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Water Security in Syria in 21st Century

Yıl 2025, , 110 - 147, 03.05.2025

Derya Sürmelioğlu Parlar , Arda Özkan

https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1675224

Öz

Water, which constitutes one of the most important international security issues today, has become one of the most significant problem areas with political, economic and social impacts in Syria. Syria has started to experience serious water problems, especially in the 21st century. Although there are different factors that have made water a security problem in the country, climate change, whose effects have been felt more in the Mediterranean region in the new century, and the Arab Spring, which took place in the region in 2010 and affected Syria, have made the water problem more visible in the country. This study aims to reveal the factors that make water a security problem in Syria in the 21st century. The research reveals that both climate change and the Arab Spring have had serious negative impacts on water, resulting in direct negative consequences not only on access to a natural resource such as water, but also on agricultural development and naturally economic development, food security, health security, and ultimately human security. In this way, it is emphasized that water has become a serious security problem in Syria in the 21st century, this situation will continue, and therefore, this problem should be among Syria's priority policy goals and strategies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Water Security Water in Syria Climate Change Syrian Civil War

Kaynakça

  • Al-Delaimy, Wael K. “Vulnerable Populations and Regions: Middle East as a Case Study.” Health of People, Health of Planet and Our Responsibility: Climate Change, Air Pollution and Health içinde, ed. Wael K. Al-Delaimy, Veerabhadran Ramanathan ve Marcelo S. Sorondo, 121-135. Cham: Springer Nature, 2020.
  • Armaoğlu, Fahir. Türk Dış Politikası Tarihi. 4. bs. İstanbul: Kronik Kitap, 2021. Barnes, Jessica. “Managing the Waters of Ba’th Country: The Politics of Water Scarcity in Syria”. Geopolitics 14, sy. 3 (2009): 510-530.
  • Butler, Colin D. “Limits to Growth, Planetary Boundaries and Planetary Health”. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 25, (2017): 59-65.
  • Daher, Joseph. “Water Scarcity, Mismanagement and Pollution in Syria”. Middle East Directions Programme Techinal Report. sy. 10. Italy: European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre, 2022.
  • Dixon, Thomas H. “Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases-Part 1”. International Security, Peace and Conflict Studies Program. University of Toronto. 19 (1). Summer 1994, http://www.homerdixon.com/projects/evidence/evid1.htm (10.07.2024).
  • Droubi, Abdallah. “Climate Change, Water and the Policy-Making Process in the Levant and North Africa”. Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs. Beirut: American University of Beirut, 2009.
  • Erian, Wadid, Katlan, Bassem ve Babah, Ouldbdey. “Drought Vulnerability in the Arab Region: Special Case Study—Syria”. ISDR. Geneva: United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, 2010.
  • Erian, Wadid. “Drought Vulnerability in the Arab Region: Case Study-Drought in Syria Ten Years of Scarce Water (2000-2010)”. ISDR Report. Geneva: ISDR, 2011.
  • Evans, Jason P. “21st Century Climate Change in the Middle East”. Climatic Change 92, (2009): 417–432.
  • Falconer, Roger ve Mynett, Arthur, “Introduction to Global Water Security”, International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), 2022, https://www.iahr.org/library/infor?pid=20699 (12.08.2024).
  • Fanack Water. “Water Resources In Syria”. Fanack Water, 23 Haziran 2019. https://water.fanack.com/syria/water-resources/ (10.12.2024).
