010. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Clough, P., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental Toughness: The Concept and its Measurement. Solutions in Sport Psychology, 1, 32-45.
  • Connaughton, D., Wadey, R., Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (2008). The Development and Maintenance of Mental Toughness: Perceptions of Elite performers, Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(1), 83-95. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Covassin, T., & Pero, S. (2004). The Relationship Between Self-Confidence, Mood State, and Anxiety Among Collegiate Tennis Players. Journal of sport behavior, 27(3).
  • Crust, L. (2009). The Relationship Between Mental Toughness and Affect Intensity. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(8), 959-963. [CrossRef]
  • Crust, L., & Clough, P.J. (2011). Developing Mental Toughness: From Research to Practice. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 2(1), 21-32. [CrossRef]
  • Çakır, G., & Kalkavan, A. (2022). Chapter 16 Table Tennis and Mental Endurance, p. 238-251, 4th International Eurasia Sports, Education and Society Congress, 6-8 December, 2019.
  • Dagnall, N., Drinkwater, K. G., Denovan, A., & Walsh, R. S. (2021). The Potential Benefits of Non-Skills Training (Mental Toughness) for Elite Athletes: Coping with the Negative Psychological Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 581431. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Demir, H. (1999). Effect of Strength Training on Aerobic Power in Male Badminton Players Aged 12-16 Years. Selcuk University Journal of Physical Education and Sports Science, 44-47.
  • Demirci, N. (1990). Sports from A to Z. Neyir Publishing and Printing.
  • Ding, C., Soh, K. G., Sun, H., Roslan, S., Cao, S., & Zhao, Y. (2024). Does Mental Fatigue Affect Performance in Racket Sports? A Systematic Review. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 16(1), 179. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Doğan, O. (2015). Spor Psikolojisi. Detay publishing.
  • Filipas, L., Rossi, C., Codella, R., & Bonato, M. (2024). Mental Fatigue Impairs Second Serve Accuracy in Tennis Players. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 95(1), 190-196. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Gould, D., Hodge, K., Peterson, K., & Petlichkoff, L. (1987). Psychological Foundations of Coaching: Similarities and Differences among Intercollegiate Wrestling Coaches. The Sport Psychologist, 1(4), 293-308. [CrossRef]
  • Gucciardi, D.F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J.A. (2009). Advancing Mental Toughness Research and Theory Using Personal Construct Psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2(1), 54-72. [CrossRef]
  • Gucciardi, D.F., Hanton, S., & Fleming, S. (2017). Are Mental Toughness and Mental Health Contradictory Concepts in Elite Sport? A Narrative Review of Theory and Evidence. J Sci Med Sport, 20(3), 307-311. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • GuoJie, M. (2021). The Role of Athletic Psychology, Athlete Engagement in Athletic Performance and Athletes Sports Success in China: Does Coaching Behavior Moderates?. Revista De Psicología Del Deporte (Journal of Sport Psychology), 30(3), 191-204.
  • Guszkowska, M., & Wójcik, K. (2021). Effect of Mental Toughness on Sporting Performance: Review of Studies. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 13(7), 1. [CrossRef]
  • Güvendi, B., Türksoy, A., Güçlü, M., & Konter, E. (2018). Examination of the Level Courage and Mental Toughness of Professional Wrestlers. International Journal of Sports, Exercise & Training Science, 4(2), 70-78. [CrossRef]
  • Habay, J., Proost, M., De Wachter, J., Díaz-García, J., De Pauw, K., Meeusen, R., & Roelands, B. (2021). Mental Fatigue-Associated Decrease in Table Tennis Performance: Is There an Electrophysiological Signature?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 12906. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Ilhan, A. (2020). The Mental Toughness Levels of Tennis Players. Journal of Global Sport and Education Research, 3(2), 28-35.
  • Jacelon, C.S. (1997). The tTait and Process of Resilience. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25, 123-129. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Jackman, P. C., Swann, C., & Crust, L. (2016). Exploring Athletes' Perceptions of the Relationship Between Mental Toughness and Dispositional Flow in Sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 27, 56-65. [CrossRef]
  • Juan, M.V.T., & Lopez, A. (2015). Mental Toughness of Scholar Athletes. Researchers World, 6(3), 22.
  • Kalkavan, A., Özdilek, Ç., & Çakır, G. (2020). Investigation of Mental Toughness Levels of Mountain Bikers. Physical Education and Sport Sciences Journal, 22(2), 31-43
  • Koç, İ. & Gençay, Ö.A. (2021). Investigation of Mental Toughness Levels of Badminton Athletes According to Various Variables. Physical Education and Sport Sciences Journal, 15(1), 110-124
  • Konter, E. (2006). Handbook of Sport Psychology. Nobel Academic Publishing.
  • Kuter, F.Ö., Koparan Şahin, Ş., Koparan, Ş., Öztürk Kuter, F., & Efe, M. (2006). Racket sports profile of Bursa province]. Journal Uludağ University Faculty of Education, 19(1), 153-166.
