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The European Union Foreign Policy System and the Extent of Europeanization after the Common Foreign and Security Policy

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 276 - 293, 21.06.2025

Ömer Uğur

Öz

This study aims to comprehensively address the foreign policy cooperation processes shaped at the European Union (EU) level, especially in the context of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), through the concept of Europeanization. In-depth analysis of the effects of the EU's integration and cooperation processes in the field of foreign policy on the national foreign policies of the member states is of great importance in understanding how this interaction is shaped both at the European and national levels. In this framework, it will be analyzed in detail how the EU's common foreign policy practices, which have been developed to increase its global influence, have harmonized with national interests and how they have sometimes come into conflict with these interests. Thus, it will be revealed how the EU's foreign policy strategies and national foreign policy dynamics interact. In this context, this study aims to examine the challenges faced by the EU in the foreign policy-making process and the historical, theoretical and practical obstacles in solving these challenges within the framework of the concept of Europeanization. It aims to analyze the development of foreign policy cooperation within the EU, especially in the period starting with the Maastricht Treaty, and the balance between the member states' desire to protect their national sovereignty and their efforts to establish a common foreign policy. In doing so, the scope and dimensions of the Europeanization process of national foreign policies in the context of the Common Foreign and Security Policy will be discussed and the formation process of the EU foreign policy and the important turning points in this process will be analyzed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

