Araştırma Makalesi
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL, MOTOR COMPETENCE AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS IN ADOLESCENTS
Öz
This study aims to examine the relationship between physical activity level, motor competence and cognitive functions in adolescents. The study group consisted of 40 volunteer male students (age = 14.38±0.40) studying in a public high school. The physical activity levels of the participants were determined using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The Körperkoardinations Test für Kinder (KTK3)+ test battery was used to determine the level of motor competence. In the evaluation of cognitive functions; Go/No-go test was used to measure inhibition control and Mental Rotation test was used for spatial-spatial cognition. Statistical analysis of the data in the study was performed using SPSS 18.0. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) were used to describe the characteristics of the research group. Pearson product-moment rank correlation coefficient analysis was used to determine the relationships between variables. The results of the study showed that there was no significant difference between physical activity level and cognitive functions (p>0.05). A statistically significant (p<0.05) and negative correlation was found between the lateral movement skill (KTKMOVESIDEWAYS), which is an important component of locomotor movement skills, and the correct reaction time (RT-go), which represents inhibition. In conclusion, the data obtained in this study provide limited but significant clues that there may be potential relationships between some subcomponents of motor competence and cognitive functions.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Physical Activity Motor Competence Cognitive Functions Adolescents
Kaynakça
- Adolph, K. E. ve Hoch, J. E. (2019). Motor development: embodied, embedded, enculturated, and enabling. Annual Review of Psychology, 70(1), 141–164. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102836
- Andersen, L. B., Mota, J. ve Di Pietro, L. (2016). Update on the global pandemic of physical inactivity. Lancet, 388(10051), 1255–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30960-6
- Aron, A. R., Robbins, T. W. ve Poldrack, R. A. (2014). Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex: one decade on. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(4), 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.003
- Bao, R., Wade, L., Leahy, A. A., Owen, K. B., Hillman, C. H., Jaakkola, T. ve diğ. (2024). Associations between motor competence and executive functions in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 54(8), 2141–2156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-01833-7
- Barkley, R. A. (2001). The executive functions and self-regulation: an evolutionary neuropsychological perspective. Neuropsychology Review, 11(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009085417776
- Best, J. R. ve Miller, P. H. (2010). A developmental perspective on executive function. Child Development, 81(6), 1641–1660. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01499.x
- Bidzan Bluma, I. ve Lipowska, M. (2018). Physical activity and cognitive functioning of children: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040800
- Cattuzzo, M. T., dos Santos Henrique, R., Ré, A. H. N., de Oliveira, I. S., Melo, B. M., de Sousa Moura, M. ve diğ. (2016). Motor competence and health related physical fitness in youth: a systematic review. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(2), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.12.004
- Chenglin, Z. ve Xinhong, J. (2021). Theory and practice of sports to promote learning efficiency from the perspective of brain science. Journal of Shanghai University of Sport, 45(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.16099/j.sus.2021.01.003
- Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjöström, M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E. ve diğ. (2003). International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(8), 1381–1395. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB
- Creswell, J. W. ve Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publicati
- De Meester, A., Barnett, L. M., Barnett Brian, A., Bowe, S. J., Jiménez Díaz, J., Van Duyse, F. ve diğ. (2020). The relationship between actual and perceived motor competence in children, adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 50(11), 2001–2049. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01336-2
- Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
- Diamond, A. ve Ling, D. S. (2016). Conclusions about interventions, programs, and approaches for improving executive functions that appear justified and those that, despite much hype, do not. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 34–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2015.12.004
