Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity: Comparison of Pentaclethra eetveldeana (De Wild & T. Durand) leaf ethanolic extracts (Congo-Brazzaville)
Öz
It is important to know the intraspecific variability of the biological properties and chemical composition of plants in order to promote their better use. Thus, referring to the use of Pentaclethra eetveldeana (De Wild & T. Durand) leaves in a dementia traditional treatment, this study aims to highlight the antioxidant capacity and the chemical composition of the ethanolic extracts of Pentaclethra eetveldeana leaves from four localities of Congo-Brazzaville. The β-carotene bleaching, diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and molybdenum reduction methods were used to determine the antioxidant potency. Subsequently, the yields of the extractions, the phytochemical screening and the quantification of the phenolic compounds were carried out. The results revealed that the extracts of the four localities presented an antiradical and an antilipid peroxidation superior to those of ascorbic acid in DPPH and β-carotene bleaching methods. Moreover, among the extracts, those of the leaves from Boundji and Brazzaville presented the best antilipid peroxidation, antiradical and reducing activities as well as the greatest extraction yields, the greatest quantities of total polyphenols and proanthocyanidins against low levels of flavonoids. Furthermore, saponins, polyphenols, alkaloids, reducing sugars and cardiotonic glycosides were identified in all ethanolic extracts except sterols and triterpenes which were only identified in the extracts of leaves collected in Brazzaville. In addition, flavones were identified in the leaves from Owando and Makoua; flavonols in the leaves from Boundji and Brazzaville. This study showed that Pentaclethra eetveldeana leaf ethanolic extracts exhibit antilipid peroxidation, antiradical properties and phytochemical that varied according to the region.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Pentaclethra eetveldeana leaves Phenolic compounds Antiradical Reducing power Antilipid peroxidation
Destekleyen Kurum
Franceville Interdisciplinary and Medical Research Center
Teşekkür
Franceville Interdisciplinary and Medical Research Center
Kaynakça
- Aliyu, A.B., Ibrahim, M.A., Musa, A.M., Musa, A.O., Kiplimo, J.J., & Oyewale, A.O. (2013). Free radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacity of root extracts of Anchomanes difformis ENGL. (Araceae). Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica ñ Drug Research, 70(1), 115‑121.
- Ang, A.M.G., & Manuales, A.D.F. (2022). Total Alkaloid and saponin content of the ethanolic leaf extracts of cassia alata, chrysophyllum cainito, cymbopogon citratus, lantana camara, and terminalia catappa. Asian Journal of Biological and Life Sciences, 11(1), 157‑160. https://doi.org/10.5530/ajbls.2022.11.21
- Aryal, S., Baniya, M.K., Danekhu, K., Kunwar, P., Gurung, R., & Koirala, N. (2019). Total phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant potential of wild vegetables from Western Nepal. Plants, 8(4), 1‑12. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8040096
- Ashraf, M.F., Abd Aziz, M., Stanslas, J., Ismail, I., & Abdul Kadir, M. (2013). Assessment of antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of saponin and crude extracts of Chlorophytum borivilianum. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 1‑7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/216894
- Ato Koomson, D., Kwakye, B.D., Darkwah, W.K., Odum, B., & Asante, M. (2018). Phytochemical constituents, total saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and vitamin C contents of ethanol extracts of five solanum torvum fruits. Pharmacognosy Journal, 10(5), 946‑950. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2018.5.160
- Banjarnahor, S.D.S., & Artanti, N. (2015). Antioxidant properties of flavonoids. Medical Journal of Indonesia, 23(4), 239‑244. https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.v23i4.1015
- Błaszczyk, J.W. (2022). Pathogenesis of Dementia. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(1), 1‑25. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010543
- Bouquet, A. (1969). Fetishes and traditional medicines from Congo (Brazzaville). Orstom éditions. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39887867.pdf
- Corrado, G., Lucini, L., Miras-Moreno, B., Zhang, L., El-Nakhel, C., Colla, G., & Rouphael, Y. (2021). Intraspecific variability largely affects the leaf metabolomics response to isosmotic macrocation variations in two divergent lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) varieties. Plants, 10(1), 1‑17. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010091
- Dar, T.A., Uddin, M., Khan, M.M.A., Ali, A., & Varshney, L. (2016). Modulation of alkaloid content, growth and productivity of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. using irradiated sodium alginate in combination with soil applied phosphorus. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 3(4), 200‑210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2016.05.003