European Union Europenization Foreign Policy Security Maastricht

Kaynakça

  • Akşit, S., Şenyuva, Ö. & Üstün, Ç. (2009). Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinden Türkiye'nin Üyeliğine Bakış. Ankara: Avrupa Çalışmaları Merkezi.
  • Aktipis, M. & Oliver, T. (2012). Europeanization and British foreign policy. İçinde, R. Wong & C. Hill (Eds.), National and European Foreign Policy: Towards Europeanization (ss. 72-92). Oxon: Routledge.
  • Bache, I. & Jordan, A. (2008). Europeanization and Domestic Change. İçinde, I. Bache & A. Jordan (Eds.). The Europeanization of British Politics (ss. 3-33). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Barbé, E. (2011). Spain and Europe: Mutual reinforcement in foreign policy. İçinde, C. Hıll &. R. Wong (Eds.). National and European Foreign Policy: Towards Europeanizations (ss. 131-148), Oxon: Routledge.
  • Bindi, F. (Ed.) (2010). The foreign policy of the European Union: assessing Europe's role in the world. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press.
  • Börzel, T. & Risse, T. (2003). Conceptualizing the domestic impact of Europe, İçinde, K. Featherstone & C. M. Radaelli (Eds.), The Politics of Europeanization (57-80).Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bretherton, C. & Vogler, J. (2006). The European Union as a Global Actor. Oxon: Routledge. Cameron, F. (2012). An introduction to European foreign policy. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Caporaso, J. A. & Jupille, J. (2001). The Europeanization of Social Policy and Domestic Political Change. İçinde, M. G. Cowles, J. A. Caporaso & T. Risse (Eds.), Transforming Europe. Europeanization and Domestic Change (ss. 21-43). Ithaca. NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Charillon, F. & Wong, R. (2011). France: Europeanization by default. İçinde, R. Wong & C. Hill (Eds). National and European foreign policies: towards Europeanization (ss. 19-34). London: Routledge.
  • Checkel, J. T. (2005). International Institutions and Socialisation in Europe: Introduction and Framework. International Organization, 59(4), 801-826.
  • Dover, R. (2010). From CFSP to ESDP: the EU’s Foreign, Security, and Defence Policy. İçinde, Cini, Michelle &Pérez-Solórzano Borragán (Eds.), 3rd edition, Nieves: European Union Politics (pp. 239-257). Oxford: Oxford UP.
  • Flers, N. A. & Müller, P. (2009). Applying the concept of Europeanization to the study of foreign policy: dimensions and mechanisms. Institute for European Integration Research Working Paper Serie https://eif.univie.ac.at/downloads/workingpapers/wp2009-05.pdf
  • Francia, R. & Abellan, M. A. M. (2006). Striving for a Common Foreign Policy: A Brief History. İçinde, D. Mahncke, A. Ambos & C. Reynolds (Eds),European Foreign Policy: From Rhetoric to Reality (117-164). Brüksel: P.I.E. Peter Lang S. A.
  • Ginsberg, R. (2001). The European Union in International Politics: Baptism by Fire. Lanham. New York and Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Ginsberg, R. H. & Penksa, S. E. (2012). The European Union in Global Security: The Politics of Impact. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ginsberg, R. H. (1999). Conceptualizing the European Union as an International Actor?, Journal of Common Market Studies, 37(3), 429-454.
  • Gross, E. (2009). The Europeanization of National Foreign Policy. Continuity and Change in European Crisis Management. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Grugel, J. (1996). Supporting Democratisation: A European View: European Political Parties and Latin America. Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe/European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, No: 60, 87-104.
  • Haukkala, H. & Ojanen, H. (2011). The Europeanization of Finnish Foreign Policy. Pendulum Swings in Slow Motion. İçinde, Wong, Reuben & Hill, Christopher (Eds.), National and European Foreign Policy: Towards Europeanization (ss. 149-166), Oxon: Routledge.
  • Hill, C. (1998). Closing the capabilities–expectations gap?. İçinde, J. Peterson & H. Sjursen (Eds.), A Common Foreign Policy for Europe (ss. 18-38). London: Routledge.
  • Irondelle, B. (2003). Europeanisation without the European Union? French Military Reforms 1991-96. Journal of European Public Policy, 10(2), 208-226.
  • Juncos, A. E. & Pomorska, K. (2006). Playing the Brussels game: Strategic socialisation in the CFSP Council Working Groups. European Integration online Papers, 10(11), 1-17.
  • Kajnč, S. (2011). Slovenia: Searching for a Foreign Policy Identity. İçinde, R. Wong & C. Hill (Eds.), National and European Foreign Policy: Towards Europeanization (ss. 189-209).Oxon: Routledge.
  • Karaman, S. (2011). Avrupa Birliğinin Ortak Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası. İçinde, Ç. Erhan & D. Senemoğlu (Eds.), Avrupa Birliği Politikaları (ss. 121-170) Ankara: İmaj Yayınevi.
  • Keukeleire, S. & Delreux, T. (2014).The Foreign Policy of the European Union. 2nd ed., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Keukeleire, S. (2010). European Security and Defense Policy: From Taboo to a Spearhead of EU Foreign Policy?. İçinde, F. Bindi (Ed), The Foreign Policy of the European Union Assessing Europe’s Role in the World (ss. 51-72). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
  • Knill, C. & Lehmkuhl, D. (2002). The National Impact of EU Regulatory Policy: Three Europeanization mechanisms. European Journal of Poltitcal Research, 41(2), 255-280.
  • Koehler, K. (2010). European Foreign Policy After Lisbon: Strengthening the EU as an International Actor. Caucausian Review of International Affairs, 4(1), 57-72.
  • Larsen, H. (2011). Denmark: a committed member with opt-outs. National and European Foreign Policies: Towards Europeanisation (ss. 93-110). Oxon: Routledge.
  • Mahncke, D. (2004). The Need for a Common Foreign Policy. İçinde, D. Mahncke, A. Ambos & C. Reynolds (Eds), European Foreign Policy: From Rhetoric to Reality (ss. 27-42). Brüksel: P. I. E. Peter Lang S. A.
  • Major, C. (2008). Europe is what member states make of it". An assessment of the influence of nation states on the European Security and Defence Policy (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Birmingham, UK.
  • McCormick, J. (2013). Avrupa Birliğini Anlamak. Ankara: Bing Bang Yayınları.
  • Michalski, A. (2013). Europeanization of National Foreign Policy: The Case of Denmark's and Sweden's Relations with China. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 51(5), 884-900.
  • Miskimmon, A. (2007). Germany and the common foreign and security policy of the European Union: between Europeanisation and national adaptation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Nuttall, S. J. (2000). European foreign policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Özdal, B. (2013). Avrupa Birliği Siyasi Bir Cüce, Askeri Bir Solucan mı?, Bursa: Dora Yayıncılık.
  • Papadimitriou, D. (2002). Negotiating the new Europe: the European Union and eastern Europe. Farnham: Ashgate Pub Limited.
  • Pernice, I. E. (2009). The Treaty of Lisbon: multilevel constitutionalism in action. Columbia Journal of European Law, 15(3), 349-407.
  • Pomorska, K. (2008). Poland and the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union: From Adaptation to Europeanization? (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Lougborough: Lougborough University.
  • Smith, K. E. (2014). European union foreign policy in a changing world. 3rd ed., London: Polity Press.
  • Smith, M. E. (2004). Europe’s foreign and security policy: the institutionalization of cooperation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Smith, M. E. (2004). Europe’s foreign and security policy: the institutionalization of cooperation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Smith, M. E. (2004a). Towards a theory of EU foreign policy-making: multi-level governance, domestic politics, and national adaptation to Europe’s common foreign and security policy. Journal of European Public Policy, 11(4), 740-758.
  • Soetendorp, B. (2014). Foreign Policy in the European Union: History, Theory & Practice. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Soutou, H. G. (2014). Avrupa Birliği Tarihi: 1815’ten Günümüze. İstanbul: Bilgi Kültür Sanat.
  • Spence, A, & Spence, D. (1998). The Common Foreign and Security Policy from Maastricht to Amsterdam. İçinde, Eliassen, K. A. (Ed.). Foreign and security policy in the European Union (ss. 43-58). London: Sage.
  • Tangör, B. (2009). Avrupa Birliği Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikasının Gelişimi. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Telatar, G. (2008). Küresel Politikada AB ve ABD: Farklı Perspektifler (Mİ?). İçinde, Dönmez, R. Ö. & Telatar, G. (Eds.), Küreselleşen Dünyada Avrupa Birliği. (ss. 261-317). Ankara: Phoenix Yayınevi.
  • Tonra, B. & Christiansen, T. (2004). Rethinking European Union Foreign Policy. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Tsardanidis, C. & Stavridis, S. (2005). The Europeanisation of Greek Foreign Policy: A Critical Appraisal. Journal of European Integration, 27(2), 217-239.
  • Ülger, İ. K. (2002). Avrupa Birliğinde Siyasal Bütünleşme Ortak Dış Politika ve Ortak Güvenlik Politikasının Oluşumu. İstanbul: Gündoğan Yayınları.
  • White, B. (2001). Understanding European Foreign Policy. Houndmills, NY: Palgrave.
  • Wong, R. & Hill, C. (Eds.) (2011).National and European foreign policies: toward Europeanisation. London: Routledge.