  • FAO. “Faostat SDG Indicators”. FAO, 2021. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/SDGB (08.09.2024).
  • FAO. “AQUASTAT Country Profile – Syrian Arab Republic”. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome: FAO 2008.
  • FAO. “Review of World Water Resources By Country”. Water Reports. Rome: FAO, 2003.
  • FAO. “The State of Food and Agriculture”. 2020. http://www.fao.org/3/cb1447en/cb1447en.pdf (10.11.2024).
  • Femia, Francesco ve Werrel, Caitlin E. “Climate Change Before and After The Arab Awakening: The Cases Of Syria And Libya”. The Arab Spring And Climate Change: A Climate and Security Correlations Series içinde, ed. Caitlin E. Werrel ve Francesco Femia, 23-32. USA: Center for American Progress, Stimson the Center for Climate and Security, 2013.
  • Femia, Francesco ve Werrell, Caitlin E. “Syria: Climate Change, Drought and Social Unrest”. Center for Climate and Security, 29 Şubat 2012. https://climateandsecurity.org/2012/02/syria-climate-change-drought-and-social-unrest/ (12.08.2024).
  • Ferrando, Megan. “How Northern Syria’s Triple Water Crisis is Exacerbating Its People’s Woes”. Middle East Institute, 19 Eylül 2023. https://www.me.edu/publcatons/how-northern-syras-trple-water-crss-exacerbatng-ts-peoples-woes, (13.10.2024).
  • Frenken, Karen. “Irrigation in The Middle East Region in Figures Aquastat Survey 2008”. FAO Water Reports 34. Rome: FAO, 2009
  • Fröhlich, Christiane J. “Climate Migrants as Protestors? Dispelling Misconceptions About Global Environmental Change in Pre-revolutionary Syria”. Contemporary Levant 1, sy. 1 (2016): 38-50.
  • Gama, Margarida. “Water Weaponisation: The Syrian Case”. e-cadernos CES, sy. 40, (2023): 29-56.
  • Gleick, Peter H. “Water, War & Peace in the Middle East: 30 Years On”. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 66, sy. 5 (2024): 7-10.
  • Gleick, Peter H. “Water as a Weapon and Casualty of Armed Conflict: A Review of Recent Water Related Violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen”. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water 6, sy. 4 (2019): e1351.
  • Gleick, Peter H. “Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria”. Weather, Climate, And Society 6, sy. 3 (2014): 331-340.
  • Güler, Mehmet Çağatay ve Ucun, Can. “Suriye’de Doğal Kaynaklar Savaşı”. SETA Analiz. sy. 293. İstanbul: SETA Yayınları, 2019.
  • Hofste, Reig Willem, Rutger, Paul ve Schleifer, Leah. “One Quarter of The World’s Population Live in Countries With a High Level of Water Stress”. World Economic Forum. 8 Ağustos 2019. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/one-quarter-worlds-population-live-countries-high-levels-waterstress (08.09.2024).
  • Ide, Tobias. “Climate War in the Middle East? Drought, the Syrian Civil War and the State of Climate-Conflict Research”. Current Climate Change Reports 4, sy. 4 (2018): 347–354.
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. “Syria Water Crisis: Up to 40% less Drinking Water After 10 Years of War”. ICRC, 01 Ekim 2021. https://www.icrc.org/en/document/syria-water-crisis-after-10-years-war (12.05.2024).
  • IPCC. “AR6 Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis”. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ (10.11.2024).
  • Issam Fares Institute For Public Policy And International Affairs. “Climate Change, Water and the Policy-Making Process in the Levant and North Africa; The Syria Case”. Beirut: American University of Beirut, 2009.
  • Karasu, Mithat A. “Suriye'deki İç Savaşın Çevresel Kökenleri”. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi 26, sy. 3 (2017): 69-89.
  • Kelley, Colin, Mohtadı, Shahrzad, Cane, Mark, Seager, Richard ve Kushnir, Yochanan. “Commentary on The Syria Case: Climate as a Contributing Factor”. Political Geography, (2017): 1-3.
