LNG: Europe’s Energy Supply Security Amid Geopolitical Turmoil – Transforming Dependence into Resilience
Öz
The purpose of this study is to explore the transformative role of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) in reshaping the European Union’s (EU) energy strategy following the geopolitical crisis caused by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Historically reliant on Russian pipeline gas, the EU faced an urgent need to diversify its energy sources. LNG emerged as a critical alternative, enabling the EU to secure supplies from global markets and reduce dependency on Russian imports. This transition was supported by extensive investments in regasification infrastructure, which expanded capacity by 33% between 2021 and 2023.
The study adopts a qualitative analysis of geopolitical, economic, and environmental dimensions, drawing on data from energy organizations and policy frameworks. Results indicate that LNG has significantly enhanced Europe’s energy security by diversifying suppliers and stabilizing natural gas supplies. However, challenges remain, including pricing volatility, infrastructure disparities, and environmental concerns such as methane emissions. The study concludes that while LNG plays a vital role in addressing short-term energy needs, its long-term compatibility with the EU’s decarbonization goals requires strategic policy alignment and investments in cleaner technologies.
This analysis provides a nuanced understanding of LNG’s potential as a transitional fuel, balancing energy security with sustainability.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) European Energy Security US-EU Energy Relations Russia-Ukraine Conflict Energy Diversification
Kaynakça
- Aitken, C., & Ersoy, E. (2022). War in Ukraine: The options for Europe’s energy supply. The World Economy, 46(4), 887–896.
- Bull, D., & Theobald, M. (2022). Time for LNG in Europe? A market outlook on Liquid Natural Gas production in Europe. WSP, 1–4.
- Davis, J. (2022). LNG as a cleaner alternative: Role in reducing CO2 emissions. Journal of Environmental Energy, 5(1), 24–34.
- Emiliozzi, S., Ferriani, F., & Gazzani, A. (2023). The European energy crisis and the consequences for the global natural gas market. Bank of Italy Occasional Papers, No. 824.
- European Commission. (2023, September 27). EU and US reaffirm commitment to strengthening energy supply security through LNG trade. European Commission Press Corner. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_5188
- European Commission. (2023). Quarterly report on European gas markets: Volume 16, Issue 2 (Q2 2023). Directorate-General for Energy, Market Observatory for Energy. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_5188.
- Garcia, M., & Thomas, S. (2022). LNG and the future of European energy: Hydrogen and beyond. European Energy Journal, 9(3), 102–114.
- GIIGNL (International Group of Liquefied Natural Gas Importers). (2023). GIIGNL Annual Report 2023. GIIGNL. pp. 1–72. Retrieved from https://giignl.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/GIIGNL-2023-Annual-Report-July20.pdf
- International Energy Agency (IEA). (2023). World Energy Outlook 2023. IEA. pp. 18-135. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2023
- Johnson, D., Smith, P., & Lee, A. (2023). Mitigating the carbon footprint of LNG: Technologies and strategies. Journal of Clean Energy, 21(1), 56–64.
- Jones, A., & Miller, S. (2023). The role of floating storage and regasification units in Europe’s energy transition. Energy Studies, 15(2), 78–91.
- Keliauskaitė, U., & Zachmann, G. (2024). The end of Russian gas transit via Ukraine and options for the EU. Bruegel Analysis Paper, 15 pp.
- Martinez, P., & Jenkins, C. (2022). Repurposing LNG infrastructure for green hydrogen. Renewable Energy Review, 9(3), 102–114.
- Metelska, K., Biały, R., & Szurlej, A. (2016). The importance of LNG for natural gas consumption in the EU. AGH University of Science and Technology Journal.
- Nguyen, P.-V., Defard, C., & Breucker, F. (2023). Gas supply security in Europe: Beyond the war. Jacques Delors Institute – Policy Paper No. 292, 19 pp.
- Neumann, A., & von Hirschhausen, C. (2004). Less long-term gas to Europe? Zeitschrift für Energiewirtschaft, 28(3), 175–182.
- Reed Smith. (2024). LNG in Europe in 2024: Overview of the European LNG market, the legal landscape in Europe, and key contractual trends. Reed Smith Client Report, 18 pp.
- Roberts, J. M., & Cohen, A. (2024). Why the EU needs US liquefied natural gas. Atlantic Council Issue Brief, 6 pp.
- Ryan, L. (2023). U.S. measures to provide liquefied natural gas for the European Union. Congressional Research Service Report No. R47468, 27 pp.
- Stern, J. (2019). Challenges to the future of LNG: Decarbonisation, affordability, and profitability. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, Paper No. NG 152.
- Xu, Z., & Liang, Y. (2022). The future of LNG: A global perspective. Energy Insights Journal, 10(1), 67–81.