  • Le Mansec, Y., Pageaux, B., Nordez, A., Dorel, S., & Jubeau, M. (2018). Mental Fatigue Alters the Speed and the Accuracy of the Ball in Table Tennis. Journal of sports sciences, 36(23), 2751-2759. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Lees, A. (2003). Science and the Major Racket Sports: A Review. Journal of sports sciences, 21(9), 707-732. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Liu, Y., Abdullah, B. B., & Abu Saad, H. B. (2024). Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Strength, Speed, and Endurance Performance Among Racket Sports Players: A Systematic Review. Plos One, 19(1), e0295362. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Lochbaum, M., Stoner, E., Hefner, T., Cooper, S., Lane, A. M., & Terry, P. C. (2022). Sport Psychology and Performance Meta-Analyses: A Systematic Review of the Literature. PloS One, 17(2), e0263408. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Luthans F. (2002). Positive Organizational Behavior: Developing and Managing Psychological Strengths, Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 57-72. [CrossRef]
  • Marchant, D.C., Polman, R.C., Clough, P.J., Jackson, J.G., Levy, A.R., & Nicholls, A.R. (2009). Mental Toughness: Managerial and Age Differences. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(5), 428-437. [CrossRef]
  • Mizuno, K., Tanaka, M., Yamaguti, K., Kajimoto, O., Kuratsune, H., & Watanabe, Y. (2011). Mental Fatigue Caused by Prolonged Cognitive Load Associated with Sympathetic Hyperactivity. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 7, 1-7. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Nicholls, A.R., Levy, A.R., Polman, R.C., & Crust, L. (2011). Mental Toughness, Coping Self-Efficacy, and Coping Effectiveness Among Athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 42(6), 513-524.
  • Nicholls, A.R., Polman, R.C., Levy, A.R., & Backhouse, S.H. (2009). Mental Toughness in Sport: Achievement Level, Gender, Age, Experience, and Sport Type Differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(1), 73-75. [CrossRef]
  • Noé, F., Hachard, B., Ceyte, H., Bru, N., & Paillard, T. (2021). Relationship Between the Level of Mental Fatigue Induced by a Prolonged Cognitive Task and the Degree of Balance Disturbance. Experimental Brain Research, 239(7), 2273-2283. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Peke, K. (2020). Investigation of Oriantiring Participants Sports Commitment and Mental Endurance. Master’s Thesis, İstanbul Gelişim University, Institute of Graduate Studies, Istanbul, 89 pp (in Turkish).
  • Rahman, M. M. (2023). Sample Size Determination for Survey Research and Non-Probability Sampling Techniques: A Review and Set of Recommendations. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics, 11(1), 42-62.
  • Sheard M, Golby J, Van Wersch A. (2009). Progress Towards Construct Validation of The Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25, 186-193. [CrossRef]
  • Skoryatina, I. A., & Zavalishina, S. Yu. (2017). Ability to Aggregation of Basic Regular Blood Elements of Patients with Hypertension and Dyslipidemia Receiving Non-Medication and Simvastatin. Bali Medical Journal, 6(3), 521-528. [CrossRef]
  • Şahinler, Y. & Ersoy, A. (2019). Investigation of Mental Strengths of Sportsmen by Different Variables. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 5(2), 168-177. [CrossRef]
  • Taherdoost, H. (2021). Data Collection Methods and Tools for Research; A Step-by-Step Guide to Choose Data Collection Technique for Academic and Business Research Projects. International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM), 10(1), 10-38.
  • Tran, Y., Craig, A., Craig, R., Chai, R., & Nguyen, H. (2020). The Influence of Mental Fatigue on Brain Activity: Evidence From a Systematic Review with Meta‐Analyses. Psychophysiology, 57(5), e13554.[PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Tasever, G., & Kıyıcı, F. (2023). Investigation of the Effects of an 8-Week Training Program on HIF-1 Levels in Football Players Across Different Energy Systems. International Journal of Sports Engineering and Biotechnology, 1(1), 15–20. [CrossRef]
  • Uysal, İ., & Kılıç, A. (2022). Normal Distribution Dilemma. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 12(1), 220-248. [CrossRef]
  • Van Cutsem, J., De Pauw, K., Vandervaeren, C., Marcora, S., Meeusen, R., & Roelands, B. (2019). Mental Fatigue Impairs Visuomotor Response Time in Badminton Players and Controls. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 45, 101579. [CrossRef]
  • Van Cutsem, J., Marcora, S., De Pauw, K., Bailey, S., Meeusen, R., & Roelands, B. (2017). The Effects of Mental Fatigue on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review. Sports medicine, 47, 1569-1588. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Vicente-Salar N., Santos-Sánchez G. & Roche E. (2020). Nutritional Ergogenic Aids in Racquet Sports: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 17;12(9):2842. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Wang, Y., Lei, S. M., & Fan, J. (2023). Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Promoting Athletic Performance and Related Factors Among Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2038. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Wegierska, A. E., Charitos, I. A., Topi, S., Potenza, M. A., Montagnani, M., & Santacroce, L. (2022). The Connection Between Physical Exercise and Gut Microbiota: Implications for Competitive Sports Athletes. Sports Medicine, 52(10), 2355-2369. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  • Yetim, A. (2014) Sociology and Sports. Ankara: Berikan.
  • Yılmaz, A. (2021). Mental Endurance in Sports. International Journal of Mountaineering and Climbing, 4(2) , 23-42.
  • Yılmaz, N. (2021). Comparıson of Two Dıfferent Racket Sports in Terms of Explosıve Power Parameters. Inonu University, Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences (IUJPESS) (3), 51-60.
  • Zavalishina, S. Y., Karpov, V. Y., Zagorodnikova, A. Y., Ryazantsev, A. A., Alikhojin, R. R., & Voronova, N. N. (2021). Functional Mechanisms for Maintaining Posture in Humans During Ontogenesis. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 12(1), 36-39. [CrossRef]
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Fiziksel Aktivite ve Sağlık
Bölüm Original Article
Yazarlar

