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The Impact of Cities on Climate Change: A Literature Review on Urban Heat Island

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 80 - 93, 30.06.2025

Emre Yavuz , Mustafa Serhan Ünlütürk

Öz

The world's population is increasing rapidly day by day, and this situation causes socio-economic and environmental problems in cities. Due to the increase in the population of cities, the demand for the building required to meet the need for shelter is also increasing. While the town develops due to population growth, unplanned construction causes environmental problems. The intensification of city construction and the increase in impervious surfaces due to the decrease in green areas increase the formation of urban heat islands, one of the microclimatic negativities. Urban heat island, which significantly impacts cities due to climate change and global warming, also negatively affects living life and environmental adaptation. In addition, air temperatures are increasing daily due to climate change and global warming, which increases energy consumption, especially during cooling periods. In areas where the urban heat island is dense, the cooling load increases even more due to the increase in temperature. Energy-efficient and carbon emission-minimising designs should be made in our buildings to prevent climate change and global warming. Green, porous surfaces should be increased on a large scale in urban areas. In this way, energy efficiency will be achieved at the building scale. This study is unique in that it draws attention to this issue by compiling the effects of urban heat islands on climate change and global warming issues and the studies carried out to reduce this effect. The study aims to compile the current studies on urban heat islands in the literature, reveal the missing parts of the subject and direct the researchers who will work on this subject in the future to these issues.

