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Examining the Impact of Mental and Physical Engagement on Quality of Life in Older Adults

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 30 - 44, 30.06.2025

Fatih Koç , Alparslan Erman

https://doi.org/10.55376/ijtsep.1662247

Öz

The present study set out to assess the impact of both physical and cognitive exercises on the quality of life in individuals aged 60 and above, while also examining the relationships between these exercises and other relevant variables. Methodology: The research involved 324 participants, all over the age of 60, with a gender distribution of 64.2% females and 35.8% males. Data were collected using the "Personal Information and Physical and Cognitive Activity Level Questionnaire for the Elderly," the "Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE)," and the "Quality of Life Scale for the Elderly (CASP-19)." Results: The findings revealed that individuals who participated in both physical and cognitive exercises reported a significantly higher quality of life compared to those who did not engage in any form of exercise. Furthermore, it was observed that participants engaging in physical exercise tended to have higher income levels than those focusing solely on cognitive exercises. Conclusion: The results emphasise the importance of incorporating both physical and cognitive exercises into interventions aimed at enhancing the quality of life for older adults. These findings highlight the multifaceted benefits of such exercises, which not only promote physical well-being but also contribute to mental and social health. Consequently, these findings underscore the pivotal role of exercise in promoting comprehensive health and well-being in individuals aged 60 and above.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Eldery physcal mental exercise quality of life.