  • Kılıç, Selim. “Küresel İklim Değişikliği Sürecinde Su Yönetimi”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi. 39, Kasım 2011: 161-186.
  • Kuzma, Samantha, Saccoccia, Liz ve Chertock, Marlena. “25 Countries, Housing One-quarter of the Population, Face Extremely High Water Stress”. World Resources Instıtute, 16 Ağustos 2023. https://www.wri.org/insights/highest-water-stressed-countries (10.11.2024).
  • Maden, Tuğba E. “İklim Değişiminin Arap Baharında “Tehdit Tetikleyici” Rolü ve Suriye”. Ortadoğu Analiz 5, sy. 58 (2013): 80-87.
  • Mohtadi, Shahrzad. “Climate Change and the Syrian Uprising”. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 16 Ağustos 2012. https://thebulletin.org/2012/08/climate-change-and-the-syrian-uprising/ (10.07.2024).
  • Mourad, Khaldoon A. ve Berndtsson, Ronny. “Syrian Water Resources between the Present and the Future”. Air, Soil and Water Research 4, (2011): 93-100.
  • NASA. “The Effects of Climate Change”. 28 Ağustos 2019. https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/ (12.10.2024).
  • Otto, Freiderike E. L., Clarke, Ben, Rahimi, Mohammad, Zachariah, Mariam, Barnes, Clair, Kimutai Joyce, Stewart, Simphiwe, Vahlberg, Maja, Banthiya, Abhinav ve El Hajj, Rana. “Human-Induced Climate Change Compounded by Socio-economic Water Stressors Increased Severity of Drought in Syria, Iraq and Iran”. Report. Grantham Institute: Grantham Institute for Climate Change, 2023.
  • Öğütçü, Mehmet. “Enerji Savaşları Kızışıyor Ama Su Sorunları Barış Sürecinde”. Yetkin Report, 22 Aralık 2023. https://yetkinreport.com/2023/12/22/enerji-savaslari-kizisiyor-ama-su-sorunlari-baris-surecinde/ (16.08.2024).
  • Polk, William R. “Understanding Syria: From Pre-Civil War to Post-Assad”. The Atlantic, 10 Aralık 2013. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/12/understanding-syria-from-pre-civil-war-to-post-assad/281989/ (10.12.2024).
  • Pörtner, H. O., Roberts, D. C., Adams, H., Adelekan, I., Adler, C., Adrian, R., Aldunce, P., Ali, E., Ara Begum, R., ve Tignor, M. (Ed.). Technical Summary. Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 2022: 37-118.
  • Tuğaç, Çiğdem. “İklim Güvenliği Açısından Su Kaynaklarının Yönetimi”. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler. 23 (3), Temmuz 2014: 1-30.
  • Saghir, Abdullah. “How Syria Crisis Affects the Potable Water System Efficiency in Non-State Armed Group Controlled Areas”. Turkish Journal of Water Science and Management 2, sy. 2 (2018): 20-39.
  • Schleussner, Carl Friedrich, Donges, Jonathan F., Donner, Reik V. ve Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim. “Armed-conflict Risks Enhanced by Climate-related Disasters in Ethnically Fractionalized Countries”. PNAS 113, sy. 33 (2016): 9216-9221.
  • Sottimano, Aurora ve Samman, Nabil. “Syria Has a Water Crisis and It’s not Going Away”. Atlantic Council, 24 Şubat 2022. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/syria-has-a-water-crisis-and-its-not-going-away/ (12.10.2024).
  • UN OCHA. “Syria: Facing the Dual Challenge of Climate Change end Conflict”. UN OCHA, 10 Kasım 2023. https://www.unocha.org/news/syria-facing-dual-challenge-climate-change-and-conflict (07.06.2024).
  • UN OCHA. “Syrian Arab Republic: Euphrates Water Crisis & Drought Outlook”. 17 Haziran 2021. https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/syrian-arab-republic/syrian-arab-republic-euphrates-water-crisis-drought-outlook-17-june-2021 (10.07.2024).
  • UN OCHA. “Syrian Arab Republic: Recent Developments in Northwestern Syria Situation”. Report 7. UN: UN OCHA, 2019. file:///C:/Users/d_sur/OneDrive/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/latest_developments_in_north_western_syria_12july2019_sitrep7.pdf (12.08.2024).
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21. Yüzyılda Suriye’de Su Güvenliği

