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A Review on Occurrence, Risk Assessment and Removal of Pharmaceuticals in Hospital Effluents

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 79 - 94, 31.03.2025

Emma Nsafoah , Bernard Fei-baffoe , Alhassan Sulemana , Kodwo Mıezah , Kofi Sekyere Boateng , David Azanu , Kwame Ohene Buabeng

Öz

Hospital effluents contribute to pharmaceutical contamination in the environment, a global issue of grave concern because of the hazards it poses to organisms. Insights about the occurrence, risk and remediation of such contaminants will set the stage to combat this menace. This paper therefore provides review on the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in hospital effluents, the environmental risks they pose, and their remediation. It highlights the occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals in hospital effluents, analytical determination of pharmaceuticals in effluents samples and the removal of pharmaceuticals in hospital effluents as proposed in 120 scholarly sites and databases within the years 2013 to 2024 using keywords like hospital effluents, pharmaceuticals, analytical determination, environmental risk assessment and treatment. The pathways of pharmaceuticals to and fro hospital effluents have been established. There are diverse and evolving methods for determination of pharmaceuticals in effluents; the choice depends on objective for analysis and availability. The concentrations of pharmaceuticals in hospital effluents are minute and depend on their properties, season and ecological processes. Risk levels of pharmaceuticals and depend on type of effluent, seasonal variation, organism and its use. Certain single secondary or tertiary treatment options or their combination are capable of removing pharmaceuticals in hospital effluents. Non-conventional treatment options are cost effective, eco-friendly and sustainable. Studies to ascertain the risk posed by pharmaceuticals in hospital effluents are required to inform policies necessary to regulate the management of hospital effluents.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pharmaceuticals Hospital effluents Analytical determination Treatment Environmental risk assessment

Destekleyen Kurum

Jospong Group of Companies, Ghana

Kaynakça

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Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 79 - 94, 31.03.2025

Emma Nsafoah , Bernard Fei-baffoe , Alhassan Sulemana , Kodwo Mıezah , Kofi Sekyere Boateng , David Azanu , Kwame Ohene Buabeng

Öz

Kaynakça

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Toplam 143 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Su Kaynakları ve Su Yapıları
Bölüm Review Articles
Yazarlar

Emma Nsafoah 0009-0001-2986-0472

Bernard Fei-baffoe 0000-0002-0200-3198

Alhassan Sulemana 0000-0001-9679-675X

Kodwo Mıezah 0000-0002-3050-6489

Kofi Sekyere Boateng 0000-0002-4689-5087

David Azanu 0000-0002-1003-9270

Kwame Ohene Buabeng 0000-0001-7944-2255

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Ekim 2024
Kabul Tarihi 3 Şubat 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Nsafoah, E., Fei-baffoe, B., Sulemana, A., Mıezah, K., vd. (2025). A Review on Occurrence, Risk Assessment and Removal of Pharmaceuticals in Hospital Effluents. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 12(1), 79-94.

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