Kaynakça

  • Ayvat, E., Kılınç, M., & Kırdı, N. (2017). The Turkish version of the Physical Activity Scalefor the Elderly (PASE): its cultural adaptation, validation, and reliability. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 47(5), 908–915. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1605-7.
  • Best, J. R., Liu-Ambrose, T., Boudreau, R. M., Ayonayon, H. N., Satterfield, S., Simonsick, E. M., Studenski, S., Yaffe, K.,
  • Newman, A. B., Rosano, C., & Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. (2016). An evaluation of the longitudinal, bidirectional associations between gait speed and cognition in older women and men. Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 71(12), 1616–1623. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glw066.
  • Castellani, R. J., & Perry, G. (2012). Pathogenesis and disease-modifying therapy in Alzheimer’s disease: The flat line of progress. Archives of Medical Research, 43(9), 694–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.09.009.
  • Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A. J., Korten, A., & Jorm, A. F. (2001). The “common cause hypothesis” of cognitive aging: Evidence for not only a common factor but also specific associations of age with vision and grip strength in a cross-sectional analysis. Psychology and Aging, 16(4), 588–599. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.16.4.588.
  • Clouston, S. A., Brewster, P., Kuh, D., Richards, M., Cooper, R., Hardy, R., Rubin, M. S., & Hofer, S. M. (2013). The dynamic relationship between physical function and cognition in longitudinal aging cohorts. Epidemiologic Reviews, 35, 33–50. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxs004.
  • Cotman, C. W., Berchtold, N. C., & Christie, L.-A. (2007). Exercise builds brain health: Key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation. Trends in Neurosciences, 30(9), 464–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.06.011
  • Cress, M. E., Buchner, D. M., Questad, K. A., & et al. (1999). The effectiveness of physical activity programs for older adults: A review. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 13(1), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/54.5.m242.
  • Erickson, K. I., Bherer, L., & Ambrose, T. (2013). A review of the effects of physical activity and exercise on cognitive and brain functions in older adults. Journal of Aging Research, 2013, 657508. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/657508.
  • Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., & et al. (2011). Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 3017–3022. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015950108.
  • Franceschi, C., Garagnani, P., Morsiani, C., Santoro, A., Grignolio, A., Monti, D., & Salvioli, S. (2018). The continuum of aging and age-related diseases: Common mechanisms but different rates. Frontiers in Medicine, 5, 61. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00061.
  • Goyal, M., Singh, S., Sibinga, E. M., & et al. (2014). Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(3), 357–368. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018.
  • Guure, C., Ibrahim, N., Adam, M., & Said, S. (2017). Impact of physical activity on cognitive decline, dementia, and its subtypes: Meta-analysis of prospective studies. Biomed Research International, 2017, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9016924.
  • Hagovska, M., & Olekszyova, Z. (2016). Impact of the combination of cognitive and balance training on gait, fear and risk of falling and quality of life in seniors with mild cognitive impairment. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 16(9), 1043–1050. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12593.
  • Hyde, M., Wiggins, R., Higgs, P., & Blane, D. (2003). A measure of quality of life in early old age: The theory, development, and properties of a needs satisfaction model (CASP-19). Aging & Mental Health, 7(3), 186–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360786031000101157.
  • Jivraj, S., Nazroo, J., Vanhoutte, B., & Chandola, T. (2014). Aging and subjective well-being in later life. Journals of Gerontology: Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69(6), 930–941. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu006.
  • Justine, M., Azizan, A., Hassan, V., Salleh, Z., & Manaf, H. (2013). Barriers to participation in physical activity and exercise among middle-aged and elderly individuals. Singapore Medical Journal, 54(10), 581–586. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2013203.
  • Layte, R., Sexton, E., & Savva, G. (2013). Quality of life in older age: Evidence from an Irish cohort study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 61(S1), S299–S305. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12198.
  • Logan, S. L., Gottlieb, B. H., Maitland, S. B., Meegan, D., & Spriet, L. L. (2013). The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) questionnaire: Does it predict physical health? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(9), 3967–3986. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10093967.
  • Mielke, M. M., Roberts, R. O., Savica, R., Cha, R., Drubach, D. I., Christianson, T., Pankratz, V. S., Geda, Y. E., Machulda, M. M., & Ivnik, R. J. (2012). Assessing the temporal relationship between cognition and gait: Slow gait predicts cognitive decline in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 68(7), 929–937. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gls256.
  • Morley, J. E. (2016). Frailty and sarcopenia: The new geriatric giants. Revista de Investigación Clínica, 68(1), 59–67. Moniz-Cook, E., Vernooij-Dassen, M., Woods, R., Verhey, F., Chattat, R., De Vugt, M., et al. (2008). A European consensus on outcome measures for psychosocial intervention research in dementia care. Aging & Mental Health, 12(1), 14–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860801919850.
  • Njegovan, V., Man-Son-Hing, M., Mitchell, S. L., & Molnar, F. J. (2001). The hierarchy of functional loss associated with cognitive decline in older persons. Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 56(10), M638–M643. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/56.10.m638.
  • Oberg, E. (2007). Physical activity prescription: Our best medicine. Integrative Medicine, 6(5), 18–22.
  • Panza, F., Lozupone, M., Solfrizzi, V., Sardone, R., Dibello, V., Di Lena, L., D’Urso, F., Stallone, R., Petruzzi, M., Giannelli, G. (2018). Different cognitive frailty models and health- and cognitive-related outcomes in older age: From epidemiology to prevention. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 62, 993–1012. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170963.
  • Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015). Exercise as medicine – evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25(S3), 1–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12581.
  • Rea, I. M. (2017). Towards ageing well: Use it or lose it: Exercise, epigenetics, and cognition. Biogerontology, 18(5), 679–691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-017-9719-3.
  • Rehage, C. V., Godde, B., & Staudinger, U. M. (2010). Physical and motor fitness are both related to cognition in old age. European Journal of Neuroscience, 31(1), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejmhr.2023.1(3).15.
  • Richard, A. W., Kevin, W. S., Alan, M. J., & Carol, A. J. (1993). The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): Development and evaluation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 46(2), 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(93)90053-4.
  • Sofi, F., Valecchi, D., & Bacci, D. (2011). Physical activity and risk of cognitive decline: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Journal of Internal Medicine, 269(1), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02281.x.
  • Sofi, F., Valecchi, D., Abbate, R., Gensini, G. F., Casini, A., Macchi, C., & Bacci, D. (2010). Physical activity and risk of cognitive decline: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Journal of Internal Medicine, 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02281.x.
  • Sperling, R. A., Karlawish, J., & Johnson, K. A. (2013). Preclinical Alzheimer disease—the challenges ahead. Nature Reviews Neurology, 9(1), 54–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2012.241.
  • Tkatch, R., Musich, S., MacLeod, S., Alsgaard, K., Hawkins, K., & Yeh, C. (2016). Population health management for older adults: Review of interventions for promoting successful aging across the health continuum. Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, 2, 2333721416667877. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333721416667877.
  • Tumaova, B. (2019). Physical activity and older adults. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 17(2), 692–695. https://doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.s.01.113.
  • Türkoğlu, N., & Adıbelli, D. (2014). Yaşlılarda Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeğinin (CASP-19) Türk Toplumuna Adaptasyonu. Akad Geriatri , 6: 98-105.
  • Vincent, G. K., & Velkoff, V. A. (2010). The next four decades: The older population in the United States: 2010 to 2050. U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2012). Dementia: A public health priority. World Health Organization.

