Araştırma Makalesi
Çatışma Haberlerinde Çerçeveleme ve Medya Önyargısı: 2023 Filistin-İsrail Çatışması Sırasında Al-Jazeera, CNN ve Global Times'ın Karşılaştırmalı Analizi
Öz
Bu çalışma, 2023 Filistin-İsrail çatışmasındaki haber verme farklılıklarını, Pan-Arapçılığı, Kapitalizmi ve Komünizmi temsil eden Al-Jazeera, CNN ve Global Times'ın çerçeveleme stratejilerini analiz ederek incelemektedir. Araştırma, bu global medya kuruluşlarında ideolojik önyargıların çatışma betimlemesini nasıl şekillendirdiğini vurgulamaktadır. Çalışma, 7 Ekim'den 5 Kasım'a kadar olan 30 günlük bir süre zarfında haber başlıklarını analiz etmektedir. Araştırma, seçilmiş medya kuruluşlarındaki gündem belirleme pratiklerini araştırmak için tümdengelim ve tümevarım yoluyla nitel içerik analizi kullanmaktadır. Mevcut modeller ve literatüre dayanarak belirlenen çerçeveleri işler hale getirerek, bu çerçevelerin ilişkisini ve altında yatan anlatıları ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Analiz edilen haber sitelerinden alınan başlıklarda kullanılan belirli dil çerçevelerinin frekans analizi yapılmıştır. Bulgular, Al-Jazeera'nin Filistin-İsrail çatışmasında Filistinli direncini “Güç Anlatısı” ve “Direniş Anlatısı” aracılığıyla vurguladığını, CNN'in "Önyargılı haberleştirme" yaklaşımı kullanarak İsrail merkezli görüşleri “İsrail/Ben” ve “Militan” gibi çerçevelerle pekiştirdiğini göstermektedir. Buna karşın, Global Times daha tarafsız bir tutum benimseyerek “Çatışma/lar” ve “Savaş/lar” gibi çerçeveler kullanmış ve çatışmanın karmaşıklığını ve diplomatik çözümlerin önemini vurgulamıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Medya Çerçeveleme Gündem Belirleme Filistin-İsrail Çatışması İdeolojik Önyargı
Kaynakça
- Adamu, H. S. (2018). A comparative analysis of CNN and Al Jazeera’s coverage of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict of 2014 (Master’s thesis). Ahmadu Bello University. https://kubanni.abu.edu.ng/items/01ace79b-b8f7-4881-8e7c-f1d5d2a28587
- Al Sharafat, A. (2019). The Middle East in American media: A 21st century overview. Polish Journal of Political Science, 5(1), 35–58.
- Alashqar, M. (2024). The role of language in framing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict on Twitter: The escalation of violence in Gaza in May 2021 as a case study (PhD dissertation). Ghent University.
- AlSamrin, H. (2018). A comparison of news coverage on the Arabic and English versions of the Al Jazeera websites (Master’s thesis). Drexel University. https://doi.org/10.17918/etd-7757
- Amer, M. (2017). Critical discourse analysis of war reporting in the international press: The case of the Gaza war of 2008–2009. Palgrave Communications, 3(1), 1–11.
- Capella, J. N., & Jamieson, K. H. (2023). Cognitive bases for framing effects. In The political communication reader (pp. 181–186). Routledge.
- Cherribi, S. (2017). Fridays of rage: Al Jazeera, the Arab Spring, and political Islam. Oxford University Press.
- Damanhoury, K. E., & Saleh, F. (2017). Is it the same fight? Comparative analysis of CNN and Al Jazeera America’s online coverage of the 2014 Gaza War. Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research, 10(1), 85–103.
- De Vreese, C. H. (2005). News framing: Theory and typology. Information Design Journal + Document Design, 13(1), 51–62.
- Deeb, L., & Winegar, J. (2024). Resistance to repression and back again: The movement for Palestinian liberation in US academia. Middle East Critique, 33(3), 313–334.
- Dimitrova, D. V., & Strömbäck, J. (2005). Mission accomplished? Framing of the Iraq War in the elite newspapers in Sweden and the United States. Gazette, 67(5), 399–417.
- Diwan, I. (1999). Development under adversity: The Palestinian economy in transition (Vol. 489). World Bank Publications.
- Dunsky, M. (2008). Pens and swords: How the American mainstream media report the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Columbia University Press.
- Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58.
- Entman, R. M. (2007). Framing bias: Media in the distribution of power. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 163–173.
- Evans, M. (2010). Framing international conflicts: Media coverage of fighting in the Middle East. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 6(2), 209–233.
- Falk, R., & Friel, H. (2007). Israel–Palestine on record: How the New York Times misreports conflict in the Middle East. Verso Books.
- Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 80–92.