- Dhayalan, A., Gracilla, D.E., Dela Peña Jr, R.A., Malison, M.T., & Pangilinan, C.R. (2018). Phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the ethanol and chloroform crude leaf extracts of Spathiphyllum cannifolium (Dryand. Ex Sims) Schott. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences, 10(1), 15‑20. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_95_17
- Dicko, M.H., Gruppen, H., Traore, A.S., Van Berkel, W.J.H., & Voragen, A.G.J. (2005). Evaluation of the effect of germination on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities in Sorghum varieties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(7), 2581‑2588. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0501847
- Francenia Santos-Sánchez, N., Salas-Coronado, R., Villanueva-Cañongo, C., & Hernández-Carlos, B. (2019). Antioxidant compounds and their antioxidant mechanism. In E. Shalaby (Éd.), Antioxidants (p. 28). IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85270
- Ghedadba, N., Bousselsela, H., Hambaba, L., Benbia, S., & Mouloud, Y. (2014). Evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the leaves and flowered tops of Marrubium vulgare L. Phytothérapie, 12(1), 15‑24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10298-014-0832-z
- Gillet, J. (2013). Marantaceae forest within the forest mosaic of the North of the Republic of Congo : Origins and management methods [Thesis, University of Liege - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech]. https://www.gembloux.ulg.ac.be/gestion-des-ressources-forestieres/2016/03/08/les-forets-a-marantaceae-au-sein-de-la-mosaique-forestiere-du-nord-de-la-republique-du-congo-origines-et-modalites-de-gestion/
- Jaafar, H.Z.E., Ibrahim, M.H., & Mohamad Fakri, N.F. (2012). Impact of soil field water capacity on secondary metabolites, Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase(PAL), Maliondialdehyde (MDA) and photosynthetic responses of Malaysian Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila Benth). Molecules, 17(6), 7305‑7322. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17067305
- Li, Y., Kong, D., Lin, X., Xie, Z., Bai, M., Huang, S., Nian, H., & Wu, H. (2016). Quality evaluation for essential oil of cinnamomum verum leaves at different growth stages based on GC–MS, FTIR and microscopy. Food Analytical Methods, 9(1), 202‑212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0187-6
- Lv, Q., Long, J., Gong, Z., Nong, K., Liang, X., Qin, T., Huang, W., & Yang, L. (2021). Current state of knowledge on the antioxidant effects and mechanisms of action of polyphenolic compounds. Natural Product Communications, 16(7), 1‑13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X211027745
- Mbengui, R., Guessennd, N., M’boh, G., Golly, J., Okou, C., Nguessan, J., Dosso, M., & Djaman, J. (2013). Phytochemical screening and study of comparative antibacterial activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the leaves and barks of Terminalia catappa on multiresistant strains. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 66(0), 5040. https://doi.org/10.4314/jab.v66i0.95000
- Moore, B.D., Andrew, R.L., Külheim, C., & Foley, W.J. (2014). Explaining intraspecific diversity in plant secondary metabolites in an ecological context. New Phytologist, 201(3), 733‑750. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12526
- N’goka, V., Oyegue Liabagui, S.L., Sima Obiang, C., Begouabe, H., Nsonde Ntandou, G.F., Imboumy-Limoukou, R.K., … Abena, A.A. (2023). Pentaclethra eetveldeana leaves from four Congo-Brazzaville regions : Antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory activity and proportional accumulation of phytochemicals. Plants, 12(18), Article 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12183271
- Obame-Engonga, L.-C. (2009). Phytochemical studies, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of some african aromatic and medicinal plants [Thesis, University of Ouagadougou]. https://docplayer.fr/5721960-These-de-doctorat-unique.html
- Patra, B., Schluttenhofer, C., Wu, Y., Pattanaik, S., & Yuan, L. (2013). Transcriptional regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in plants. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms, 1829(11), 1236‑1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.09.006
- Plazas, E., Avila M, M.C., Muñoz, D.R., & Cuca S, L.E. (2022). Natural isoquinoline alkaloids : Pharmacological features and multi-target potential for complex diseases. Pharmacological Research, 177, 1‑23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106126
- Quettier-Deleu, C., Gressier, B., Vasseur, J., Dine, T., Brunet, C., Luyckx, … Trotin, F. (2000). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) hulls and flour. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 72(1‑2), 35‑42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00196-3
- Rajbhar, K., Dawda, H., & Mukundan, U. (2015). Polyphenols : Methods of extraction. Scientific Reviews & Chemical Communications, 5(1), 1‑6.