Yaşlı Yetişkinlerde Zihinsel ve Fiziksel Katılımın Yaşam Kalitesi Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 30 - 44, 30.06.2025

Fatih Koç , Alparslan Erman

https://doi.org/10.55376/ijtsep.1662247

Öz

Bu çalışma, fiziksel ve zihinsel egzersizlerin 60 yaş ve üzeri bireylerin yaşam kalitesi üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmeyi ve aynı zamanda bu egzersizlerle diğer ilgili parametreler arasındaki ilişkileri incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Metodoloji: Araştırmaya, Antalya il sınırları içinde yaşayan 60 yaş ve üzeri 324 birey (n=324) katılmış olup, katılımcıların %64,2'si kadın, %35,8'i ise erkektir. Veri toplama aracı olarak, "Kişisel Bilgiler ve Yaşlılar İçin Fiziksel ve Bilişsel Aktivite Düzeyi Anketi", "Yaşlılar İçin Fiziksel Aktivite Ölçeği (PASE)" ve "Yaşlılarda Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeği (CASP-19)" kullanılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular hem fiziksel hem de zihinsel egzersiz yapan bireylerin, herhangi bir egzersiz türüne katılmayanlara kıyasla belirgin şekilde daha yüksek yaşam kalitesine sahip olduklarını göstermektedir. Ayrıca, fiziksel egzersiz yapan katılımcıların, yalnızca zihinsel egzersizlere odaklananlara göre daha yüksek gelir düzeyine sahip olma eğiliminde oldukları gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuç: Bu bulgular, yaşlı yetişkinlerin yaşam kalitesini artırmak amacıyla tasarlanan müdahalelerde hem fiziksel hem de bilişsel egzersizlerin önemli olabileceğini vurgulamaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçların önemi, bu tür egzersizlerin sadece fiziksel sağlığı iyileştirmekle kalmayıp, aynı zamanda zihinsel ve sosyal yönlere de katkı sağladığı söylenebilir. Bu bağlamda, 60 yaş ve üzeri bireylerde kapsamlı sağlık ve yaşam kalitesi düzeylerinin iyileştirilmesine yönelik müdahalelerde, ilgili egzersiz türlerinin önemli bir etki ve gelişim gösterdiği görülebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yaşlılık fiziksel zihinsel egzersiz yaşam kalitesi.