LNG: Jeopolitik Kargaşanın Ortasında Avrupa'nın Enerji Arz Güvenliği – Bağımlılığı Dayanıklılığa Dönüştürmek
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Rusya'nın 2022'de Ukrayna'yı işgal etmesinin neden olduğu jeopolitik krizin ardından Avrupa Birliği'nin (AB) enerji stratejisini yeniden şekillendirmede Sıvılaştırılmış Doğal Gaz'ın (LNG) dönüştürücü rolünü araştırmaktır. Tarihsel olarak Rus boru hattı gazına bağımlı olan AB, enerji kaynaklarını çeşitlendirmek için acil bir ihtiyaçla karşı karşıya kaldı. LNG, AB'nin küresel pazarlardan tedarik sağlamasını ve Rus ithalatına olan bağımlılığını azaltmasını sağlayan kritik bir alternatif olarak ortaya çıktı. Bu geçiş, 2021 ile 2023 arasında kapasiteyi %33 oranında artıran yeniden gazlaştırma altyapısına yapılan kapsamlı yatırımlarla desteklendi. Çalışma, enerji örgütlerinden ve politika çerçevelerinden alınan verilerden yararlanarak jeopolitik, ekonomik ve çevresel boyutların nitel bir analizini benimsiyor. Sonuçlar, LNG'nin tedarikçileri çeşitlendirerek ve doğal gaz tedarikini istikrara kavuşturarak Avrupa'nın enerji güvenliğini önemli ölçüde artırdığını gösteriyor. Ancak fiyat oynaklığı, altyapı eşitsizlikleri ve metan emisyonları gibi çevresel endişeler de dahil olmak üzere zorluklar devam ediyor. Çalışma, LNG'nin kısa vadeli enerji ihtiyaçlarını karşılamada hayati bir rol oynamasına rağmen, AB'nin karbonsuzlaştırma hedefleriyle uzun vadeli uyumluluğunun stratejik politika uyumu ve daha temiz teknolojilere yatırım gerektirdiği sonucuna varıyor. Bu analiz, LNG'nin geçiş yakıtı olarak potansiyeline dair ayrıntılı bir anlayış sunarak enerji güvenliğini sürdürülebilirlikle dengeliyor.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Sıvılaştırılmış Doğal Gaz (LNG) Avrupa Enerji Güvenliği ABD-AB Enerji İlişkileri Rusya-Ukrayna Çatışması Enerji Çeşitlendirmesi
Kaynakça
- Aitken, C., & Ersoy, E. (2022). War in Ukraine: The options for Europe’s energy supply. The World Economy, 46(4), 887–896.
- Bull, D., & Theobald, M. (2022). Time for LNG in Europe? A market outlook on Liquid Natural Gas production in Europe. WSP, 1–4.
- Davis, J. (2022). LNG as a cleaner alternative: Role in reducing CO2 emissions. Journal of Environmental Energy, 5(1), 24–34.
- Emiliozzi, S., Ferriani, F., & Gazzani, A. (2023). The European energy crisis and the consequences for the global natural gas market. Bank of Italy Occasional Papers, No. 824.
- European Commission. (2023, September 27). EU and US reaffirm commitment to strengthening energy supply security through LNG trade. European Commission Press Corner. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_5188
- European Commission. (2023). Quarterly report on European gas markets: Volume 16, Issue 2 (Q2 2023). Directorate-General for Energy, Market Observatory for Energy. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_5188.
- Garcia, M., & Thomas, S. (2022). LNG and the future of European energy: Hydrogen and beyond. European Energy Journal, 9(3), 102–114.
- GIIGNL (International Group of Liquefied Natural Gas Importers). (2023). GIIGNL Annual Report 2023. GIIGNL. pp. 1–72. Retrieved from https://giignl.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/GIIGNL-2023-Annual-Report-July20.pdf
- International Energy Agency (IEA). (2023). World Energy Outlook 2023. IEA. pp. 18-135. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2023
- Johnson, D., Smith, P., & Lee, A. (2023). Mitigating the carbon footprint of LNG: Technologies and strategies. Journal of Clean Energy, 21(1), 56–64.
- Jones, A., & Miller, S. (2023). The role of floating storage and regasification units in Europe’s energy transition. Energy Studies, 15(2), 78–91.
- Keliauskaitė, U., & Zachmann, G. (2024). The end of Russian gas transit via Ukraine and options for the EU. Bruegel Analysis Paper, 15 pp.
- Martinez, P., & Jenkins, C. (2022). Repurposing LNG infrastructure for green hydrogen. Renewable Energy Review, 9(3), 102–114.
- Metelska, K., Biały, R., & Szurlej, A. (2016). The importance of LNG for natural gas consumption in the EU. AGH University of Science and Technology Journal.
- Nguyen, P.-V., Defard, C., & Breucker, F. (2023). Gas supply security in Europe: Beyond the war. Jacques Delors Institute – Policy Paper No. 292, 19 pp.
- Neumann, A., & von Hirschhausen, C. (2004). Less long-term gas to Europe? Zeitschrift für Energiewirtschaft, 28(3), 175–182.
- Reed Smith. (2024). LNG in Europe in 2024: Overview of the European LNG market, the legal landscape in Europe, and key contractual trends. Reed Smith Client Report, 18 pp.
- Roberts, J. M., & Cohen, A. (2024). Why the EU needs US liquefied natural gas. Atlantic Council Issue Brief, 6 pp.
- Ryan, L. (2023). U.S. measures to provide liquefied natural gas for the European Union. Congressional Research Service Report No. R47468, 27 pp.
- Stern, J. (2019). Challenges to the future of LNG: Decarbonisation, affordability, and profitability. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, Paper No. NG 152.
- Xu, Z., & Liang, Y. (2022). The future of LNG: A global perspective. Energy Insights Journal, 10(1), 67–81.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Avrupa Birliği |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 21 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 12 Mart 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 15 Haziran 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2 |
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