- Fraser, T. (2018). The Arab-Israeli conflict. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Gamson, W. A., & Modigliani, A. (1989). Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: A constructionist approach. American Journal of Sociology, 95(1), 1–37.
- Ghassemi, R., & Hemmatgosha, Z. (2019). Language in media: A tool for expressing political views. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 10(5), 28–35.
- Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Northeastern University Press.
- Herman, E. S., & Chomsky, N. (2021). Manufacturing consent. In Power and inequality (pp. 198–206). Routledge.
- Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288.
- Kandil, M. A. (2009). The Israeli-Palestinian conflict in American, Arab, and British media: Corpus-based critical discourse analysis.
- Kareem, A. H., & Najm, Y. M. (2024). A critical discourse analysis of the biased role of Western media in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Journal of Language Studies, 8(6), 200–215.
- Kincheloe, J., & Steinberg, S. R. (2004). The miseducation of the West: How schools and the media distort our understanding of the Islamic world. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
- Knüpfer, C. B., & Entman, R. M. (2018). Framing conflicts in digital and transnational media environments. Media, War & Conflict, 11(4), 476–488.
- Luther, C. A., & Miller, M. M. (2005). Framing of the 2003 US–Iraq war demonstrations: An analysis of news and partisan texts. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 82(1), 78–96.
- McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176–187.
- Michlic, J. B., & Polonsky, A. (2009). The neighbors respond: The controversy over the Jedwabne massacre in Poland.
- Neuman, W. R., Just, M. R., & Crigler, A. N. (1992). Common knowledge: News and the construction of political meaning. University of Chicago Press.
- Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42, 533–544.
- Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage Publications.
- Pickard, V. (2019). Democracy without journalism?: Confronting the misinformation society. Oxford University Press.
- Prat, A., & Strömberg, D. (2013). The political economy of mass media. Advances in Economics and Econometrics, 2, 135.
- Sautedé, E. T., Mo, F. V., & Tang, J. (2025). China and the Ukraine war: Global Times’ strategic narratives. Global Media and Communication, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/17427665251328117
- Sayegh, F. A. (1979). The Camp David agreement and the Palestine problem. Journal of Palestine Studies, 8(2), 3–40.
- Scheufele, D. A., & Tewksbury, D. (2007). Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 9–20.
- Sebestyén, H. (2024). Chinese media watch: The Red Sea conflict in China’s state media – Blaming the West for everything as top priority. https://ceias.eu/chinese-media-watch-the-red-sea-conflict-in-chinas-state-media-blaming-the-west-for-everything-as-top-priority/
- Semetko, H. A., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2000). Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news. Journal of Communication, 50(2), 93–109.
- Shahzad, F., Qazi, T. A., & Shehzad, R. (2023). Framing of Israel and Palestine conflict in RT News, Al-Jazeera, CNN & BBC News. Global Digital & Print Media Review, 6, 1–14.
- Sharmeen, M. (2023). The Israeli-Palestinian conflict in news media (Master’s thesis). Brac University.
- Silvestri, S. (2016). Religion and conflict. GSDRC Professional Development Reading Pack, (30).
- Sommer, H. (2003). Providing compensation for harm caused by terrorism: Lessons learned in the Israeli experience. Indiana Law Review, 36, 335.
- Sparks, C. (2010). China media colloquium: China’s media in comparative perspective. International Journal of Communication, 4, 15.
- Ushe, U. M. (2015). Religious conflicts and education in Nigeria: Implications for national security. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(2), 117–129.
- Vladisavljević, N. (2015). Media framing of political conflict: A review of the literature.
- Wicks, R. H. (2005). Message framing and constructing meaning: An emerging paradigm in mass communication research. Annals of the International Communication Association, 29(1), 335–362.
- Wolfsfeld, G. (1997). Media and political conflict: News from the Middle East (Vol. 10). Cambridge University Press.
- Wyman, D. S. (2019). The abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941–1945. Plunkett Lake Press.
- Zahid, Z. (2024). How CNN portrays Israel as the victim in the context of the October 7th, 2023 Israeli-Palestinian hostilities (Master’s thesis). University of Chicago. https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/13144?v=pdf
- Zayani, M. (2016). Al Jazeera's complex legacy: Thresholds for an unconventional media player from the global south. International Journal of Communication, 10.
- Zhang, S. I. (2016). Chinese war correspondents: Covering wars and conflicts in the twenty-first century. Springer.
- Zhang, S. I., & Peng, A. Y. (2023). China, media, and international conflicts. Taylor & Francis.
- Zhang, S. I., & Zhang, S. I. (2016a). Covering the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. In Chinese war correspondents: Covering wars and conflicts in the twenty-first century (pp. 157–179). Springer.