Kaynakça

  • Ayvat, E., Kılınç, M., & Kırdı, N. (2017). The Turkish version of the Physical Activity Scalefor the Elderly (PASE): its cultural adaptation, validation, and reliability. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 47(5), 908–915. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1605-7.
  • Best, J. R., Liu-Ambrose, T., Boudreau, R. M., Ayonayon, H. N., Satterfield, S., Simonsick, E. M., Studenski, S., Yaffe, K.,
  • Newman, A. B., Rosano, C., & Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. (2016). An evaluation of the longitudinal, bidirectional associations between gait speed and cognition in older women and men. Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 71(12), 1616–1623. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glw066.
  • Castellani, R. J., & Perry, G. (2012). Pathogenesis and disease-modifying therapy in Alzheimer’s disease: The flat line of progress. Archives of Medical Research, 43(9), 694–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.09.009.
  • Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A. J., Korten, A., & Jorm, A. F. (2001). The “common cause hypothesis” of cognitive aging: Evidence for not only a common factor but also specific associations of age with vision and grip strength in a cross-sectional analysis. Psychology and Aging, 16(4), 588–599. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.16.4.588.
  • Clouston, S. A., Brewster, P., Kuh, D., Richards, M., Cooper, R., Hardy, R., Rubin, M. S., & Hofer, S. M. (2013). The dynamic relationship between physical function and cognition in longitudinal aging cohorts. Epidemiologic Reviews, 35, 33–50. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxs004.
  • Cotman, C. W., Berchtold, N. C., & Christie, L.-A. (2007). Exercise builds brain health: Key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation. Trends in Neurosciences, 30(9), 464–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.06.011
  • Cress, M. E., Buchner, D. M., Questad, K. A., & et al. (1999). The effectiveness of physical activity programs for older adults: A review. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 13(1), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/54.5.m242.
  • Erickson, K. I., Bherer, L., & Ambrose, T. (2013). A review of the effects of physical activity and exercise on cognitive and brain functions in older adults. Journal of Aging Research, 2013, 657508. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/657508.
  • Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., & et al. (2011). Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 3017–3022. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015950108.
  • Franceschi, C., Garagnani, P., Morsiani, C., Santoro, A., Grignolio, A., Monti, D., & Salvioli, S. (2018). The continuum of aging and age-related diseases: Common mechanisms but different rates. Frontiers in Medicine, 5, 61. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00061.
  • Goyal, M., Singh, S., Sibinga, E. M., & et al. (2014). Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(3), 357–368. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018.
  • Guure, C., Ibrahim, N., Adam, M., & Said, S. (2017). Impact of physical activity on cognitive decline, dementia, and its subtypes: Meta-analysis of prospective studies. Biomed Research International, 2017, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9016924.
  • Hagovska, M., & Olekszyova, Z. (2016). Impact of the combination of cognitive and balance training on gait, fear and risk of falling and quality of life in seniors with mild cognitive impairment. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 16(9), 1043–1050. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12593.
  • Hyde, M., Wiggins, R., Higgs, P., & Blane, D. (2003). A measure of quality of life in early old age: The theory, development, and properties of a needs satisfaction model (CASP-19). Aging & Mental Health, 7(3), 186–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360786031000101157.
  • Jivraj, S., Nazroo, J., Vanhoutte, B., & Chandola, T. (2014). Aging and subjective well-being in later life. Journals of Gerontology: Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69(6), 930–941. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu006.
  • Justine, M., Azizan, A., Hassan, V., Salleh, Z., & Manaf, H. (2013). Barriers to participation in physical activity and exercise among middle-aged and elderly individuals. Singapore Medical Journal, 54(10), 581–586. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2013203.
  • Layte, R., Sexton, E., & Savva, G. (2013). Quality of life in older age: Evidence from an Irish cohort study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 61(S1), S299–S305. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12198.
  • Logan, S. L., Gottlieb, B. H., Maitland, S. B., Meegan, D., & Spriet, L. L. (2013). The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) questionnaire: Does it predict physical health? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(9), 3967–3986. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10093967.