Ortak Dış ve Güvenlik Politikası Sonrası Avrupa Birliği Dış Politika Sistemi ve Avrupalılaşma Kapsamı

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 276 - 293, 21.06.2025

Ömer Uğur

Öz

Bu çalışma, Avrupa Birliği (AB) düzeyinde şekillenen dış politika işbirliği süreçlerini, özellikle Ortak Dış ve Güvenlik Politikası (ODGP) bağlamında, Avrupalılaşma kavramı üzerinden kapsamlı bir şekilde ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. AB’nin dış politika alanındaki entegrasyon ve işbirliği süreçlerinin, üye ülkelerin ulusal dış politikaları üzerindeki etkilerini derinlemesine analiz etmek, bu etkileşimin hem Avrupa düzeyinde hem de ulusal düzeyde nasıl şekillendiğini anlamak açısından büyük bir önem taşımaktadır. Bu çerçevede, AB’nin küresel etkinliğini artırmaya yönelik geliştirdiği ortak dış politika uygulamalarının, ulusal çıkarlarla nasıl uyum sağladığı ve zaman zaman bu çıkarlarla nasıl çatışmaya düştüğü detaylı bir şekilde ele alınacaktır. Böylece, AB’nin dış politika stratejilerinin ve ulusal dış politika dinamiklerinin nasıl bir etkileşim içinde olduğu ortaya konulacaktır. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma AB’nin dış politika oluşturma sürecinde karşılaştığı zorlukları ve bu zorlukların çözülmesindeki tarihsel, teorik ve pratik engelleri Avrupalılaşma kavramı çerçevesinde incelemektir. Özellikle Maastricht Antlaşması ile başlayan dönemde, AB içindeki dış politika işbirliğinin gelişimini ve üye ülkelerin ulusal egemenliklerini koruma arzusu ile ortak dış politika oluşturma çabaları arasındaki dengeyi analiz etmek hedeflenmektedir. Bunu yaparken, Ortak Dış ve Güvenlik Politikası kapsamında ulusal dış politikaların Avrupalılaşma sürecinin kapsamı ve boyutları ele alınarak, AB dış politikasının oluşum süreci ve bu süreçteki önemli dönüm noktaları analiz edilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avrupa Birliği Avrupalılaşma Dış Politika Güvenlik Maastricht

