Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Astrometalurjinin Kökeni ve Geleceği

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 22 - 30, 30.07.2025

Ahmet Turan , Gizem Akay Can , Elif Sümeyye Cirit , İlayda Özbağ Toğaçar , Umay Çınarlı Yavaş , Sanat Tolendiuly

Öz

Malzeme kullanımının evrimi, Kalkolitik Çağ'da bakır bazlı aletlerin kullanımıyla başlayıp günümüzün yüksek entropili alaşımlar ve iletken polimerler gibi yüksek teknolojili malzemelerine kadar uzanan insanlık ilerlemesinde önemli bir faktör olmuştur. Antik malzemeler doğadan elde edilirken, modern malzemeler kapsamlı araştırmaların sonucudur, ancak kaynak yönetimi zorluğu devam etmektedir. Bu inceleme makalesi, insanoğlunun uzayın keşfi ve kolonizasyonunu desteklemek için dünya dışı kaynaklardan metallerin ekstrakte edilmesine ve işlenmesine odaklanan astrometalurji alanını araştırmaktadır. Mevcut çalışma, Ay, Mars ve asteroitler gibi gök cisimlerinden kaynakların kullanılma potansiyelini ve uzayda metal ekstrakte etmek için gerekli son teknolojik gelişmeleri paylaşmaktadır. Astrometalurji kavramı, uzay keşfini daha sürdürülebilir ve ekonomik olarak uygulanabilir hale getirmeyi amaçlayan yerinde kaynak kullanımı ile yakından bağlantılıdır. Ayrıca, incelemede geleneksel metalurjik süreçlerin uzayın benzersiz koşullarına uyarlanmasının zorlukları ele alınmakta ve Ay ve Mars'ta metal çıkarımını optimize etmek için değişiklikler önerilmektedir. Bulgular, uzay araştırmalarının geleceğinde astrometalurjinin önemini ve Dünya'nın ötesinde malzeme üretimini devrim niteliğinde değiştirme potansiyelini vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Astrometalurji dünya dışı kaynak metal üretimi uzay.