Mustafa Nurullah Kadı 0000-0001-5982-9890

Mert Aydoğmuş 0000-0001-8763-1777

Behnam Cücü 0000-0002-9683-7811

Selime Ela Mekeç 0000-0001-6329-3099

Cansel Arslanoğlu 0000-0002-3115-4905

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 15 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 19 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Kadı, M. N., Aydoğmuş, M., Cücü, B., Mekeç, S. E., vd. (2025). Comparison of Mental Toughness Levels in Racquet Sports. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 8(3), 237-246. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1625110
AMA Kadı MN, Aydoğmuş M, Cücü B, Mekeç SE, Arslanoğlu C. Comparison of Mental Toughness Levels in Racquet Sports. International Journal of Disabilities Sports &Health Sciences. Temmuz 2025;8(3):237-246. doi:10.33438/ijdshs.1625110
Chicago Kadı, Mustafa Nurullah, Mert Aydoğmuş, Behnam Cücü, Selime Ela Mekeç, ve Cansel Arslanoğlu. “Comparison of Mental Toughness Levels in Racquet Sports”. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences 8, sy. 3 (Temmuz 2025): 237-46. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1625110.
EndNote Kadı MN, Aydoğmuş M, Cücü B, Mekeç SE, Arslanoğlu C (01 Temmuz 2025) Comparison of Mental Toughness Levels in Racquet Sports. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences 8 3 237–246.
IEEE M. N. Kadı, M. Aydoğmuş, B. Cücü, S. E. Mekeç, ve C. Arslanoğlu, “Comparison of Mental Toughness Levels in Racquet Sports”, International Journal of Disabilities Sports &Health Sciences, c. 8, sy. 3, ss. 237–246, 2025, doi: 10.33438/ijdshs.1625110.
ISNAD Kadı, Mustafa Nurullah vd. “Comparison of Mental Toughness Levels in Racquet Sports”. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences 8/3 (Temmuz 2025), 237-246. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1625110.
JAMA Kadı MN, Aydoğmuş M, Cücü B, Mekeç SE, Arslanoğlu C. Comparison of Mental Toughness Levels in Racquet Sports. International Journal of Disabilities Sports &Health Sciences. 2025;8:237–246.
MLA Kadı, Mustafa Nurullah vd. “Comparison of Mental Toughness Levels in Racquet Sports”. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, c. 8, sy. 3, 2025, ss. 237-46, doi:10.33438/ijdshs.1625110.
Vancouver Kadı MN, Aydoğmuş M, Cücü B, Mekeç SE, Arslanoğlu C. Comparison of Mental Toughness Levels in Racquet Sports. International Journal of Disabilities Sports &Health Sciences. 2025;8(3):237-46.
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