Anahtar Kelimeler

URBAN HEAT ISLAND CLIMATE CHANGE GLOBAL WARMING ENERGY EFFICIENCY SUSTAINABILTY

Kaynakça

  • Abdi, Z., Alizadeh Hooshmand, H., Mohammadi Saleh, S., & Sabouri Saber, M. (2023). Analysis of urban form typology using urban heat island indicators: Case study of Ferdous neighborhood of Tabriz. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10.
  • Aflaki, A., Mirnezhad, M., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Omrany, H., Wang, Z.-H., & Akbari, H. (2017). Urban heat island mitigation strategies: A state-of-the-art review on Kuala Lumpur, Singapore and Hong Kong. Cities, 62, 131-145.
  • Aksak, P., Kartum Ozturk, S., & Unsal, Ö. (2023). Investigation of Urban Heat Island via Climate Parameters and Remote Sensing: The Case of Istanbul City. Aegean Geography Journal (in Turkish), 32(1), 151-171.
  • Arifwidodo, S. D., & Tanaka, T. (2015). The characteristics of urban heat island in Bangkok, Thailand. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 423-428.
  • Asadi, A., Arefi, H., & Fathipoor, H. (2020). Simulation of green roofs and their potential mitigating effects on the urban heat island using an artificial neural network: A case study in Austin, Texas. Advances in Space Research, 66(8), 1846–1862.
  • Attarhay Tehrani, A., Veisi, O., Kia, K., Delavar, Y., Bahrami, S., Sobhaninia, S., & Mehan, A. (2024). Predicting urban heat island in European cities: A comparative study of GRU, DNN, and ANN models using urban morphological variables. Urban Climate, 56, 102061.
  • Bas, E., & Partigoç, N. S. (2023). Cities Resilient to Climate Change: A Review in the Context of Urban Heat Island Effect (in Turkish). Resilience, 7(1), 183-198.
  • Battista, G., de Lieto Vollaro, E., Ocłoń, P., & de Lieto Vollaro, R. (2023). Effects of urban heat island mitigation strategies in an urban square: A numerical modelling and experimental investigation. Energy and Buildings, 282, 112809.
  • Baykara, M. (2023). An Assessment of Long-Term Urban Heat Island Impact on Istanbul’s Climate. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 10(2), 40-47.
  • Butuner, F. B., Cakmakli, A. B., Karakadilar, A. C., & Deniz, E. (2024). A spatio-temporal framework to assess urban heat island effect on Yeni Mamak urban transformation zone (Ankara, Türkiye). Open House International, 49(4), 650-669.
  • Canan, F. (2017). Determination of Urban Heat Island Effect Depending on Urban Geometry: Konya Example. Journal of Çukurova University Faculty of Engineering and Architecture (in Turkish), 32(3), 69-80.
  • Chakraborty, T., & Lee, X. (2019). A simplified urban-extent algorithm to characterise surface urban heat islands on a global scale and examine vegetation control on their spatiotemporal variability. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 74, 269–280.
  • Cocci Grifoni, R., D'Onofrio, R., Sargolini, M., & Pierantozzi, M. (2016). A parametric optimisation approach to mitigating the urban heat island effect: A case study in Ancona, Italy. Sustainability, 8(9), 896.
  • Corumluoglu, O., & Asri, I. (2015). The effect of urban heat island on Izmir’s city ecosystem and climate. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(4), 3202–3211.
  • Das, S. (2022). A Review of Urban Heat Island formation over changing climate and its impacts on Urban Land Use and Environments and Adaptation Measures. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 9(1), 64-73. Debbage, N., & Shepherd, J. M. (2015). The urban heat island effect and city contiguity. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 54, 181–194.
  • Deilami, K., Kamruzzaman, M., & Liu, Y. (2018). Urban heat island effect: A systematic review of spatio-temporal factors, data, methods, and mitigation measures. International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation, 67, 30-42.
  • Du, H., Song, X., Jiang, H., Kan, Z., Wang, Z., & Cai, Y. (2016). Research on the cooling island effects of water body: A case study of Shanghai, China. Ecological indicators, 67, 31-38. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.02.040
  • Ersoy Tonyaloglu, E. (2019). Evaluation of the Impact of Urbanization on Urban Thermal Environment, The Case of Efeler and İncirliova (Aydın). Turkish Journal of Landscape Research (in Turkish), 2(1), 1-13.
  • Georgescu, M., Morefield, P. E., Bierwagen, B. G., & Weaver, C. P. (2014). Urban adaptation can roll back warming of emerging megapolitan regions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(8), 2909-2914.
  • Ghiasi, S., Passe, U., Zhou, Y., & Thompson, J. R. (2021). A sensitivity analysis to investigate urban heat island impact on building energy consumption. In Proceedings of the 17th IBPSA Conference, Bruges, Belgium.