Kaynakça

  • Aerospace Security (2022). Space Launch to Low Earth Orbit: How Much Does It Cost? https://aerospace.csis.org/data/space-launch-to-low-earth-orbit-how-much-does-it-cost/
  • Andrews, D. G., Bonner, K. D., Butterworth, A. W., Calvert, H. R., Dagang, B. R. H., Dimond, K. J., Eckenroth, L. G., Erickson, J. M., Gilbertson, B. A., Gompertz, N. R., Igbinosun, O. J., Ip, T. J., Khan, B. H., Marquez, S. L., Neilson, N. M., Parker, C. O., Ransom, E. H., Reeve, B. W., Robinson, T. L., … Yoo, C. J. (2015). Defining a successful commercial asteroid mining program. Acta Astronautica, 108, 106-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2014.10.034.
  • Arnold, D. (2013). The Age of Discovery, 1400-1600. Routledge.
  • Arnold, N. S., Butcher, F. E. G., Conway, S. J., Gallagher, C., & Balme, M. R. (2022). Surface topographic impact of subglacial water beneath the south polar ice cap of Mars. Nature Astronomy, 6(11), 1256-1262. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-022-01782-0
  • Astro-.(2024). https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/learner-english/astro Astrometallurgy.com (2023). What is Astrometallurgy? Why are we here? https://astrometallurgy.com/what-is-astrometallurgy%3F
  • Balistreri, M., & Umbrello, S. (2022). Should the colonisation of space be based on reproduction? Critical considerations on the choice of having a child in space. Journal of Responsible Technology, 11, 100040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrt.2022.100040.
  • Benison, K. C., LaClair, D., & Walker, J. (2008). Physical sedimentology experiments with sulfuric acid solutions: Implications for Mars? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 270(3-4), 330-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.036.
  • Britannica (2025). Potato - Definition, Plant, Origin, & Facts. https://www.britannica.com/plant/potato
  • Campa, R., Szocik, K., & Braddock, M. (2019). Why space colonization will be fully automated. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 143, 162-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.03.021
  • Chai, S. Y. W., Phang, F. J. F., Yeo, L. S., Ngu, L. H., & How, B. S. (2022). Future era of techno-economic analysis: Insights from review. Frontiers in Sustainability, 3, 924047. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2022.924047
  • Ćirković, M. M. (2019). Space colonization remains the only long-term option for humanity: A reply to Torres. Futures, 105, 166-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2018.09.006
  • Cowan, J. J., & Sneden, C. (2006). Heavy element synthesis in the oldest stars and the early Universe. Nature, 440(7088), 1151-1156. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04807
  • CSIRO (2023). Room on the Moon: Building our future in space. https://www.csiro.au/en/news/All/Articles/2023/September/mining-moon-famelab
  • Dallas, J. A., Raval, S., Gaitan, J. P. A., Saydam, S., & Dempster, A. G. (2020). Mining beyond earth for sustainable development: Will humanity benefit from resource extraction in outer space? Acta Astronautica, 167, 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.11.006
  • De Koning, I., Kassahun, A., & Tekinerdogan, B. (2024). Benchmarking circularity in supply chains: A systematic literature review. Journal of Environmental Management, 366, 121676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121676
  • Dong, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, W., Zhang, Y., & Liu, J. (2020). Safe and clean mining on Earth and asteroids: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 256, 120398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120398
  • Edwards, T. S., & Kelton, P. (2020). Germs, Genocides, and America’s Indigenous Peoples. Journal of American History, 107(1), 52-76. https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaaa008
  • Gottlieb, J. (2022). Discounting, Buck-Passing, and Existential Risk Mitigation: The Case of Space Colonization. Space Policy, 60, 101486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2022.101486
  • Habashi, F. (1997). Handbook of Extractive Metallurgy. Wiley.
  • Hein, A. M., Matheson, R., & Fries, D. (2019). A techno-economic analysis of asteroid mining. Acta Astronautica, 168, 104–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.01.048
  • Hinterman, E., & Hoffman, J. A. (2020). Simulating oxygen production on Mars for the Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment. Acta Astronautica, 170, 678-685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.02.043
  • Howe, S. D., Howe, T., Bennett, F. G., Blaylock, N., Jackson, G., & Cassibry, J. (2022). Pulsed plasma rocket- developing a dynamic fission process for high specific impulse and high thrust propulsion. Acta Astronautica, 197, 399-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.03.020
  • Jiang, H.-D., Liu, Y., Wang, H., Li, H., & Jiang, Y. (2024). An economy-wide and environmental assessment of an imported supply shortage for iron ore: The case of China. Economic Analysis and Policy, 83, 606-617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2024.07.002
  • Jones, H. W. (2016). Humans to Mars Will Cost About “Half a Trillion Dollars” and Life Support Roughly Two Billion Dollars. 1-11.