- Sharma, P., Jha, A.B., Dubey, R.S., & Pessarakli, M. (2012). Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions. Journal of Botany, 2012, 1‑26. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/217037
- Tine, D., Fall, A.D., Dieng, S.I.M., Sarr, A., & Bassene, E. (2019). Total polyphenol, tannin and flavonoid contents of Combretum micranthum leaves harvested in three regions of Senegal : Diass, Sandiara and Essyl. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 13(3), 1817‑1820. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v13i3.48
- Vázquez-León, L.A., Páramo-Calderón, D.E., Robles-Olvera, V.J., Valdés-Rodríguez, O.A., Pérez-Vázquez, A., García-Alvarado, M.A., & Rodríguez-Jimenes, G.C. (2017). Variation in bioactive compounds and antiradical activity of Moringa oleifera leaves : Influence of climatic factors, tree age, and soil parameters. European Food Research and Technology, 243(9), 1593‑1608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-017-2868-4
- VWR International. (2007). Safety data sheet (p. 5) [Fiche]. https://fr.vwr.com/assetsvc/asset/fr_FR/id/11733853/contents
- Yunusa, A. K., Abdullahi, N., Rilwan, A., Abdulkadir, A. R., & Dandago, M. A. (2018). DPPH radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) peel and seed. Annals. Food Science and Technology, 19(4), 774‑779.
Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity: Comparison of Pentaclethra eetveldeana (De Wild & T. Durand) leaf ethanolic extracts (Congo-Brazzaville)
Öz
It is important to know the intraspecific variability of the biological properties and chemical composition of plants in order to promote their better use. Thus, referring to the use of Pentaclethra eetveldeana (De Wild & T. Durand) leaves in a dementia traditional treatment, this study aims to highlight the antioxidant capacity and the chemical composition of the ethanolic extracts of Pentaclethra eetveldeana leaves from four localities of Congo-Brazzaville. The β-carotene bleaching, diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and molybdenum reduction methods were used to determine the antioxidant potency. Subsequently, the yields of the extractions, the phytochemical screening and the quantification of the phenolic compounds were carried out. The results revealed that the extracts of the four localities presented an antiradical and an antilipid peroxidation superior to those of ascorbic acid in DPPH and β-carotene bleaching methods. Moreover, among the extracts, those of the leaves from Boundji and Brazzaville presented the best antilipid peroxidation, antiradical and reducing activities as well as the greatest extraction yields, the greatest quantities of total polyphenols and proanthocyanidins against low levels of flavonoids. Furthermore, saponins, polyphenols, alkaloids, reducing sugars and cardiotonic glycosides were identified in all ethanolic extracts except sterols and triterpenes which were only identified in the extracts of leaves collected in Brazzaville. In addition, flavones were identified in the leaves from Owando and Makoua; flavonols in the leaves from Boundji and Brazzaville. This study showed that Pentaclethra eetveldeana leaf ethanolic extracts exhibit antilipid peroxidation, antiradical properties and phytochemical that varied according to the region.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Pentaclethra eetveldeana leaves Phenolic compounds Antiradical Reducing power Antilipid peroxidation
Destekleyen Kurum
Franceville Interdisciplinary and Medical Research Center
Kaynakça
- Aliyu, A.B., Ibrahim, M.A., Musa, A.M., Musa, A.O., Kiplimo, J.J., & Oyewale, A.O. (2013). Free radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacity of root extracts of Anchomanes difformis ENGL. (Araceae). Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica ñ Drug Research, 70(1), 115‑121.