  • Hornsey, M. J., & Fielding, K. S. (2020). Understanding (and reducing) inaction on climate change. Social issues and policy review, 14(1), 3-35.
  • Gunawardhana, I. U. K., & Rupasinghe, H. T. (2022). Investigating the potential of utilising simulation studies to identify UHI mitigatory strategies in proposed cities. Department of Architecture, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Sri Lanka.
  • Hu, Y., Dai, Z., & Guldmann, J.-M. (2020). Modeling the impact of 2D/3D urban indicators on the urban heat island over different seasons: A boosted regression tree approach. Journal of Environmental Management, 266, 110424. Huang, J., Reitberger, R., Banihashemi, F., & Lang, W. (2023). A novel risk-based design framework for urban heat island: A case study of Kempten, Germany. Building and Environment, 228, 109671. IPCC (IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2022). Climate Change 2022. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Ketterer, C., & Matzarakis, A. (2015). Comparison of different methods for the assessment of the urban heat island in Stuttgart, Germany. International Journal of Biometeorology, 59(8), 1299–1309.
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  • Koc, A., Caf, A., Koc, C., & Kejanli, D. T. (2022). Examining the temporal and spatial distribution of potential urban heat island formations. Environmental science and pollution research international, 29(8)
  • Kodikara, D., & Perera, N. (2019). Urban heat island minimisation, local climate zones, and parametric optimisation: A "Grasshopper" based model. Building Simulation and Performance.
  • Kyriakodis, G. E., & Santamouris, M. J. U. C. (2018). Using reflective pavements to mitigate urban heat island in warm climates-Results from a large scale urban mitigation project. Urban Climate, 24, 326-339.
  • Landsberg, H. E. (1981). The Urban Climate. Academic press.
  • Lee, J. Y., & Kim, H. (2016). Projection of future temperature-related mortality due to climate and demographic changes. Environment international, 94, 489-494.
  • Lee, K., Kim, Y., Sung, H. C., Kim, S. H., & Jeon, S. W. (2022). Surface urban heat island in South Korea's new towns with different urban planning. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 194(5), 360.
  • Li, Y., Schubert, S., Kropp, J. P., & Rybski, D. (2020). On the influence of density and morphology on the Urban Heat Island intensity. Nature communications, 11(1), 2647.
  • Litardo, J., Palme, M., Borbor-Cordova, M., Caiza, R., Macias, J., Hidalgo-Leon, R., & Soriano, G. (2020). Urban heat island intensity and buildings’ energy needs in Duran, Ecuador: Simulation studies and proposal of mitigation strategies. Sustainable Cities and Society, 62, 102387.
  • Liu, Y., & Wang, Z. (2022). Research progress and hotspot analysis of urban heat island effects based on CiteSpace analysis. Land, 12(1154).
  • Liu, T., Ouyang, S., Gou, M., Tang, H., Liu, Y., Chen, L., ... & Xiang, W. (2023). Detecting the tipping point between heat source and sink landscapes to mitigate urban heat island effects. Urban Ecosystems, 26(1), 89-100.
  • Livermore, G., Parkinson, J., Lee, K., Laycock, P., & Lindley, S. (2018). The increasing trend of the urban heat island intensity. Urban Climate, 24, 360-368.
  • Makvandi, M., Li, W., Ou, X., Chai, H., Khodabakhshi, Z., Fu, J., Yuan, P. F., & Horimbere, E. d. l. J. (2023). Urban heat mitigation towards climate change adaptation: An eco-sustainable design strategy to improve environmental performance under rapid urbanization . Atmosphere, 14(4), 638.
  • Marando, F., Heris, M., Zulian, G., Udias, A., Mentaschi, L., Chrysoulakis, N., Parastatidis, D., & Maes, J. (2021). Urban heat island mitigation by green infrastructure in European Functional Urban Areas. Sustainable Cities and Society, 77, 103564.
  • Morini, E., Touchaei, A. G., Castellani, B., Rossi, F., & Cotana, F. (2016). The Impact of Albedo Increase to Mitigate the Urban Heat Island in Terni (Italy) Using the WRF Model. Sustainability, 8(10), 999.
  • Naserikia, M., Shamsabadi, E. A., Rafieian, M., & Leal Filho, W. (2019). The urban heat island in an urban context: A case study of Mashhad, Iran. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3), 313. Noro, M., & Lazzarin, R. (2015). Urban heat island in Padua, Italy: Simulation analysis and mitigation strategies. Urban Climate, 14, 187–196.
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Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 80 - 93, 30.06.2025