  • Jones, H. W. (2018). The Recent Large Reduction in Space Launch Cost. 1-10.
  • Kalapodis, N., Kampas, G., & Ktenidou, O.-J. (2020). A review towards the design of extraterrestrial structures: From regolith to human outposts. Acta Astronautica, 175, 540-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.05.038
  • Khetpal, D., Ducret, A. C., & Sadoway, D. R. (2002). From Oxygen Generation to Metals Production: In Situ Resource Utilization by Molten Oxide Electrolysis. 2002 Microgravity Materials Science Conference, Huntsville, AL, USA.
  • Klemm, D., Klemm, R., & Murr, A. (2001). Gold of the Pharaohs – 6000 years of gold mining in Egypt and Nubia. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 33(3-4), 643-659. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(01)00094-X
  • Kramer, W. (2020). In Dreams Begin Responsibility: Environmental Assessment and Outer SpaceActions. Society for Social and Conceptual Issues in Astrobiology (SSoCIA) Conference. 5.
  • Mathews, G. J. (2008). Big Bang Cosmology. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1016(1), 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2943636
  • Melnikov, A. V., Abgaryan, V. K., Peysakhovich, O. D., & Demchenko, D. S. (2024). Promising methods for improving the radio-frequency ion thruster performance. Acta Astronautica, 215, 534-547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2023.12.031
  • Mhatre, P., & Mhatre, P. (2020). Asteroid Mining: Future of Space Commercialization. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science, 9(4), 19-30.
  • Munevar, G. (2019). An obligation to colonize outer space. Futures, 110, 38-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2019.02.009
  • Nababan, D. C., Shaw, M. G., Humbert, M. S., Mukhlis, R. Z., & Rhamdhani, M. A. (2022). Metals extraction on Mars through carbothermic reduction. Acta Astronautica, 198, 564-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.07.009
  • NASA, a. About The Planets. https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/planets/
  • NASA, b. Artemis III Mission. https://www.nasa.gov/event/artemis-iii-launch/
  • NASA, c. Lunar Surface Innovation Initiative. https://www.nasa.gov/space-technology-mission-directorate/lunar-surface-innovation-initiative/
  • NASA, d. The Sun. https://science.nasa.gov/sun/
  • NASA, e. The Composition of Planetary Atmospheres. https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/yoss_act_4.pdf
  • NASA, f. In-Situ Resource Utilization. https://www.nasa.gov/overview-in-situ-resource-utilization/
  • Pagel, B. E. J. (2000). Helium and Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Physics Reports, 333-334, 433-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00033-8
  • Radivojević, M., Rehren, T., Pernicka, E., Šljivar, D., Brauns, M., & Borić, D. (2010). On the origins of extractive metallurgy: New evidence from Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(11), 2775-2787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012
  • National Research Council. 2002. Safe on Mars: Precursor Measurements Necessary to Support Human Operations on the Martian Surface. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/10360.
  • Our World in Data (2021). Cost of space launches to low Earth orbit. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit
  • Schlüter, L., & Cowley, A. (2020). Review of techniques for In-Situ oxygen extraction on the moon. Planetary and Space Science, 181, 104753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2019.104753
  • Semerád, P. (2023). Asteroid mining tax as a tool to keep peace in outer space. Space Policy, 65, 101559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101559
  • Shaw, M. (2017). Artemis 1 is off – and we’re a step closer to using Moon dirt for construction in space. The Conversation. http://theconversation.com/artemis-1-is-off-and-were-a-step-closer-to-using-moon-dirt-for-construction-in-space-191852
  • Shaw, M., Humbert, M., Brooks, G., Rhamdhani, A., Duffy, A., & Pownceby, M. (2022). Mineral Processing and Metal Extraction on the Lunar Surface—Challenges and Opportunities. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 43(7), 865-891. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2021.1969390
  • Spite, M., & Spite, F. (1982). Lithium abundance at the formation of the Galaxy. Nature, 297(5866), 483-485. https://doi.org/10.1038/297483a0
  • The British Museum. Chalcolithic. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/x13740
  • Watson, D., Hansen, C. J., Selsing, J., Koch, A., Malesani, D. B., Andersen, A. C., Fynbo, J. P. U., Arcones, A., Bauswein, A., Covino, S., Grado, A., Heintz, K. E., Hunt, L., Kouveliotou, C., Leloudas, G., Levan, A. J., Mazzali, P., & Pian, E. (2019). Identification of strontium in the merger of two neutron stars. Nature, 574(7779), 497-500. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1676-3
  • Prasad S. (2016). What is Relationship Between Crude Oil and Polyethylene Prices? https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-type-relationship-exists-between-prices-crude-oil-sakthi-prasad/
  • Xie, R., Bennett, N. J., & Dempster, A. G. (2021). Target evaluation for near Earth asteroid long term mining missions. Acta Astronautica, 181, 249–270.