Yıl 2025, , 110 - 147, 03.05.2025

Derya Sürmelioğlu Parlar , Arda Özkan

https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1675224

Öz

Günümüzde önemli uluslararası güvenlik konularından birini oluşturan su, Suriye’de siyasi, ekonomik, toplumsal etkileri olan önemli sorun alanlarından biri haline gelmiştir. Suriye, özellikle 21. yüzyılda ciddi su sorunu yaşamaya başlamıştır. Ülkede suyu güvenlik sorunu haline getiren farklı etmenler bulunmakla beraber yeni yüzyılda Akdeniz bölgesinde etkileri daha fazla hissedilen iklim değişikliği ile 2010’da bölgede vukuu bulan ve Suriye’yi etkisi altına alan Arap Baharı, su sorununu ülkede daha görünür hale getirmiştir. Çalışmada 21. yüzyılda Suriye’de suyu güvenlik sorunu haline getiren unsurların neler olduğunun ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada gerek iklim değişikliğinin gerekse Arap Baharı’nın su üzerinde ciddi olumsuz etkiler yaratarak su gibi doğal bir kaynağa yalnızca erişim noktasında değil tarımsal kalkınma ve doğal olarak ekonomik kalkınma, gıda güvenliği, sağlık güvenliği, nihai olarak insani güvenlik üzerinde doğrudan olumsuz sonuçlar doğurduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu şekilde 21. yüzyılda Suriye’de suyun ciddi güvenlik sorunu haline geldiği, bu durumun devam edeceği ve bu nedenle söz konusu sorunun Suriye’nin öncelikli politika hedef ve stratejileri arasında yer alması gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Su Güvenliği Suriye'de Su İklim Değişikliği Suriye İç Savaşı