- Zhang, S. I., & Zhang, S. I. (2016b). Covering the Syrian war. In Chinese war correspondents: Covering wars and conflicts in the twenty-first century (pp. 111–134). Springer.
Framing and Media Bias in Conflict Reporting: A Comparative Analysis of Al-Jazeera, CNN, and Global Times During the 2023 Palestine-Israel Conflict
Öz
This study examines the reporting disparities in the 2023 Palestine-Israel conflict by analyzing the framing strategies of Al-Jazeera, CNN, and Global Times, which represent Pan-Arabism, Capitalism, and Communism, respectively. The research highlights how ideological biases shape conflict portrayal across these global media outlets. The study analyzes news headlines over a 30-day period from October 7th to November 5th. The research study employs qualitative content analysis by using deductive and inductive reasoning to investigate agenda-setting practices across selected media outlets. By operationalizing predetermined frames based on existing models and literature, the research explores the association of these frames to uncover underlying narratives. A frequency analysis of specific linguistic frames used in headlines from the analyzed news websites was conducted. The findings reveal that Al-Jazeera emphasizes Palestinian resilience in the Palestine-Israel conflict through a “Narrative of Strength” and “Narrative of Resistance,” while CNN employs a “Biased Reporting” approach, reinforcing Israeli-centric views with frames like “Israel/I” and “Militant.” In contrast, Global Times adopts a more neutral stance, using frames such as “Conflict/s” and “War/s” to underscore the complexity of the conflict and the importance of diplomatic solutions.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Media Framing Agenda-Setting Palestine-Israel Conflict Ideological Bias
Etik Beyan
This study does not involve human subjects, audiences, or individuals as direct participants. Instead, it is based solely on the content analysis of media narratives presented by various news outlets. As such, there are no ethical concerns requiring compliance with specific guidelines, as the research relies entirely on secondary data. The institutional ethics committee has reviewed and approved this research.
Destekleyen Kurum
N/A
Teşekkür
N/A
Kaynakça
- Adamu, H. S. (2018). A comparative analysis of CNN and Al Jazeera’s coverage of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict of 2014 (Master’s thesis). Ahmadu Bello University. https://kubanni.abu.edu.ng/items/01ace79b-b8f7-4881-8e7c-f1d5d2a28587
- Al Sharafat, A. (2019). The Middle East in American media: A 21st century overview. Polish Journal of Political Science, 5(1), 35–58.
- Alashqar, M. (2024). The role of language in framing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict on Twitter: The escalation of violence in Gaza in May 2021 as a case study (PhD dissertation). Ghent University.
- AlSamrin, H. (2018). A comparison of news coverage on the Arabic and English versions of the Al Jazeera websites (Master’s thesis). Drexel University. https://doi.org/10.17918/etd-7757
- Amer, M. (2017). Critical discourse analysis of war reporting in the international press: The case of the Gaza war of 2008–2009. Palgrave Communications, 3(1), 1–11.
- Capella, J. N., & Jamieson, K. H. (2023). Cognitive bases for framing effects. In The political communication reader (pp. 181–186). Routledge.
- Cherribi, S. (2017). Fridays of rage: Al Jazeera, the Arab Spring, and political Islam. Oxford University Press.
- Damanhoury, K. E., & Saleh, F. (2017). Is it the same fight? Comparative analysis of CNN and Al Jazeera America’s online coverage of the 2014 Gaza War. Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research, 10(1), 85–103.
- De Vreese, C. H. (2005). News framing: Theory and typology. Information Design Journal + Document Design, 13(1), 51–62.
- Deeb, L., & Winegar, J. (2024). Resistance to repression and back again: The movement for Palestinian liberation in US academia. Middle East Critique, 33(3), 313–334.
- Dimitrova, D. V., & Strömbäck, J. (2005). Mission accomplished? Framing of the Iraq War in the elite newspapers in Sweden and the United States. Gazette, 67(5), 399–417.
- Diwan, I. (1999). Development under adversity: The Palestinian economy in transition (Vol. 489). World Bank Publications.
- Dunsky, M. (2008). Pens and swords: How the American mainstream media report the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Columbia University Press.
- Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58.
- Entman, R. M. (2007). Framing bias: Media in the distribution of power. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 163–173.
- Evans, M. (2010). Framing international conflicts: Media coverage of fighting in the Middle East. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 6(2), 209–233.
- Falk, R., & Friel, H. (2007). Israel–Palestine on record: How the New York Times misreports conflict in the Middle East. Verso Books.
- Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 80–92.
- Fraser, T. (2018). The Arab-Israeli conflict. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Gamson, W. A., & Modigliani, A. (1989). Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: A constructionist approach. American Journal of Sociology, 95(1), 1–37.
- Ghassemi, R., & Hemmatgosha, Z. (2019). Language in media: A tool for expressing political views. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 10(5), 28–35.
- Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Northeastern University Press.
- Herman, E. S., & Chomsky, N. (2021). Manufacturing consent. In Power and inequality (pp. 198–206). Routledge.
- Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288.
- Kandil, M. A. (2009). The Israeli-Palestinian conflict in American, Arab, and British media: Corpus-based critical discourse analysis.
- Kareem, A. H., & Najm, Y. M. (2024). A critical discourse analysis of the biased role of Western media in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Journal of Language Studies, 8(6), 200–215.
- Kincheloe, J., & Steinberg, S. R. (2004). The miseducation of the West: How schools and the media distort our understanding of the Islamic world. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
- Knüpfer, C. B., & Entman, R. M. (2018). Framing conflicts in digital and transnational media environments. Media, War & Conflict, 11(4), 476–488.
- Luther, C. A., & Miller, M. M. (2005). Framing of the 2003 US–Iraq war demonstrations: An analysis of news and partisan texts. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 82(1), 78–96.
- McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176–187.
- Michlic, J. B., & Polonsky, A. (2009). The neighbors respond: The controversy over the Jedwabne massacre in Poland.
- Neuman, W. R., Just, M. R., & Crigler, A. N. (1992). Common knowledge: News and the construction of political meaning. University of Chicago Press.
- Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42, 533–544.
- Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage Publications.
- Pickard, V. (2019). Democracy without journalism?: Confronting the misinformation society. Oxford University Press.
- Prat, A., & Strömberg, D. (2013). The political economy of mass media. Advances in Economics and Econometrics, 2, 135.
- Sautedé, E. T., Mo, F. V., & Tang, J. (2025). China and the Ukraine war: Global Times’ strategic narratives. Global Media and Communication, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/17427665251328117
- Sayegh, F. A. (1979). The Camp David agreement and the Palestine problem. Journal of Palestine Studies, 8(2), 3–40.
- Scheufele, D. A., & Tewksbury, D. (2007). Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 9–20.
- Sebestyén, H. (2024). Chinese media watch: The Red Sea conflict in China’s state media – Blaming the West for everything as top priority. https://ceias.eu/chinese-media-watch-the-red-sea-conflict-in-chinas-state-media-blaming-the-west-for-everything-as-top-priority/
- Semetko, H. A., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2000). Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news. Journal of Communication, 50(2), 93–109.
- Shahzad, F., Qazi, T. A., & Shehzad, R. (2023). Framing of Israel and Palestine conflict in RT News, Al-Jazeera, CNN & BBC News. Global Digital & Print Media Review, 6, 1–14.
- Sharmeen, M. (2023). The Israeli-Palestinian conflict in news media (Master’s thesis). Brac University.
- Silvestri, S. (2016). Religion and conflict. GSDRC Professional Development Reading Pack, (30).
- Sommer, H. (2003). Providing compensation for harm caused by terrorism: Lessons learned in the Israeli experience. Indiana Law Review, 36, 335.
- Sparks, C. (2010). China media colloquium: China’s media in comparative perspective. International Journal of Communication, 4, 15.
- Ushe, U. M. (2015). Religious conflicts and education in Nigeria: Implications for national security. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(2), 117–129.
- Vladisavljević, N. (2015). Media framing of political conflict: A review of the literature.
- Wicks, R. H. (2005). Message framing and constructing meaning: An emerging paradigm in mass communication research. Annals of the International Communication Association, 29(1), 335–362.
- Wolfsfeld, G. (1997). Media and political conflict: News from the Middle East (Vol. 10). Cambridge University Press.
- Wyman, D. S. (2019). The abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941–1945. Plunkett Lake Press.
- Zahid, Z. (2024). How CNN portrays Israel as the victim in the context of the October 7th, 2023 Israeli-Palestinian hostilities (Master’s thesis). University of Chicago. https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/13144?v=pdf
- Zayani, M. (2016). Al Jazeera's complex legacy: Thresholds for an unconventional media player from the global south. International Journal of Communication, 10.
- Zhang, S. I. (2016). Chinese war correspondents: Covering wars and conflicts in the twenty-first century. Springer.
- Zhang, S. I., & Peng, A. Y. (2023). China, media, and international conflicts. Taylor & Francis.
- Zhang, S. I., & Zhang, S. I. (2016a). Covering the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. In Chinese war correspondents: Covering wars and conflicts in the twenty-first century (pp. 157–179). Springer.
- Zhang, S. I., & Zhang, S. I. (2016b). Covering the Syrian war. In Chinese war correspondents: Covering wars and conflicts in the twenty-first century (pp. 111–134). Springer.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Gazetecilik, Gazetecilik Çalışmaları |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 29 Mayıs 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 28 Şubat 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 20 Mayıs 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3 |