Origin and Future of Astrometallurgy

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 22 - 30, 30.07.2025

Ahmet Turan , Gizem Akay Can , Elif Sümeyye Cirit , İlayda Özbağ Toğaçar , Umay Çınarlı Yavaş , Sanat Tolendiuly

Öz

The evolution of material usage has been a pivotal factor in human progress, beginning with the use of copper-based tools in the Chalcolithic Era and advancing to today's high-tech materials like high-entropy alloys and conductive polymers. While ancient materials were sourced from nature, modern materials are the result of extensive research, yet the challenge of resource management persists. This review explores the emerging field of astrometallurgy, which focuses on the extraction and processing of metals from extra-terrestrial sources to support human space exploration and colonization, starting with clay, discovering bronze, and moving into space with today's technology. The present study examines the potential of utilizing resources from celestial bodies such as the Moon, Mars, and asteroids, and highlights the technological advancements necessary for metal extraction in space. The concept of astrometallurgy is closely linked with in-situ resource utilization (ISRU), aiming to make space exploration more sustainable and economically viable. The review also discusses the challenges of adapting traditional metallurgical processes to the unique conditions of space and proposes modifications to optimize metal extraction on the Moon and Mars. The findings underscore the importance of astrometallurgy in the future of space exploration and its potential to revolutionize material production beyond Earth.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Astrometallurgy extra-terrestrial resource metal production space.