Kaynakça

  • Al-Delaimy, Wael K. “Vulnerable Populations and Regions: Middle East as a Case Study.” Health of People, Health of Planet and Our Responsibility: Climate Change, Air Pollution and Health içinde, ed. Wael K. Al-Delaimy, Veerabhadran Ramanathan ve Marcelo S. Sorondo, 121-135. Cham: Springer Nature, 2020.
  • Armaoğlu, Fahir. Türk Dış Politikası Tarihi. 4. bs. İstanbul: Kronik Kitap, 2021. Barnes, Jessica. “Managing the Waters of Ba’th Country: The Politics of Water Scarcity in Syria”. Geopolitics 14, sy. 3 (2009): 510-530.
  • Butler, Colin D. “Limits to Growth, Planetary Boundaries and Planetary Health”. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 25, (2017): 59-65.
  • Daher, Joseph. “Water Scarcity, Mismanagement and Pollution in Syria”. Middle East Directions Programme Techinal Report. sy. 10. Italy: European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre, 2022.
  • Dixon, Thomas H. “Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases-Part 1”. International Security, Peace and Conflict Studies Program. University of Toronto. 19 (1). Summer 1994, http://www.homerdixon.com/projects/evidence/evid1.htm (10.07.2024).
  • Droubi, Abdallah. “Climate Change, Water and the Policy-Making Process in the Levant and North Africa”. Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs. Beirut: American University of Beirut, 2009.
  • Erian, Wadid, Katlan, Bassem ve Babah, Ouldbdey. “Drought Vulnerability in the Arab Region: Special Case Study—Syria”. ISDR. Geneva: United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, 2010.
  • Erian, Wadid. “Drought Vulnerability in the Arab Region: Case Study-Drought in Syria Ten Years of Scarce Water (2000-2010)”. ISDR Report. Geneva: ISDR, 2011.
  • Evans, Jason P. “21st Century Climate Change in the Middle East”. Climatic Change 92, (2009): 417–432.
  • Falconer, Roger ve Mynett, Arthur, “Introduction to Global Water Security”, International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), 2022, https://www.iahr.org/library/infor?pid=20699 (12.08.2024).
  • Fanack Water. “Water Resources In Syria”. Fanack Water, 23 Haziran 2019. https://water.fanack.com/syria/water-resources/ (10.12.2024).
  • FAO. “Faostat SDG Indicators”. FAO, 2021. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/SDGB (08.09.2024).
  • FAO. “AQUASTAT Country Profile – Syrian Arab Republic”. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome: FAO 2008.
  • FAO. “Review of World Water Resources By Country”. Water Reports. Rome: FAO, 2003.
  • FAO. “The State of Food and Agriculture”. 2020. http://www.fao.org/3/cb1447en/cb1447en.pdf (10.11.2024).
  • Femia, Francesco ve Werrel, Caitlin E. “Climate Change Before and After The Arab Awakening: The Cases Of Syria And Libya”. The Arab Spring And Climate Change: A Climate and Security Correlations Series içinde, ed. Caitlin E. Werrel ve Francesco Femia, 23-32. USA: Center for American Progress, Stimson the Center for Climate and Security, 2013.
  • Femia, Francesco ve Werrell, Caitlin E. “Syria: Climate Change, Drought and Social Unrest”. Center for Climate and Security, 29 Şubat 2012. https://climateandsecurity.org/2012/02/syria-climate-change-drought-and-social-unrest/ (12.08.2024).
  • Ferrando, Megan. “How Northern Syria’s Triple Water Crisis is Exacerbating Its People’s Woes”. Middle East Institute, 19 Eylül 2023. https://www.me.edu/publcatons/how-northern-syras-trple-water-crss-exacerbatng-ts-peoples-woes, (13.10.2024).
  • Frenken, Karen. “Irrigation in The Middle East Region in Figures Aquastat Survey 2008”. FAO Water Reports 34. Rome: FAO, 2009
  • Fröhlich, Christiane J. “Climate Migrants as Protestors? Dispelling Misconceptions About Global Environmental Change in Pre-revolutionary Syria”. Contemporary Levant 1, sy. 1 (2016): 38-50.
  • Gama, Margarida. “Water Weaponisation: The Syrian Case”. e-cadernos CES, sy. 40, (2023): 29-56.
  • Gleick, Peter H. “Water, War & Peace in the Middle East: 30 Years On”. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 66, sy. 5 (2024): 7-10.
  • Gleick, Peter H. “Water as a Weapon and Casualty of Armed Conflict: A Review of Recent Water Related Violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen”. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water 6, sy. 4 (2019): e1351.