- Donnelly, J. E., Hillman, C. H., Castelli, D., Etnier, J. L., Lee, S., Tomporowski, P. ve diğ. (2016). Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children: a systematic review. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 48(6), 1197–1222. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000933
- Dzhambov, A. M., Lercher, P., Vincens, N., Waye, K. P., Klatte, M., Leist, L. ve diğ. (2023). Protective effect of restorative possibilities on cognitive function and mental health in children and adolescents: a scoping review including the role of physical activity. Environmental Research, 233, 116452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116452
- Emerson, R. W. (2021). Convenience sampling revisited: Embracing its limitations through thoughtful study design. Journal of visual impairment & blindness, 115(1), 76-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X20987707
- Erickson, K. I., Hillman, C. H., Stillman, C. M., Ballard, R. M., Bloodgood, B., Conroy, D. E. ve diğ. (2019). Physical activity, cognition, and brain outcomes: a review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 51(6), 1242–1251. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001938
- Ericsson, I. ve Karlsson, M. K. (2014). Motor skills and school performance in children with daily physical education in school – a 9 year intervention study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24(2), 273–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12050
- Esteban Cornejo, I., Tejero Gonzalez, C. M., Sallis, J. F. ve Veiga, O. L. (2015). Physical activity and cognition in adolescents: a systematic review. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(5), 534–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.11.004
- Etikan, I., Musa, S. A. ve Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American journal of theoretical and applied statistics, 5(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
- EY, Yang, J., Shen, Y. ve Quan, X. (2023). Physical activity, screen time, and academic burden: a cross sectional analysis of health among Chinese adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6), 4917. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064917
- Friedman, N. P. ve Miyake, A. (2004). The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: a latent variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(1), 101–135. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.101
- Geertsen, S. S., Thomas, R., Larsen, M. N., Dahn, I. M., Andersen, J. N., Krause Jensen, M. ve diğ. (2016). Motor skills and exercise capacity are associated with objective measures of cognitive functions and academic performance in preadolescent children. PLoS One, 11(8), e0161960. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161960
- Goodway, J. D., Ozmun, J. C. ve Gallahue, D. L. (2019). Understanding motor development: infants, children, adolescents, adults. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
- Houben, K. ve Jansen, A. (2011). Training inhibitory control: a recipe for resisting sweet temptations. Appetite, 56(2), 345–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.12.017
- Hulteen, R. M., Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Stodden, D. F. ve Lubans, D. R. (2018). Development of foundational movement skills: a conceptual model for physical activity across the lifespan. Sports Medicine, 48, 1533–1540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0929-6
- Jacob, R. ve Parkinson, J. (2015). The potential for school based interventions that target executive function to improve academic achievement: a review. Review of Educational Research, 85(4), 512–552. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654314561899
- Janssen, I. ve LeBlanc, A. G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school aged children and youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7, 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-40
- Kantomaa, M. T., Stamatakis, E., Kankaanpää, A., Kaakinen, M., Rodriguez, A., Taanila, A. ve diğ. (2013). Physical activity and obesity mediate the association between childhood motor function and adolescents’ academic achievement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(5), 1917–1922. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218864110
- Kızıltan, E. C., Yazıcı, A. C., Aktaş, G., Aladağ, A., Ergene, M., Turanoğlu, M. A. ve Yılmaz, M. S. (2013). Klinik öncesi eğitim sürecinde mental rotation becerilerinin değerlendirilmesi: Başkent Üniversitesi örneği. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası, 37, 37.
- Kiphard, E. J. ve Schilling, V. F. (1974). Korper koordinations test für kinder KTK: manual von Fridhelm Schilling. Beltz Test.