Kaynakça

  • Aerospace Security (2022). Space Launch to Low Earth Orbit: How Much Does It Cost? https://aerospace.csis.org/data/space-launch-to-low-earth-orbit-how-much-does-it-cost/
  • Andrews, D. G., Bonner, K. D., Butterworth, A. W., Calvert, H. R., Dagang, B. R. H., Dimond, K. J., Eckenroth, L. G., Erickson, J. M., Gilbertson, B. A., Gompertz, N. R., Igbinosun, O. J., Ip, T. J., Khan, B. H., Marquez, S. L., Neilson, N. M., Parker, C. O., Ransom, E. H., Reeve, B. W., Robinson, T. L., … Yoo, C. J. (2015). Defining a successful commercial asteroid mining program. Acta Astronautica, 108, 106-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2014.10.034.
  • Arnold, D. (2013). The Age of Discovery, 1400-1600. Routledge.
  • Arnold, N. S., Butcher, F. E. G., Conway, S. J., Gallagher, C., & Balme, M. R. (2022). Surface topographic impact of subglacial water beneath the south polar ice cap of Mars. Nature Astronomy, 6(11), 1256-1262. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-022-01782-0
  • Astro-.(2024). https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/learner-english/astro Astrometallurgy.com (2023). What is Astrometallurgy? Why are we here? https://astrometallurgy.com/what-is-astrometallurgy%3F
  • Balistreri, M., & Umbrello, S. (2022). Should the colonisation of space be based on reproduction? Critical considerations on the choice of having a child in space. Journal of Responsible Technology, 11, 100040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrt.2022.100040.
  • Benison, K. C., LaClair, D., & Walker, J. (2008). Physical sedimentology experiments with sulfuric acid solutions: Implications for Mars? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 270(3-4), 330-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.036.
  • Britannica (2025). Potato - Definition, Plant, Origin, & Facts. https://www.britannica.com/plant/potato
  • Campa, R., Szocik, K., & Braddock, M. (2019). Why space colonization will be fully automated. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 143, 162-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.03.021
  • Chai, S. Y. W., Phang, F. J. F., Yeo, L. S., Ngu, L. H., & How, B. S. (2022). Future era of techno-economic analysis: Insights from review. Frontiers in Sustainability, 3, 924047. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2022.924047
  • Ćirković, M. M. (2019). Space colonization remains the only long-term option for humanity: A reply to Torres. Futures, 105, 166-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2018.09.006
  • Cowan, J. J., & Sneden, C. (2006). Heavy element synthesis in the oldest stars and the early Universe. Nature, 440(7088), 1151-1156. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04807
  • CSIRO (2023). Room on the Moon: Building our future in space. https://www.csiro.au/en/news/All/Articles/2023/September/mining-moon-famelab
  • Dallas, J. A., Raval, S., Gaitan, J. P. A., Saydam, S., & Dempster, A. G. (2020). Mining beyond earth for sustainable development: Will humanity benefit from resource extraction in outer space? Acta Astronautica, 167, 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.11.006
  • De Koning, I., Kassahun, A., & Tekinerdogan, B. (2024). Benchmarking circularity in supply chains: A systematic literature review. Journal of Environmental Management, 366, 121676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121676
  • Dong, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, W., Zhang, Y., & Liu, J. (2020). Safe and clean mining on Earth and asteroids: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 256, 120398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120398
  • Edwards, T. S., & Kelton, P. (2020). Germs, Genocides, and America’s Indigenous Peoples. Journal of American History, 107(1), 52-76. https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaaa008
  • Gottlieb, J. (2022). Discounting, Buck-Passing, and Existential Risk Mitigation: The Case of Space Colonization. Space Policy, 60, 101486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2022.101486
  • Habashi, F. (1997). Handbook of Extractive Metallurgy. Wiley.
  • Hein, A. M., Matheson, R., & Fries, D. (2019). A techno-economic analysis of asteroid mining. Acta Astronautica, 168, 104–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.01.048
  • Hinterman, E., & Hoffman, J. A. (2020). Simulating oxygen production on Mars for the Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment. Acta Astronautica, 170, 678-685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.02.043
  • Howe, S. D., Howe, T., Bennett, F. G., Blaylock, N., Jackson, G., & Cassibry, J. (2022). Pulsed plasma rocket- developing a dynamic fission process for high specific impulse and high thrust propulsion. Acta Astronautica, 197, 399-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.03.020
  • Jiang, H.-D., Liu, Y., Wang, H., Li, H., & Jiang, Y. (2024). An economy-wide and environmental assessment of an imported supply shortage for iron ore: The case of China. Economic Analysis and Policy, 83, 606-617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2024.07.002
  • Jones, H. W. (2016). Humans to Mars Will Cost About “Half a Trillion Dollars” and Life Support Roughly Two Billion Dollars. 1-11.
  • Jones, H. W. (2018). The Recent Large Reduction in Space Launch Cost. 1-10.
  • Kalapodis, N., Kampas, G., & Ktenidou, O.-J. (2020). A review towards the design of extraterrestrial structures: From regolith to human outposts. Acta Astronautica, 175, 540-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.05.038