  • Gleick, Peter H. “Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria”. Weather, Climate, And Society 6, sy. 3 (2014): 331-340.
  • Güler, Mehmet Çağatay ve Ucun, Can. “Suriye’de Doğal Kaynaklar Savaşı”. SETA Analiz. sy. 293. İstanbul: SETA Yayınları, 2019.
  • Hofste, Reig Willem, Rutger, Paul ve Schleifer, Leah. “One Quarter of The World’s Population Live in Countries With a High Level of Water Stress”. World Economic Forum. 8 Ağustos 2019. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/one-quarter-worlds-population-live-countries-high-levels-waterstress (08.09.2024).
  • Ide, Tobias. “Climate War in the Middle East? Drought, the Syrian Civil War and the State of Climate-Conflict Research”. Current Climate Change Reports 4, sy. 4 (2018): 347–354.
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. “Syria Water Crisis: Up to 40% less Drinking Water After 10 Years of War”. ICRC, 01 Ekim 2021. https://www.icrc.org/en/document/syria-water-crisis-after-10-years-war (12.05.2024).
  • IPCC. “AR6 Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis”. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ (10.11.2024).
  • Issam Fares Institute For Public Policy And International Affairs. “Climate Change, Water and the Policy-Making Process in the Levant and North Africa; The Syria Case”. Beirut: American University of Beirut, 2009.
  • Karasu, Mithat A. “Suriye'deki İç Savaşın Çevresel Kökenleri”. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi 26, sy. 3 (2017): 69-89.
  • Kelley, Colin, Mohtadı, Shahrzad, Cane, Mark, Seager, Richard ve Kushnir, Yochanan. “Commentary on The Syria Case: Climate as a Contributing Factor”. Political Geography, (2017): 1-3.
  • Kılıç, Selim. “Küresel İklim Değişikliği Sürecinde Su Yönetimi”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi. 39, Kasım 2011: 161-186.
  • Kuzma, Samantha, Saccoccia, Liz ve Chertock, Marlena. “25 Countries, Housing One-quarter of the Population, Face Extremely High Water Stress”. World Resources Instıtute, 16 Ağustos 2023. https://www.wri.org/insights/highest-water-stressed-countries (10.11.2024).
  • Maden, Tuğba E. “İklim Değişiminin Arap Baharında “Tehdit Tetikleyici” Rolü ve Suriye”. Ortadoğu Analiz 5, sy. 58 (2013): 80-87.
  • Mohtadi, Shahrzad. “Climate Change and the Syrian Uprising”. The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 16 Ağustos 2012. https://thebulletin.org/2012/08/climate-change-and-the-syrian-uprising/ (10.07.2024).
  • Mourad, Khaldoon A. ve Berndtsson, Ronny. “Syrian Water Resources between the Present and the Future”. Air, Soil and Water Research 4, (2011): 93-100.
  • NASA. “The Effects of Climate Change”. 28 Ağustos 2019. https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/ (12.10.2024).
  • Otto, Freiderike E. L., Clarke, Ben, Rahimi, Mohammad, Zachariah, Mariam, Barnes, Clair, Kimutai Joyce, Stewart, Simphiwe, Vahlberg, Maja, Banthiya, Abhinav ve El Hajj, Rana. “Human-Induced Climate Change Compounded by Socio-economic Water Stressors Increased Severity of Drought in Syria, Iraq and Iran”. Report. Grantham Institute: Grantham Institute for Climate Change, 2023.
  • Öğütçü, Mehmet. “Enerji Savaşları Kızışıyor Ama Su Sorunları Barış Sürecinde”. Yetkin Report, 22 Aralık 2023. https://yetkinreport.com/2023/12/22/enerji-savaslari-kizisiyor-ama-su-sorunlari-baris-surecinde/ (16.08.2024).
  • Polk, William R. “Understanding Syria: From Pre-Civil War to Post-Assad”. The Atlantic, 10 Aralık 2013. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/12/understanding-syria-from-pre-civil-war-to-post-assad/281989/ (10.12.2024).
  • Pörtner, H. O., Roberts, D. C., Adams, H., Adelekan, I., Adler, C., Adrian, R., Aldunce, P., Ali, E., Ara Begum, R., ve Tignor, M. (Ed.). Technical Summary. Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 2022: 37-118.
  • Tuğaç, Çiğdem. “İklim Güvenliği Açısından Su Kaynaklarının Yönetimi”. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler. 23 (3), Temmuz 2014: 1-30.
  • Saghir, Abdullah. “How Syria Crisis Affects the Potable Water System Efficiency in Non-State Armed Group Controlled Areas”. Turkish Journal of Water Science and Management 2, sy. 2 (2018): 20-39.