Kaynakça

  • Akşit, S., Şenyuva, Ö. & Üstün, Ç. (2009). Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinden Türkiye'nin Üyeliğine Bakış. Ankara: Avrupa Çalışmaları Merkezi.
  • Aktipis, M. & Oliver, T. (2012). Europeanization and British foreign policy. İçinde, R. Wong & C. Hill (Eds.), National and European Foreign Policy: Towards Europeanization (ss. 72-92). Oxon: Routledge.
  • Bache, I. & Jordan, A. (2008). Europeanization and Domestic Change. İçinde, I. Bache & A. Jordan (Eds.). The Europeanization of British Politics (ss. 3-33). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Barbé, E. (2011). Spain and Europe: Mutual reinforcement in foreign policy. İçinde, C. Hıll &. R. Wong (Eds.). National and European Foreign Policy: Towards Europeanizations (ss. 131-148), Oxon: Routledge.
  • Bindi, F. (Ed.) (2010). The foreign policy of the European Union: assessing Europe's role in the world. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press.
  • Börzel, T. & Risse, T. (2003). Conceptualizing the domestic impact of Europe, İçinde, K. Featherstone & C. M. Radaelli (Eds.), The Politics of Europeanization (57-80).Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bretherton, C. & Vogler, J. (2006). The European Union as a Global Actor. Oxon: Routledge. Cameron, F. (2012). An introduction to European foreign policy. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Caporaso, J. A. & Jupille, J. (2001). The Europeanization of Social Policy and Domestic Political Change. İçinde, M. G. Cowles, J. A. Caporaso & T. Risse (Eds.), Transforming Europe. Europeanization and Domestic Change (ss. 21-43). Ithaca. NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Charillon, F. & Wong, R. (2011). France: Europeanization by default. İçinde, R. Wong & C. Hill (Eds). National and European foreign policies: towards Europeanization (ss. 19-34). London: Routledge.
  • Checkel, J. T. (2005). International Institutions and Socialisation in Europe: Introduction and Framework. International Organization, 59(4), 801-826.
  • Dover, R. (2010). From CFSP to ESDP: the EU’s Foreign, Security, and Defence Policy. İçinde, Cini, Michelle &Pérez-Solórzano Borragán (Eds.), 3rd edition, Nieves: European Union Politics (pp. 239-257). Oxford: Oxford UP.
  • Flers, N. A. & Müller, P. (2009). Applying the concept of Europeanization to the study of foreign policy: dimensions and mechanisms. Institute for European Integration Research Working Paper Serie https://eif.univie.ac.at/downloads/workingpapers/wp2009-05.pdf
  • Francia, R. & Abellan, M. A. M. (2006). Striving for a Common Foreign Policy: A Brief History. İçinde, D. Mahncke, A. Ambos & C. Reynolds (Eds),European Foreign Policy: From Rhetoric to Reality (117-164). Brüksel: P.I.E. Peter Lang S. A.
  • Ginsberg, R. (2001). The European Union in International Politics: Baptism by Fire. Lanham. New York and Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Ginsberg, R. H. & Penksa, S. E. (2012). The European Union in Global Security: The Politics of Impact. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ginsberg, R. H. (1999). Conceptualizing the European Union as an International Actor?, Journal of Common Market Studies, 37(3), 429-454.
  • Gross, E. (2009). The Europeanization of National Foreign Policy. Continuity and Change in European Crisis Management. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Grugel, J. (1996). Supporting Democratisation: A European View: European Political Parties and Latin America. Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe/European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, No: 60, 87-104.
  • Haukkala, H. & Ojanen, H. (2011). The Europeanization of Finnish Foreign Policy. Pendulum Swings in Slow Motion. İçinde, Wong, Reuben & Hill, Christopher (Eds.), National and European Foreign Policy: Towards Europeanization (ss. 149-166), Oxon: Routledge.
  • Hill, C. (1998). Closing the capabilities–expectations gap?. İçinde, J. Peterson & H. Sjursen (Eds.), A Common Foreign Policy for Europe (ss. 18-38). London: Routledge.
  • Irondelle, B. (2003). Europeanisation without the European Union? French Military Reforms 1991-96. Journal of European Public Policy, 10(2), 208-226.
  • Juncos, A. E. & Pomorska, K. (2006). Playing the Brussels game: Strategic socialisation in the CFSP Council Working Groups. European Integration online Papers, 10(11), 1-17.
  • Kajnč, S. (2011). Slovenia: Searching for a Foreign Policy Identity. İçinde, R. Wong & C. Hill (Eds.), National and European Foreign Policy: Towards Europeanization (ss. 189-209).Oxon: Routledge.
  • Karaman, S. (2011). Avrupa Birliğinin Ortak Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası. İçinde, Ç. Erhan & D. Senemoğlu (Eds.), Avrupa Birliği Politikaları (ss. 121-170) Ankara: İmaj Yayınevi.
