Generation-Units: A Theoretical Discussion and Some Historical Evidence from the European Avant-Garde Art Movements
Öz
This study provides a discussion on the term generation-unit, which has a central position in Karl Mannheim’s sociology of generation, with its theoretical implications and with some examples on European Avant-Garde art movements in its historical dimension. Generation-units are defined as integrative attitudes that bring members of generations together. Generations consist of social groups of differentiated tendencies competing with each other. The generational identity is formed and represented by the dominant generation-units within a generation. Generation-units are discussed mostly through historical and intellectual movements because of the intensive inner-generational diversity and antagonism. In this study, the European Avant-Garde art movements are evaluated as one of the historical examples in which generation-units are embodied. European Avant-Garde art movements, with an influential critique to modernity, manifest themselves through differing generational experiences in Western and Eastern Europe. The Western European Avant-Garde emerges as a generation-unit that has been decisive for many generations in field of art, politics and social theory, from the late nineteenth to the mid twentieth century. The Eastern European Avant-Garde, represented by the Russian Avant-Garde, is a shorter-lived generation-unit and is significant in its conflict with the political generation-units of the Soviet revolution generation and its extinction by them..
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Alwin, D. F. & McCammon, R J. (2003). Generations, cohorts and social change. In J. T. Mortimer, M. J. Shanahan (Eds.), Handbook of the life course. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research (pp. 23-49). Springer. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48247-2_2
- Baudrillard, J. (2005). The conspiracy of art: Manifestos, interviews, essays. (A. Hodges, Trans.). Semiotext(e).
- Berger, J. (1997). Art and revolution: Ernst Neizvestny, endurance, and the role of art. Vintage Books.
- Bloch, E. (2000). The spirit of utopia, (A. A. Nassar, Trans.). Stanford University Press.
- Buck-Morss (2000). Dreamworld and catastrophe: The passing of mass utopia in East and West. The MIT Press.
- Buss, A.R. (1974), Generational analysis: Description, explanation, and theory. Journal of Social Issues, (30), 55-71. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00715.x
- Bürger, P. (1984). The theory of the Avant-Garde. (M. Shaw, Trans.). The University of Minnesota Press.
- Clark, T. (1997). Art and propaganda in the twentieth century: The political image in the age of mass culture. Calmann & King.
- Corrigan, R. W. (1973). The transformation of the Avant Garde. Michigan Quarterly Review, 13 (1), 31-48. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.acy2080.0013.001:06
- Cunningham, D. (2006). Making an example of Duchamp: History, theory and the queston of the Avant-Garde. In D. Jones (ed.). Dada Culture: Critical Texts on the Avant-Garde (pp. 254-283). Rodopi.
- De Martini, J. R. (1985). Change agents and generational relationships: A Revaluation of Mannheim’s problem of generations. Social Forces, 64(1), 1-16. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/64.1.1
- Dobrenko, E. A. (2005). Aesthetics of alienation: Reassessment of early Soviet cultural theories. (J. M. Savage, Trans.). Northwestern University Press.
- Doorman, M. (2003). Art in progress: A philosophical response to the end of the Avant-Garde. (S. Marx, Trans.). Amsterdam University Press.
- Eisenstadt, S. N. (2003). From generation to generation. Routledge.
- Eisenstadt, S. N. (1971). Generational conflict and ıntellectual antinomianism. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, (395), 68–79. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1038576
- Eyerman, R. & Turner, B. S. (1998). Outline of a Theory of Generations, European Journal of Sociology, 1(1), 91-106. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136843198001001007
- Gloveli, G. D., & Biggart, J. (1991). “Socialism of Science” versus “Socialism of Feelings”: Bogdanov and Lunacharsky. Studies in Soviet Thought, 42(1), 29–55. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00818646
- Jaeger, H. (1985). Generations in history: Reflections on a controversial concept. History and Theory, 24 (3), 273-292. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2505170
- Johnston, J. & Dolowitz, D. P. (1999). Marxism and social class, In A. Gamble, D. Marsch & T. Tant (Eds.), Marxism and Social Science (pp. 129-151). University of Illinois Press.
- Kolakowski, L. (1978). Main currents of Marxism, its rise, growth and dissolution: volume II the golden age, (P. S. Falla, Trans.). Clarendon Press.
- Laufer, R. S., & Bengtson, V. L. (1974). Generations, aging, and social stratification: On the development of generational units. Journal of Social Issues, 30(3), 181–205. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00733.x
- Laursen, E. (2013). Toxic voices: the villain from early Soviet literature to socialist realism Northwestern University Press.