  • Schleussner, Carl Friedrich, Donges, Jonathan F., Donner, Reik V. ve Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim. “Armed-conflict Risks Enhanced by Climate-related Disasters in Ethnically Fractionalized Countries”. PNAS 113, sy. 33 (2016): 9216-9221.
  • Sottimano, Aurora ve Samman, Nabil. “Syria Has a Water Crisis and It’s not Going Away”. Atlantic Council, 24 Şubat 2022. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/syria-has-a-water-crisis-and-its-not-going-away/ (12.10.2024).
  • UN OCHA. “Syria: Facing the Dual Challenge of Climate Change end Conflict”. UN OCHA, 10 Kasım 2023. https://www.unocha.org/news/syria-facing-dual-challenge-climate-change-and-conflict (07.06.2024).
  • UN OCHA. “Syrian Arab Republic: Euphrates Water Crisis & Drought Outlook”. 17 Haziran 2021. https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/syrian-arab-republic/syrian-arab-republic-euphrates-water-crisis-drought-outlook-17-june-2021 (10.07.2024).
  • UN OCHA. “Syrian Arab Republic: Recent Developments in Northwestern Syria Situation”. Report 7. UN: UN OCHA, 2019. file:///C:/Users/d_sur/OneDrive/Masa%C3%BCst%C3%BC/latest_developments_in_north_western_syria_12july2019_sitrep7.pdf (12.08.2024).
  • UN Water. “Syrian Arab Republic”. UN, t.y. https://sdg6data.org:8443/en/countryorarea/Syrian%20Arab%20Republic#anchor_6.1.1 (08.09.2024).
  • UN Water. “UN World Water Development Report 2021”, 21 Mart 2021, https://www.unwater.org/publications/un-world-water-development-report-2021/ (16.08.2024)
  • UNEP. Vulnerability Assessment of Freshwater Resources to Climate Change: Implications for Shared Water Resources in the West Asia Region. Kenya: UNEP, 2012.
  • UNEP. “Vital Water Graphics: An Overview of the State of the World’s Fresh and Marine Waters”. UNEP Report. Kenya: UNEP, 2002.
  • UNESCO. “World Water Development Report”. (19 Mart 2019). https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019#download (14.10.2024).
  • Ülker, Duygu, Ergüven, Orhan ve Gazioğlu, Cem. “Socio-economic Impacts in a Changing Climate: Case Study Syria”. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 5, sy. 1 (2018): 84-93.
  • Verner, Dorte (Ed.). Adaptation to a Changing Climate in the Arab Countries. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2012.
  • Water Calculator, The Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources, 2018, https://www.watercalculator.org/wateruse/climate-change-water-resources/ (08.09.2024).
  • Wendle, John. “The Ominous Story of Syria's Climate Refugees”. Scientific American, 17 Aralık 2015. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ominous-story-of-syriaclimate-refugees (12.06.2024).
  • World Bank. “Syrian Arab Republic”. World Bank, t.y. https://data.worldbank.org/country/syrian-arab-republic (12.08.2024).
  • World Bank, “Renewable Energy Desalination: An Emerging Solution to Close the Water Gap in the Middle East and North Africa”, World Bank, Washington, DC: World Bank, 2012.
  • Worldometers. “Syria Water”. Worldometers, 2017. https://www.worldometers.info/water/syria-water/ (10.11.2024).
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ortadoğu Çalışmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Derya Sürmelioğlu Parlar 0000-0002-0236-6001

Arda Özkan 0000-0001-6369-0748

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Nisan 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Mayıs 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 22 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Sürmelioğlu Parlar, Derya, ve Arda Özkan. “21. Yüzyılda Suriye’de Su Güvenliği”. International Journal of Politics and Security 7, sy. 1 (Mayıs 2025): 110-47. https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1675224.

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Veri Paylaşım Politikası
Bu dergi, yazarları bilimsel etik ve atıf kuralları ile kişisel hakların korunmasına yönelik evrensel ve yasal kriterler çerçevesinde kalırken araştırmaları sonucunda elde ettikleri verileri paylaşmaya teşvik etmektedir. Bu bağlamda IJPS, Budapeşte Açık Erişim Girişimi Deklarasyonunu (2001) benimser.