Emre Yavuz , Mustafa Serhan Ünlütürk

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abdi, Z., Alizadeh Hooshmand, H., Mohammadi Saleh, S., & Sabouri Saber, M. (2023). Analysis of urban form typology using urban heat island indicators: Case study of Ferdous neighborhood of Tabriz. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10.
  • Aflaki, A., Mirnezhad, M., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Omrany, H., Wang, Z.-H., & Akbari, H. (2017). Urban heat island mitigation strategies: A state-of-the-art review on Kuala Lumpur, Singapore and Hong Kong. Cities, 62, 131-145.
  • Aksak, P., Kartum Ozturk, S., & Unsal, Ö. (2023). Investigation of Urban Heat Island via Climate Parameters and Remote Sensing: The Case of Istanbul City. Aegean Geography Journal (in Turkish), 32(1), 151-171.
  • Arifwidodo, S. D., & Tanaka, T. (2015). The characteristics of urban heat island in Bangkok, Thailand. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 423-428.
  • Asadi, A., Arefi, H., & Fathipoor, H. (2020). Simulation of green roofs and their potential mitigating effects on the urban heat island using an artificial neural network: A case study in Austin, Texas. Advances in Space Research, 66(8), 1846–1862.
  • Attarhay Tehrani, A., Veisi, O., Kia, K., Delavar, Y., Bahrami, S., Sobhaninia, S., & Mehan, A. (2024). Predicting urban heat island in European cities: A comparative study of GRU, DNN, and ANN models using urban morphological variables. Urban Climate, 56, 102061.
  • Bas, E., & Partigoç, N. S. (2023). Cities Resilient to Climate Change: A Review in the Context of Urban Heat Island Effect (in Turkish). Resilience, 7(1), 183-198.
  • Battista, G., de Lieto Vollaro, E., Ocłoń, P., & de Lieto Vollaro, R. (2023). Effects of urban heat island mitigation strategies in an urban square: A numerical modelling and experimental investigation. Energy and Buildings, 282, 112809.
  • Baykara, M. (2023). An Assessment of Long-Term Urban Heat Island Impact on Istanbul’s Climate. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 10(2), 40-47.
  • Butuner, F. B., Cakmakli, A. B., Karakadilar, A. C., & Deniz, E. (2024). A spatio-temporal framework to assess urban heat island effect on Yeni Mamak urban transformation zone (Ankara, Türkiye). Open House International, 49(4), 650-669.
  • Canan, F. (2017). Determination of Urban Heat Island Effect Depending on Urban Geometry: Konya Example. Journal of Çukurova University Faculty of Engineering and Architecture (in Turkish), 32(3), 69-80.
  • Chakraborty, T., & Lee, X. (2019). A simplified urban-extent algorithm to characterise surface urban heat islands on a global scale and examine vegetation control on their spatiotemporal variability. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 74, 269–280.
  • Cocci Grifoni, R., D'Onofrio, R., Sargolini, M., & Pierantozzi, M. (2016). A parametric optimisation approach to mitigating the urban heat island effect: A case study in Ancona, Italy. Sustainability, 8(9), 896.
  • Corumluoglu, O., & Asri, I. (2015). The effect of urban heat island on Izmir’s city ecosystem and climate. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(4), 3202–3211.
  • Das, S. (2022). A Review of Urban Heat Island formation over changing climate and its impacts on Urban Land Use and Environments and Adaptation Measures. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 9(1), 64-73. Debbage, N., & Shepherd, J. M. (2015). The urban heat island effect and city contiguity. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 54, 181–194.
  • Deilami, K., Kamruzzaman, M., & Liu, Y. (2018). Urban heat island effect: A systematic review of spatio-temporal factors, data, methods, and mitigation measures. International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation, 67, 30-42.
  • Du, H., Song, X., Jiang, H., Kan, Z., Wang, Z., & Cai, Y. (2016). Research on the cooling island effects of water body: A case study of Shanghai, China. Ecological indicators, 67, 31-38. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.02.040
  • Ersoy Tonyaloglu, E. (2019). Evaluation of the Impact of Urbanization on Urban Thermal Environment, The Case of Efeler and İncirliova (Aydın). Turkish Journal of Landscape Research (in Turkish), 2(1), 1-13.
  • Georgescu, M., Morefield, P. E., Bierwagen, B. G., & Weaver, C. P. (2014). Urban adaptation can roll back warming of emerging megapolitan regions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(8), 2909-2914.
  • Ghiasi, S., Passe, U., Zhou, Y., & Thompson, J. R. (2021). A sensitivity analysis to investigate urban heat island impact on building energy consumption. In Proceedings of the 17th IBPSA Conference, Bruges, Belgium.
  • Hornsey, M. J., & Fielding, K. S. (2020). Understanding (and reducing) inaction on climate change. Social issues and policy review, 14(1), 3-35.
  • Gunawardhana, I. U. K., & Rupasinghe, H. T. (2022). Investigating the potential of utilising simulation studies to identify UHI mitigatory strategies in proposed cities. Department of Architecture, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Sri Lanka.