- Ludyga, S., Pühse, U., Gerber, M. ve Herrmann, C. (2019). Core executive functions are selectively related to different facets of motor competence in preadolescent children. European Journal of Sport Science, 19(3), 375–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1553528
- Marrero Rivera, J. P., Sobkowiak, O., Jenkins, A. S., Bagnato, S. J., Kline, C. E., Gordon, B. D. ve diğ. (2024). The relationship between physical activity, physical fitness, cognition, and academic outcomes in school aged Latino children: a scoping review. Children, 11(3), 363. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11030363
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ERGENLERDE FİZİKSEL AKTİVİTE DÜZEYİ İLE MOTOR YETERLİLİK VE BİLİŞSEL FONKSİYONLAR ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ
Öz
Bu çalışma ergenlerdeki fiziksel aktivite düzeyinin motor yeterlilik ve bilişsel fonksiyonlar arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma grubunu bir devlet lisesinde öğrenim görmekte olan 40 gönüllü erkek öğrenci (yaş = 14.38±0.40) oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcıların fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi (IPAQ) kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Motor yeterlilik düzeyinin belirlenmesinde ise Körperkoardinations Test für Kinder (KTK3)+ test bataryası kullanılmıştır. Bilişsel işlevlerin değerlendirilmesinde; inhibisyon kontrolün ölçümü için Go/No-go testi, uzamsal-mekânsal biliş için ise Mental Rotasyon testi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmadaki verilerin istatistiksel analizleri SPSS 18.0 kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde, araştırma grubunun özelliklerini tanımlamak için tanımlayıcı istatistikler (ortalama, standart sapma) kullanılmıştır. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkileri belirlemek için Pearson momentler çarpımı sıra korelasyon katsayısı analizi yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçları fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ile bilişsel işlevler arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmadığı tespit edilmiştir (p>0.05). Lokomotor hareket becerilerinin önemli bir bileşeni olan lateral hareket becerisi (KTK TAŞIMA) ile inhibisyonu temsil eden doğru tepki süresi (RS-go) arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı (p<0.05) ve negatif yönlü bir korelasyon bulunduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmada elde edilen veriler, motor yeterliliğin özellikle bazı alt bileşenleriyle bilişsel fonksiyonlar arasında potansiyel ilişkiler olabileceğine dair sınırlı fakat anlamlı ipuçları sunmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Fiziksel Aktivite Düzeyi Motor Yeterlilik Bilişsel Fonksiyonlar Ergenler
Kaynakça
- Adolph, K. E. ve Hoch, J. E. (2019). Motor development: embodied, embedded, enculturated, and enabling. Annual Review of Psychology, 70(1), 141–164. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102836
- Andersen, L. B., Mota, J. ve Di Pietro, L. (2016). Update on the global pandemic of physical inactivity. Lancet, 388(10051), 1255–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30960-6
- Aron, A. R., Robbins, T. W. ve Poldrack, R. A. (2014). Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex: one decade on. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(4), 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.003
- Bao, R., Wade, L., Leahy, A. A., Owen, K. B., Hillman, C. H., Jaakkola, T. ve diğ. (2024). Associations between motor competence and executive functions in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 54(8), 2141–2156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-01833-7
- Barkley, R. A. (2001). The executive functions and self-regulation: an evolutionary neuropsychological perspective. Neuropsychology Review, 11(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009085417776
- Best, J. R. ve Miller, P. H. (2010). A developmental perspective on executive function. Child Development, 81(6), 1641–1660. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01499.x
- Bidzan Bluma, I. ve Lipowska, M. (2018). Physical activity and cognitive functioning of children: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040800
- Cattuzzo, M. T., dos Santos Henrique, R., Ré, A. H. N., de Oliveira, I. S., Melo, B. M., de Sousa Moura, M. ve diğ. (2016). Motor competence and health related physical fitness in youth: a systematic review. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(2), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.12.004
- Chenglin, Z. ve Xinhong, J. (2021). Theory and practice of sports to promote learning efficiency from the perspective of brain science. Journal of Shanghai University of Sport, 45(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.16099/j.sus.2021.01.003
- Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjöström, M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E. ve diğ. (2003). International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(8), 1381–1395. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB
- Creswell, J. W. ve Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publicati
- De Meester, A., Barnett, L. M., Barnett Brian, A., Bowe, S. J., Jiménez Díaz, J., Van Duyse, F. ve diğ. (2020). The relationship between actual and perceived motor competence in children, adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 50(11), 2001–2049. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01336-2
- Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
- Diamond, A. ve Ling, D. S. (2016). Conclusions about interventions, programs, and approaches for improving executive functions that appear justified and those that, despite much hype, do not. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 34–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2015.12.004
- Donnelly, J. E., Hillman, C. H., Castelli, D., Etnier, J. L., Lee, S., Tomporowski, P. ve diğ. (2016). Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children: a systematic review. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 48(6), 1197–1222. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000933