- Ang, A.M.G., & Manuales, A.D.F. (2022). Total Alkaloid and saponin content of the ethanolic leaf extracts of cassia alata, chrysophyllum cainito, cymbopogon citratus, lantana camara, and terminalia catappa. Asian Journal of Biological and Life Sciences, 11(1), 157‑160. https://doi.org/10.5530/ajbls.2022.11.21
- Aryal, S., Baniya, M.K., Danekhu, K., Kunwar, P., Gurung, R., & Koirala, N. (2019). Total phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant potential of wild vegetables from Western Nepal. Plants, 8(4), 1‑12. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8040096
- Ashraf, M.F., Abd Aziz, M., Stanslas, J., Ismail, I., & Abdul Kadir, M. (2013). Assessment of antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of saponin and crude extracts of Chlorophytum borivilianum. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 1‑7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/216894
- Ato Koomson, D., Kwakye, B.D., Darkwah, W.K., Odum, B., & Asante, M. (2018). Phytochemical constituents, total saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and vitamin C contents of ethanol extracts of five solanum torvum fruits. Pharmacognosy Journal, 10(5), 946‑950. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2018.5.160
- Banjarnahor, S.D.S., & Artanti, N. (2015). Antioxidant properties of flavonoids. Medical Journal of Indonesia, 23(4), 239‑244. https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.v23i4.1015
- Błaszczyk, J.W. (2022). Pathogenesis of Dementia. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(1), 1‑25. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010543
- Bouquet, A. (1969). Fetishes and traditional medicines from Congo (Brazzaville). Orstom éditions. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39887867.pdf
- Corrado, G., Lucini, L., Miras-Moreno, B., Zhang, L., El-Nakhel, C., Colla, G., & Rouphael, Y. (2021). Intraspecific variability largely affects the leaf metabolomics response to isosmotic macrocation variations in two divergent lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) varieties. Plants, 10(1), 1‑17. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10010091
- Dar, T.A., Uddin, M., Khan, M.M.A., Ali, A., & Varshney, L. (2016). Modulation of alkaloid content, growth and productivity of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. using irradiated sodium alginate in combination with soil applied phosphorus. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 3(4), 200‑210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2016.05.003
- Dhayalan, A., Gracilla, D.E., Dela Peña Jr, R.A., Malison, M.T., & Pangilinan, C.R. (2018). Phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the ethanol and chloroform crude leaf extracts of Spathiphyllum cannifolium (Dryand. Ex Sims) Schott. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences, 10(1), 15‑20. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_95_17
- Dicko, M.H., Gruppen, H., Traore, A.S., Van Berkel, W.J.H., & Voragen, A.G.J. (2005). Evaluation of the effect of germination on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities in Sorghum varieties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(7), 2581‑2588. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0501847
- Francenia Santos-Sánchez, N., Salas-Coronado, R., Villanueva-Cañongo, C., & Hernández-Carlos, B. (2019). Antioxidant compounds and their antioxidant mechanism. In E. Shalaby (Éd.), Antioxidants (p. 28). IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85270
- Ghedadba, N., Bousselsela, H., Hambaba, L., Benbia, S., & Mouloud, Y. (2014). Evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the leaves and flowered tops of Marrubium vulgare L. Phytothérapie, 12(1), 15‑24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10298-014-0832-z
- Gillet, J. (2013). Marantaceae forest within the forest mosaic of the North of the Republic of Congo : Origins and management methods [Thesis, University of Liege - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech]. https://www.gembloux.ulg.ac.be/gestion-des-ressources-forestieres/2016/03/08/les-forets-a-marantaceae-au-sein-de-la-mosaique-forestiere-du-nord-de-la-republique-du-congo-origines-et-modalites-de-gestion/
- Jaafar, H.Z.E., Ibrahim, M.H., & Mohamad Fakri, N.F. (2012). Impact of soil field water capacity on secondary metabolites, Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase(PAL), Maliondialdehyde (MDA) and photosynthetic responses of Malaysian Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila Benth). Molecules, 17(6), 7305‑7322. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17067305