  • Hu, Y., Dai, Z., & Guldmann, J.-M. (2020). Modeling the impact of 2D/3D urban indicators on the urban heat island over different seasons: A boosted regression tree approach. Journal of Environmental Management, 266, 110424. Huang, J., Reitberger, R., Banihashemi, F., & Lang, W. (2023). A novel risk-based design framework for urban heat island: A case study of Kempten, Germany. Building and Environment, 228, 109671. IPCC (IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2022). Climate Change 2022. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Ketterer, C., & Matzarakis, A. (2015). Comparison of different methods for the assessment of the urban heat island in Stuttgart, Germany. International Journal of Biometeorology, 59(8), 1299–1309.
  • Kim, H., Gu, D., & Kim, H. Y. (2018). Effects of Urban Heat Island mitigation in various climate zones in the United States. Sustainable Cities and Society, 41, 841–852
  • Koc, A., Caf, A., Koc, C., & Kejanli, D. T. (2022). Examining the temporal and spatial distribution of potential urban heat island formations. Environmental science and pollution research international, 29(8)
  • Kodikara, D., & Perera, N. (2019). Urban heat island minimisation, local climate zones, and parametric optimisation: A "Grasshopper" based model. Building Simulation and Performance.
  • Kyriakodis, G. E., & Santamouris, M. J. U. C. (2018). Using reflective pavements to mitigate urban heat island in warm climates-Results from a large scale urban mitigation project. Urban Climate, 24, 326-339.
  • Landsberg, H. E. (1981). The Urban Climate. Academic press.
  • Lee, J. Y., & Kim, H. (2016). Projection of future temperature-related mortality due to climate and demographic changes. Environment international, 94, 489-494.
  • Lee, K., Kim, Y., Sung, H. C., Kim, S. H., & Jeon, S. W. (2022). Surface urban heat island in South Korea's new towns with different urban planning. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 194(5), 360.
  • Li, Y., Schubert, S., Kropp, J. P., & Rybski, D. (2020). On the influence of density and morphology on the Urban Heat Island intensity. Nature communications, 11(1), 2647.
  • Litardo, J., Palme, M., Borbor-Cordova, M., Caiza, R., Macias, J., Hidalgo-Leon, R., & Soriano, G. (2020). Urban heat island intensity and buildings’ energy needs in Duran, Ecuador: Simulation studies and proposal of mitigation strategies. Sustainable Cities and Society, 62, 102387.
  • Liu, Y., & Wang, Z. (2022). Research progress and hotspot analysis of urban heat island effects based on CiteSpace analysis. Land, 12(1154).
  • Liu, T., Ouyang, S., Gou, M., Tang, H., Liu, Y., Chen, L., ... & Xiang, W. (2023). Detecting the tipping point between heat source and sink landscapes to mitigate urban heat island effects. Urban Ecosystems, 26(1), 89-100.
  • Livermore, G., Parkinson, J., Lee, K., Laycock, P., & Lindley, S. (2018). The increasing trend of the urban heat island intensity. Urban Climate, 24, 360-368.
  • Makvandi, M., Li, W., Ou, X., Chai, H., Khodabakhshi, Z., Fu, J., Yuan, P. F., & Horimbere, E. d. l. J. (2023). Urban heat mitigation towards climate change adaptation: An eco-sustainable design strategy to improve environmental performance under rapid urbanization . Atmosphere, 14(4), 638.
  • Marando, F., Heris, M., Zulian, G., Udias, A., Mentaschi, L., Chrysoulakis, N., Parastatidis, D., & Maes, J. (2021). Urban heat island mitigation by green infrastructure in European Functional Urban Areas. Sustainable Cities and Society, 77, 103564.
  • Morini, E., Touchaei, A. G., Castellani, B., Rossi, F., & Cotana, F. (2016). The Impact of Albedo Increase to Mitigate the Urban Heat Island in Terni (Italy) Using the WRF Model. Sustainability, 8(10), 999.
  • Naserikia, M., Shamsabadi, E. A., Rafieian, M., & Leal Filho, W. (2019). The urban heat island in an urban context: A case study of Mashhad, Iran. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3), 313. Noro, M., & Lazzarin, R. (2015). Urban heat island in Padua, Italy: Simulation analysis and mitigation strategies. Urban Climate, 14, 187–196.
  • Northern Hemisphere, Wikipedia. Accessed online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere (10.05.2025).
  • Nuruzzaman, M. (2015). Urban heat island: Causes, effects and mitigation measures - A review. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 3(2), 67-73.
  • Oke, T. R. (1982). The energetic basis of the urban heat island. Quarterly Journal of the Meteorological https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710845502
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Toplam 74 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İnşaat Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Review Articles
Yazarlar

Emre Yavuz 0009-0004-3929-5560

Mustafa Serhan Ünlütürk 0000-0001-8368-4169

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Şubat 2025
Kabul Tarihi 20 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yavuz, E., & Ünlütürk, M. S. (2025). The Impact of Cities on Climate Change: A Literature Review on Urban Heat Island. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 12(2), 80-93.

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