- Dzhambov, A. M., Lercher, P., Vincens, N., Waye, K. P., Klatte, M., Leist, L. ve diğ. (2023). Protective effect of restorative possibilities on cognitive function and mental health in children and adolescents: a scoping review including the role of physical activity. Environmental Research, 233, 116452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116452
- Emerson, R. W. (2021). Convenience sampling revisited: Embracing its limitations through thoughtful study design. Journal of visual impairment & blindness, 115(1), 76-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482X20987707
- Erickson, K. I., Hillman, C. H., Stillman, C. M., Ballard, R. M., Bloodgood, B., Conroy, D. E. ve diğ. (2019). Physical activity, cognition, and brain outcomes: a review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 51(6), 1242–1251. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001938
- Ericsson, I. ve Karlsson, M. K. (2014). Motor skills and school performance in children with daily physical education in school – a 9 year intervention study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24(2), 273–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12050
- Esteban Cornejo, I., Tejero Gonzalez, C. M., Sallis, J. F. ve Veiga, O. L. (2015). Physical activity and cognition in adolescents: a systematic review. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(5), 534–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.11.004
- Etikan, I., Musa, S. A. ve Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American journal of theoretical and applied statistics, 5(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
- EY, Yang, J., Shen, Y. ve Quan, X. (2023). Physical activity, screen time, and academic burden: a cross sectional analysis of health among Chinese adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6), 4917. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064917
- Friedman, N. P. ve Miyake, A. (2004). The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: a latent variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133(1), 101–135. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.101
- Geertsen, S. S., Thomas, R., Larsen, M. N., Dahn, I. M., Andersen, J. N., Krause Jensen, M. ve diğ. (2016). Motor skills and exercise capacity are associated with objective measures of cognitive functions and academic performance in preadolescent children. PLoS One, 11(8), e0161960. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161960
- Goodway, J. D., Ozmun, J. C. ve Gallahue, D. L. (2019). Understanding motor development: infants, children, adolescents, adults. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
- Houben, K. ve Jansen, A. (2011). Training inhibitory control: a recipe for resisting sweet temptations. Appetite, 56(2), 345–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.12.017
- Hulteen, R. M., Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Stodden, D. F. ve Lubans, D. R. (2018). Development of foundational movement skills: a conceptual model for physical activity across the lifespan. Sports Medicine, 48, 1533–1540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0929-6
- Jacob, R. ve Parkinson, J. (2015). The potential for school based interventions that target executive function to improve academic achievement: a review. Review of Educational Research, 85(4), 512–552. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654314561899
- Janssen, I. ve LeBlanc, A. G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school aged children and youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7, 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-40
- Kantomaa, M. T., Stamatakis, E., Kankaanpää, A., Kaakinen, M., Rodriguez, A., Taanila, A. ve diğ. (2013). Physical activity and obesity mediate the association between childhood motor function and adolescents’ academic achievement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(5), 1917–1922. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218864110
- Kızıltan, E. C., Yazıcı, A. C., Aktaş, G., Aladağ, A., Ergene, M., Turanoğlu, M. A. ve Yılmaz, M. S. (2013). Klinik öncesi eğitim sürecinde mental rotation becerilerinin değerlendirilmesi: Başkent Üniversitesi örneği. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası, 37, 37.
- Kiphard, E. J. ve Schilling, V. F. (1974). Korper koordinations test für kinder KTK: manual von Fridhelm Schilling. Beltz Test.
- Ludyga, S., Pühse, U., Gerber, M. ve Herrmann, C. (2019). Core executive functions are selectively related to different facets of motor competence in preadolescent children. European Journal of Sport Science, 19(3), 375–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1553528
- Marrero Rivera, J. P., Sobkowiak, O., Jenkins, A. S., Bagnato, S. J., Kline, C. E., Gordon, B. D. ve diğ. (2024). The relationship between physical activity, physical fitness, cognition, and academic outcomes in school aged Latino children: a scoping review. Children, 11(3), 363. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11030363
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- Platvoet, S., Faber, I., De Niet, M., Pion, J., Kannekens, R., Elferink Gemser, M. ve diğ. (2018). Development of a tool to assess fundamental movement skills in applied settings. Frontiers in Education, 3, 75. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2018.00075
- Rigoli, D., Piek, J. P., Kane, R. ve Oosterlaan, J. (2012). An examination of the relationship between motor coordination and executive functions in adolescents. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 54(11), 1025–1031. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04338.x
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Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Egzersiz ve Spor Psikolojisi |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 22 Haziran 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 25 Nisan 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 14 Haziran 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1 |
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