- Lukacs, G. (1972). History and class consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, (R. Livingstone, Trans.). The MIT Press.
- Lunacharksy, A. V. (1965). On literature and art. (A. Pymau & F. Glagoleva, Trans.). Progress Publishers.
- Mally, L. (1990). Culture of the future: The Proletkult movement in revolutionary Russia. University of California Press.
- Mannheim, K. (1952). Essays on the sociology of knowledge. Oxford University Press.
- Mead, M. (1970). Culture and commitment: A study of the generation gap. Doubleday.
- Murphy, R. (1999). Theorizing the Avant-Garde: Modernism, expressionism and the problem of postmodernity. Cambridge University Press.
- Ortega y Gasset, J. (1961). The modern theme, J. Cleugh, (Trans.). Harper & Row.
- Pinder, W. M. (1926). Kunstgeschichte nach generationen [Art history by generations]. Verlag von Eduard Pfeiffer.
- Schatz, J. (1991). The generation: The rise and fall of the Jewish Communists of Poland. University of California Press.
- Schwartz, F. J. (2001). Ernst Bloch and Wilhelm Pinder: Out of the sync. Grey Room, (3), 54–89. https://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152638101300138549
- Singsen, D. (2020). The Historical Avant-Garde from 1830 to 1939: l’art pour l’art, blague, and Gesamtkunstwerk. Modernism/Modernity Print Plus, 5 (2). https://dx.doi.org/10.26597/mod.0154
- Sochor, Z. (1988). Revolution and culture. Lenin-Bogdanov controversy. Cornell University Press.
- Szabolcsi, M. (1971). Avant-Garde, Neo-Avant-Garde, Modernism: Questions and Suggestions. New Literary History, 3 (1), 49-70. https://doi.org/10.2307/468380
- Turner, J. A. (2010). Sitting in and speaking out: Student movements in the American South, 1960-1970. University of Georgia Press.
- White, J. (2013). Thinking generations, British Journal of Sociology, 64(2), 216-247. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12015
- Wohl, R. (1979). The Generation of 1914. Harvard University Press
- Ziarek, K. (2001). The history of experience: Modernity, the Avant-Garde and the event. Northwestern University Press.
Generation-Units: A Theoretical Discussion and Some Historical Evidence from the European Avant-Garde Art Movements
Öz
This study provides a discussion on the term generation-unit, which has a central position in Karl Mannheim’s sociology of generation, with its theoretical implications and with some examples on European Avant-Garde art movements in its historical dimension. Generation-units are defined as integrative attitudes that bring members of generations together. Generations consist of social groups of differentiated tendencies competing with each other. The generational identity is formed and represented by the dominant generation-units within a generation. Generation-units are discussed mostly through historical and intellectual movements because of the intensive inner-generational diversity and antagonism. In this study, the European Avant-Garde art movements are evaluated as one of the historical examples in which generation-units are embodied. European Avant-Garde art movements, with an influential critique to modernity, manifest themselves through differing generational experiences in Western and Eastern Europe. The Western European Avant-Garde emerges as a generation-unit that has been decisive for many generations in field of art, politics and social theory, from the late nineteenth to the mid twentieth century. The Eastern European Avant-Garde, represented by the Russian Avant-Garde, is a shorter-lived generation-unit and is significant in its conflict with the political generation-units of the Soviet revolution generation and its extinction by them.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Alwin, D. F. & McCammon, R J. (2003). Generations, cohorts and social change. In J. T. Mortimer, M. J. Shanahan (Eds.), Handbook of the life course. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research (pp. 23-49). Springer. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48247-2_2
- Baudrillard, J. (2005). The conspiracy of art: Manifestos, interviews, essays. (A. Hodges, Trans.). Semiotext(e).
- Berger, J. (1997). Art and revolution: Ernst Neizvestny, endurance, and the role of art. Vintage Books.
- Bloch, E. (2000). The spirit of utopia, (A. A. Nassar, Trans.). Stanford University Press.
- Buck-Morss (2000). Dreamworld and catastrophe: The passing of mass utopia in East and West. The MIT Press.
- Buss, A.R. (1974), Generational analysis: Description, explanation, and theory. Journal of Social Issues, (30), 55-71. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00715.x
- Bürger, P. (1984). The theory of the Avant-Garde. (M. Shaw, Trans.). The University of Minnesota Press.
- Clark, T. (1997). Art and propaganda in the twentieth century: The political image in the age of mass culture. Calmann & King.