  • Mielke, M. M., Roberts, R. O., Savica, R., Cha, R., Drubach, D. I., Christianson, T., Pankratz, V. S., Geda, Y. E., Machulda, M. M., & Ivnik, R. J. (2012). Assessing the temporal relationship between cognition and gait: Slow gait predicts cognitive decline in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 68(7), 929–937. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gls256.
  • Morley, J. E. (2016). Frailty and sarcopenia: The new geriatric giants. Revista de Investigación Clínica, 68(1), 59–67. Moniz-Cook, E., Vernooij-Dassen, M., Woods, R., Verhey, F., Chattat, R., De Vugt, M., et al. (2008). A European consensus on outcome measures for psychosocial intervention research in dementia care. Aging & Mental Health, 12(1), 14–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860801919850.
  • Njegovan, V., Man-Son-Hing, M., Mitchell, S. L., & Molnar, F. J. (2001). The hierarchy of functional loss associated with cognitive decline in older persons. Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 56(10), M638–M643. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/56.10.m638.
  • Oberg, E. (2007). Physical activity prescription: Our best medicine. Integrative Medicine, 6(5), 18–22.
  • Panza, F., Lozupone, M., Solfrizzi, V., Sardone, R., Dibello, V., Di Lena, L., D’Urso, F., Stallone, R., Petruzzi, M., Giannelli, G. (2018). Different cognitive frailty models and health- and cognitive-related outcomes in older age: From epidemiology to prevention. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 62, 993–1012. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170963.
  • Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015). Exercise as medicine – evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25(S3), 1–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12581.
  • Rea, I. M. (2017). Towards ageing well: Use it or lose it: Exercise, epigenetics, and cognition. Biogerontology, 18(5), 679–691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-017-9719-3.
  • Rehage, C. V., Godde, B., & Staudinger, U. M. (2010). Physical and motor fitness are both related to cognition in old age. European Journal of Neuroscience, 31(1), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejmhr.2023.1(3).15.
  • Richard, A. W., Kevin, W. S., Alan, M. J., & Carol, A. J. (1993). The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): Development and evaluation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 46(2), 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(93)90053-4.
  • Sofi, F., Valecchi, D., & Bacci, D. (2011). Physical activity and risk of cognitive decline: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Journal of Internal Medicine, 269(1), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02281.x.
  • Sofi, F., Valecchi, D., Abbate, R., Gensini, G. F., Casini, A., Macchi, C., & Bacci, D. (2010). Physical activity and risk of cognitive decline: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Journal of Internal Medicine, 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02281.x.
  • Sperling, R. A., Karlawish, J., & Johnson, K. A. (2013). Preclinical Alzheimer disease—the challenges ahead. Nature Reviews Neurology, 9(1), 54–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2012.241.
  • Tkatch, R., Musich, S., MacLeod, S., Alsgaard, K., Hawkins, K., & Yeh, C. (2016). Population health management for older adults: Review of interventions for promoting successful aging across the health continuum. Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, 2, 2333721416667877. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333721416667877.
  • Tumaova, B. (2019). Physical activity and older adults. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 17(2), 692–695. https://doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.s.01.113.
  • Türkoğlu, N., & Adıbelli, D. (2014). Yaşlılarda Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeğinin (CASP-19) Türk Toplumuna Adaptasyonu. Akad Geriatri , 6: 98-105.
  • Vincent, G. K., & Velkoff, V. A. (2010). The next four decades: The older population in the United States: 2010 to 2050. U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2012). Dementia: A public health priority. World Health Organization.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Fatih Koç 0000-0001-7457-4064

Alparslan Erman 0000-0002-6056-4524

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 11 Haziran 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 13 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Koç, F., & Erman, A. (2025). Yaşlı Yetişkinlerde Zihinsel ve Fiziksel Katılımın Yaşam Kalitesi Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Uluslararası Türk Spor Ve Egzersiz Psikolojisi Dergisi, 5(1), 30-44. https://doi.org/10.55376/ijtsep.1662247
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Bu eser Creative Commons Alıntı-GayriTicari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.

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