  • Khetpal, D., Ducret, A. C., & Sadoway, D. R. (2002). From Oxygen Generation to Metals Production: In Situ Resource Utilization by Molten Oxide Electrolysis. 2002 Microgravity Materials Science Conference, Huntsville, AL, USA.
  • Klemm, D., Klemm, R., & Murr, A. (2001). Gold of the Pharaohs – 6000 years of gold mining in Egypt and Nubia. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 33(3-4), 643-659. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(01)00094-X
  • Kramer, W. (2020). In Dreams Begin Responsibility: Environmental Assessment and Outer SpaceActions. Society for Social and Conceptual Issues in Astrobiology (SSoCIA) Conference. 5.
  • Mathews, G. J. (2008). Big Bang Cosmology. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1016(1), 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2943636
  • Melnikov, A. V., Abgaryan, V. K., Peysakhovich, O. D., & Demchenko, D. S. (2024). Promising methods for improving the radio-frequency ion thruster performance. Acta Astronautica, 215, 534-547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2023.12.031
  • Mhatre, P., & Mhatre, P. (2020). Asteroid Mining: Future of Space Commercialization. International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science, 9(4), 19-30.
  • Munevar, G. (2019). An obligation to colonize outer space. Futures, 110, 38-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2019.02.009
  • Nababan, D. C., Shaw, M. G., Humbert, M. S., Mukhlis, R. Z., & Rhamdhani, M. A. (2022). Metals extraction on Mars through carbothermic reduction. Acta Astronautica, 198, 564-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.07.009
  • NASA, a. About The Planets. https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/planets/
  • NASA, b. Artemis III Mission. https://www.nasa.gov/event/artemis-iii-launch/
  • NASA, c. Lunar Surface Innovation Initiative. https://www.nasa.gov/space-technology-mission-directorate/lunar-surface-innovation-initiative/
  • NASA, d. The Sun. https://science.nasa.gov/sun/
  • NASA, e. The Composition of Planetary Atmospheres. https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/yoss_act_4.pdf
  • NASA, f. In-Situ Resource Utilization. https://www.nasa.gov/overview-in-situ-resource-utilization/
  • Pagel, B. E. J. (2000). Helium and Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Physics Reports, 333-334, 433-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00033-8
  • Radivojević, M., Rehren, T., Pernicka, E., Šljivar, D., Brauns, M., & Borić, D. (2010). On the origins of extractive metallurgy: New evidence from Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(11), 2775-2787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012
  • National Research Council. 2002. Safe on Mars: Precursor Measurements Necessary to Support Human Operations on the Martian Surface. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/10360.
  • Our World in Data (2021). Cost of space launches to low Earth orbit. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cost-space-launches-low-earth-orbit
  • Schlüter, L., & Cowley, A. (2020). Review of techniques for In-Situ oxygen extraction on the moon. Planetary and Space Science, 181, 104753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2019.104753
  • Semerád, P. (2023). Asteroid mining tax as a tool to keep peace in outer space. Space Policy, 65, 101559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2023.101559
  • Shaw, M. (2017). Artemis 1 is off – and we’re a step closer to using Moon dirt for construction in space. The Conversation. http://theconversation.com/artemis-1-is-off-and-were-a-step-closer-to-using-moon-dirt-for-construction-in-space-191852
  • Shaw, M., Humbert, M., Brooks, G., Rhamdhani, A., Duffy, A., & Pownceby, M. (2022). Mineral Processing and Metal Extraction on the Lunar Surface—Challenges and Opportunities. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 43(7), 865-891. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2021.1969390
  • Spite, M., & Spite, F. (1982). Lithium abundance at the formation of the Galaxy. Nature, 297(5866), 483-485. https://doi.org/10.1038/297483a0
  • The British Museum. Chalcolithic. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/x13740
  • Watson, D., Hansen, C. J., Selsing, J., Koch, A., Malesani, D. B., Andersen, A. C., Fynbo, J. P. U., Arcones, A., Bauswein, A., Covino, S., Grado, A., Heintz, K. E., Hunt, L., Kouveliotou, C., Leloudas, G., Levan, A. J., Mazzali, P., & Pian, E. (2019). Identification of strontium in the merger of two neutron stars. Nature, 574(7779), 497-500. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1676-3
  • Prasad S. (2016). What is Relationship Between Crude Oil and Polyethylene Prices? https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-type-relationship-exists-between-prices-crude-oil-sakthi-prasad/
  • Xie, R., Bennett, N. J., & Dempster, A. G. (2021). Target evaluation for near Earth asteroid long term mining missions. Acta Astronautica, 181, 249–270.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Malzeme Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Ahmet Turan 0000-0002-7578-1089

Gizem Akay Can

Elif Sümeyye Cirit 0009-0002-2137-8929

İlayda Özbağ Toğaçar 0000-0001-9770-3455

Umay Çınarlı Yavaş 0000-0001-5374-8352

Sanat Tolendiuly 0000-0003-1965-7187

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Temmuz 2025
Kabul Tarihi 27 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Turan, A., Akay Can, G., Cirit, E. S., Özbağ Toğaçar, İ., vd. (2025). Origin and Future of Astrometallurgy. ITU Journal of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, 2(2), 22-30.