- Corrigan, R. W. (1973). The transformation of the Avant Garde. Michigan Quarterly Review, 13 (1), 31-48. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.acy2080.0013.001:06
- Cunningham, D. (2006). Making an example of Duchamp: History, theory and the queston of the Avant-Garde. In D. Jones (ed.). Dada Culture: Critical Texts on the Avant-Garde (pp. 254-283). Rodopi.
- De Martini, J. R. (1985). Change agents and generational relationships: A Revaluation of Mannheim’s problem of generations. Social Forces, 64(1), 1-16. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/64.1.1
- Dobrenko, E. A. (2005). Aesthetics of alienation: Reassessment of early Soviet cultural theories. (J. M. Savage, Trans.). Northwestern University Press.
- Doorman, M. (2003). Art in progress: A philosophical response to the end of the Avant-Garde. (S. Marx, Trans.). Amsterdam University Press.
- Eisenstadt, S. N. (2003). From generation to generation. Routledge.
- Eisenstadt, S. N. (1971). Generational conflict and ıntellectual antinomianism. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, (395), 68–79. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1038576
- Eyerman, R. & Turner, B. S. (1998). Outline of a Theory of Generations, European Journal of Sociology, 1(1), 91-106. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136843198001001007
- Gloveli, G. D., & Biggart, J. (1991). “Socialism of Science” versus “Socialism of Feelings”: Bogdanov and Lunacharsky. Studies in Soviet Thought, 42(1), 29–55. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00818646
- Jaeger, H. (1985). Generations in history: Reflections on a controversial concept. History and Theory, 24 (3), 273-292. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2505170
- Johnston, J. & Dolowitz, D. P. (1999). Marxism and social class, In A. Gamble, D. Marsch & T. Tant (Eds.), Marxism and Social Science (pp. 129-151). University of Illinois Press.
- Kolakowski, L. (1978). Main currents of Marxism, its rise, growth and dissolution: volume II the golden age, (P. S. Falla, Trans.). Clarendon Press.
- Laufer, R. S., & Bengtson, V. L. (1974). Generations, aging, and social stratification: On the development of generational units. Journal of Social Issues, 30(3), 181–205. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00733.x
- Laursen, E. (2013). Toxic voices: the villain from early Soviet literature to socialist realism Northwestern University Press.
- Lukacs, G. (1972). History and class consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, (R. Livingstone, Trans.). The MIT Press.
- Lunacharksy, A. V. (1965). On literature and art. (A. Pymau & F. Glagoleva, Trans.). Progress Publishers.
- Mally, L. (1990). Culture of the future: The Proletkult movement in revolutionary Russia. University of California Press.
- Mannheim, K. (1952). Essays on the sociology of knowledge. Oxford University Press.
- Mead, M. (1970). Culture and commitment: A study of the generation gap. Doubleday.
- Murphy, R. (1999). Theorizing the Avant-Garde: Modernism, expressionism and the problem of postmodernity. Cambridge University Press.
- Ortega y Gasset, J. (1961). The modern theme, J. Cleugh, (Trans.). Harper & Row.
- Pinder, W. M. (1926). Kunstgeschichte nach generationen [Art history by generations]. Verlag von Eduard Pfeiffer.
- Schatz, J. (1991). The generation: The rise and fall of the Jewish Communists of Poland. University of California Press.
- Schwartz, F. J. (2001). Ernst Bloch and Wilhelm Pinder: Out of the sync. Grey Room, (3), 54–89. https://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152638101300138549
- Singsen, D. (2020). The Historical Avant-Garde from 1830 to 1939: l’art pour l’art, blague, and Gesamtkunstwerk. Modernism/Modernity Print Plus, 5 (2). https://dx.doi.org/10.26597/mod.0154
- Sochor, Z. (1988). Revolution and culture. Lenin-Bogdanov controversy. Cornell University Press.
- Szabolcsi, M. (1971). Avant-Garde, Neo-Avant-Garde, Modernism: Questions and Suggestions. New Literary History, 3 (1), 49-70. https://doi.org/10.2307/468380
- Turner, J. A. (2010). Sitting in and speaking out: Student movements in the American South, 1960-1970. University of Georgia Press.
- White, J. (2013). Thinking generations, British Journal of Sociology, 64(2), 216-247. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12015
- Wohl, R. (1979). The Generation of 1914. Harvard University Press
- Ziarek, K. (2001). The history of experience: Modernity, the Avant-Garde and the event. Northwestern University Press.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Kültür Sosyolojisi, Yaşam Seyrinin Sosyolojisi |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Nisan 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 26 Temmuz 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 9 Ekim 2024 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1 |
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