- Li, Y., Kong, D., Lin, X., Xie, Z., Bai, M., Huang, S., Nian, H., & Wu, H. (2016). Quality evaluation for essential oil of cinnamomum verum leaves at different growth stages based on GC–MS, FTIR and microscopy. Food Analytical Methods, 9(1), 202‑212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0187-6
- Lv, Q., Long, J., Gong, Z., Nong, K., Liang, X., Qin, T., Huang, W., & Yang, L. (2021). Current state of knowledge on the antioxidant effects and mechanisms of action of polyphenolic compounds. Natural Product Communications, 16(7), 1‑13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X211027745
- Mbengui, R., Guessennd, N., M’boh, G., Golly, J., Okou, C., Nguessan, J., Dosso, M., & Djaman, J. (2013). Phytochemical screening and study of comparative antibacterial activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the leaves and barks of Terminalia catappa on multiresistant strains. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 66(0), 5040. https://doi.org/10.4314/jab.v66i0.95000
- Moore, B.D., Andrew, R.L., Külheim, C., & Foley, W.J. (2014). Explaining intraspecific diversity in plant secondary metabolites in an ecological context. New Phytologist, 201(3), 733‑750. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12526
- N’goka, V., Oyegue Liabagui, S.L., Sima Obiang, C., Begouabe, H., Nsonde Ntandou, G.F., Imboumy-Limoukou, R.K., … Abena, A.A. (2023). Pentaclethra eetveldeana leaves from four Congo-Brazzaville regions : Antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory activity and proportional accumulation of phytochemicals. Plants, 12(18), Article 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12183271
- Obame-Engonga, L.-C. (2009). Phytochemical studies, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of some african aromatic and medicinal plants [Thesis, University of Ouagadougou]. https://docplayer.fr/5721960-These-de-doctorat-unique.html
- Patra, B., Schluttenhofer, C., Wu, Y., Pattanaik, S., & Yuan, L. (2013). Transcriptional regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in plants. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms, 1829(11), 1236‑1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.09.006
- Plazas, E., Avila M, M.C., Muñoz, D.R., & Cuca S, L.E. (2022). Natural isoquinoline alkaloids : Pharmacological features and multi-target potential for complex diseases. Pharmacological Research, 177, 1‑23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106126
- Quettier-Deleu, C., Gressier, B., Vasseur, J., Dine, T., Brunet, C., Luyckx, … Trotin, F. (2000). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) hulls and flour. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 72(1‑2), 35‑42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00196-3
- Rajbhar, K., Dawda, H., & Mukundan, U. (2015). Polyphenols : Methods of extraction. Scientific Reviews & Chemical Communications, 5(1), 1‑6.
- Sharma, P., Jha, A.B., Dubey, R.S., & Pessarakli, M. (2012). Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions. Journal of Botany, 2012, 1‑26. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/217037
- Tine, D., Fall, A.D., Dieng, S.I.M., Sarr, A., & Bassene, E. (2019). Total polyphenol, tannin and flavonoid contents of Combretum micranthum leaves harvested in three regions of Senegal : Diass, Sandiara and Essyl. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 13(3), 1817‑1820. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v13i3.48
- Vázquez-León, L.A., Páramo-Calderón, D.E., Robles-Olvera, V.J., Valdés-Rodríguez, O.A., Pérez-Vázquez, A., García-Alvarado, M.A., & Rodríguez-Jimenes, G.C. (2017). Variation in bioactive compounds and antiradical activity of Moringa oleifera leaves : Influence of climatic factors, tree age, and soil parameters. European Food Research and Technology, 243(9), 1593‑1608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-017-2868-4
- VWR International. (2007). Safety data sheet (p. 5) [Fiche]. https://fr.vwr.com/assetsvc/asset/fr_FR/id/11733853/contents
- Yunusa, A. K., Abdullahi, N., Rilwan, A., Abdulkadir, A. R., & Dandago, M. A. (2018). DPPH radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) peel and seed. Annals. Food Science and Technology, 19(4), 774‑779.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Doğal Ürünler ve Biyoaktif Bileşikler |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 19 Mart 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 16 Ağustos 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 26 Ocak 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2 |
International Journal of Secondary Metabolite
e-ISSN: 2148-6905