  • Keukeleire, S. & Delreux, T. (2014).The Foreign Policy of the European Union. 2nd ed., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Keukeleire, S. (2010). European Security and Defense Policy: From Taboo to a Spearhead of EU Foreign Policy?. İçinde, F. Bindi (Ed), The Foreign Policy of the European Union Assessing Europe’s Role in the World (ss. 51-72). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
  • Knill, C. & Lehmkuhl, D. (2002). The National Impact of EU Regulatory Policy: Three Europeanization mechanisms. European Journal of Poltitcal Research, 41(2), 255-280.
  • Koehler, K. (2010). European Foreign Policy After Lisbon: Strengthening the EU as an International Actor. Caucausian Review of International Affairs, 4(1), 57-72.
  • Larsen, H. (2011). Denmark: a committed member with opt-outs. National and European Foreign Policies: Towards Europeanisation (ss. 93-110). Oxon: Routledge.
  • Mahncke, D. (2004). The Need for a Common Foreign Policy. İçinde, D. Mahncke, A. Ambos & C. Reynolds (Eds), European Foreign Policy: From Rhetoric to Reality (ss. 27-42). Brüksel: P. I. E. Peter Lang S. A.
  • Major, C. (2008). Europe is what member states make of it". An assessment of the influence of nation states on the European Security and Defence Policy (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Birmingham, UK.
  • McCormick, J. (2013). Avrupa Birliğini Anlamak. Ankara: Bing Bang Yayınları.
  • Michalski, A. (2013). Europeanization of National Foreign Policy: The Case of Denmark's and Sweden's Relations with China. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 51(5), 884-900.
  • Miskimmon, A. (2007). Germany and the common foreign and security policy of the European Union: between Europeanisation and national adaptation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Nuttall, S. J. (2000). European foreign policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Özdal, B. (2013). Avrupa Birliği Siyasi Bir Cüce, Askeri Bir Solucan mı?, Bursa: Dora Yayıncılık.
  • Papadimitriou, D. (2002). Negotiating the new Europe: the European Union and eastern Europe. Farnham: Ashgate Pub Limited.
  • Pernice, I. E. (2009). The Treaty of Lisbon: multilevel constitutionalism in action. Columbia Journal of European Law, 15(3), 349-407.
  • Pomorska, K. (2008). Poland and the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union: From Adaptation to Europeanization? (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Lougborough: Lougborough University.
  • Smith, K. E. (2014). European union foreign policy in a changing world. 3rd ed., London: Polity Press.
  • Smith, M. E. (2004). Europe’s foreign and security policy: the institutionalization of cooperation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Smith, M. E. (2004). Europe’s foreign and security policy: the institutionalization of cooperation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Smith, M. E. (2004a). Towards a theory of EU foreign policy-making: multi-level governance, domestic politics, and national adaptation to Europe’s common foreign and security policy. Journal of European Public Policy, 11(4), 740-758.
  • Soetendorp, B. (2014). Foreign Policy in the European Union: History, Theory & Practice. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Soutou, H. G. (2014). Avrupa Birliği Tarihi: 1815’ten Günümüze. İstanbul: Bilgi Kültür Sanat.
  • Spence, A, & Spence, D. (1998). The Common Foreign and Security Policy from Maastricht to Amsterdam. İçinde, Eliassen, K. A. (Ed.). Foreign and security policy in the European Union (ss. 43-58). London: Sage.
  • Tangör, B. (2009). Avrupa Birliği Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikasının Gelişimi. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Telatar, G. (2008). Küresel Politikada AB ve ABD: Farklı Perspektifler (Mİ?). İçinde, Dönmez, R. Ö. & Telatar, G. (Eds.), Küreselleşen Dünyada Avrupa Birliği. (ss. 261-317). Ankara: Phoenix Yayınevi.
  • Tonra, B. & Christiansen, T. (2004). Rethinking European Union Foreign Policy. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Tsardanidis, C. & Stavridis, S. (2005). The Europeanisation of Greek Foreign Policy: A Critical Appraisal. Journal of European Integration, 27(2), 217-239.
  • Ülger, İ. K. (2002). Avrupa Birliğinde Siyasal Bütünleşme Ortak Dış Politika ve Ortak Güvenlik Politikasının Oluşumu. İstanbul: Gündoğan Yayınları.
  • White, B. (2001). Understanding European Foreign Policy. Houndmills, NY: Palgrave.
  • Wong, R. & Hill, C. (Eds.) (2011).National and European foreign policies: toward Europeanisation. London: Routledge.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Avrupa Birliği
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ömer Uğur 0000-0002-8463-5403

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 21 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Uğur, Ö. (2025). The European Union Foreign Policy System and the Extent of Europeanization after the Common Foreign and Security Policy. The Journal of International Scientific Researches, 10(2), 276-293.
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