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A Group Of Phrygıan Grave Steles From The Roman Period in The Uşak Museum

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 32, 224 - 253, 25.07.2025

Emre Taştemür , Muradiye Küçükcan , Münteha Dinç

https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.32.1579222

Öz

This article examines twelve figural grave steles in the Usak Museum. The theme of these steles is the depiction of human figures and objects belonging to the deceased. Ten of the steles have inscriptions. The findings of this study show that the use of the steles was not limited to Kütahya and its environs but that they exhibit a typology with a similar architectural form and common iconography. Unfortunately, the scarcity of studies in the region prevents the precise identification of the exact place of production. The development of the items on these steles, especially the figures thought to represent the deceased, can be seen as constituting regional styles in provincial art. This indicates that more than one workshop or craftsman was active in different parts of the region. The research reveals that the workshops in Kütahya (Kotiaeion) are similar to contemporary workshops in places such as Altıntaş (Appia/ Soa) and Gediz (Kadoi). Although production is quite localized, the style of the figures and the objects associated with the deceased remains consistent. In the study, tomb steles were evaluated in terms of typology, iconography, and stylistic aspects.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Usak Figural Grave Stele Iconography Typology Workshop

Kaynakça

  • Akyürek-Şahin, N. E. (2019). Kütahya Müzesi’ndeki Hekate Eserleri Işığında Yukarı Porsuk Vadisi’nde (Kütahya) Hekate kültü. In S. Ünal (Ed.), Kütahya Arkeoloji, Sanat Tarihi ve Tarih Araştırmaları (127-199). Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Akyürek-Şahin N. E. & Uzunoğlu H. (2019). New Inscriptions from the Museum of Bursa, Gephyra, 17, 239-285. google scholar
  • Anderson- Stojanovic V, R. (1987). The Chronology and Function of Ceramic Unguentaria, American Journal of Archaeology, 91, 105-122. google scholar
  • Anderson -Stojanoviç, V. R. (1992). Stobi The Hellenistic and Roman Pottery, Princeton University Press. google scholar
  • Atalay, E. (1990). Doğu Grek Hellenistik Çağ Mezar Stellerinde Çocuk ve Hizmetçi Figürleri, X. Türk Tarih Kongresi (Ankara, 22–26 Eylül 1986), Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler, (Vol.I, pp. 285-292).Türk Tarih Kurumu. google scholar
  • Bağdatlı, F. (2023). Antik Dönem Mezar Stelleri, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları. google scholar
  • Boardman,J. (2001). Yunan Heykeli Arkaik Dönem, (trans. Y. Ersoy),İstanbul: Homer Kitabevi. google scholar
  • Brun, J. P. (2000). The Prodoction of Parfumes in Antiquity: The Cases of Delos and Paestum, American Journal of Archaeology, 104/2, 277-308. google scholar
  • Civelek, A. (2006). Stratonikeia-Akdağ Nekropolisi’nden Bir Mezar, Anadolu / Anatolia, 30, 47-64. google scholar
  • Damlagül, N (2021). Adana Müzesi’nden Bir Grup Pişmiş Toprak Unguentarium (unpublished master’s thesis), Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Erzurum. google scholar
  • Cremer, M. (1991). Hellenistisch-römische Grabstelen imnordwestlichen Kleinasien 1. Mysien, Asia Minor Studien 4,1, Bonn. google scholar
  • Cremer, M. (1992). Hellenistisch-römische Grabstelen aus nordwestlichen Kleinasien - 2. Bythinien, Asia Minor Studien 4,2, Bonn. google scholar
  • Davies, G. (2017). The Body Language of Palmyra and Roma. T. Long ve A. H. Sørensen google scholar
  • (Eds.) Positions and Professions in Palmyra (s. 20-35). Denmark: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. google scholar
  • Davidson, G. R. (1952). The Minor Objects, Corinth XII, Princeton. google scholar
  • Drew-Bear, T., Demirkök, F., Dönmez, E. Ş. & Türktüzün, M. (2007). Ben Anadolu’da doğdum, I was born in Anatolia / Je suis né en Anatolie. Tugay Kütahya Anadolu Kültür-Sanat ve Arkeoloji Müzesi, Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. google scholar
  • Durugönül, S. (2015). Manisa Müzesindeki Arkaik-Roma, Dönemi Kabartmaları, içinde: S. Durugönül (Ed.) Manisa Müzesi Heykeltıraşlık Eserleri, 115-159,İstanbul: Biltur Basım Yayın. google scholar
  • Dündar, E. (2008). Patara IV.1. Patara Unguentariumları, İstanbul: Ege Yayınları. google scholar
  • Erdinç, Z. (2020). Aizanitis Bölgesi Mezar Taşları (unpublished doctoral dissertation), Pamukkale Üniversitesi. google scholar
  • Eule, J., C. (2001). Hellenistische Bürgerinnen aus Kleinasien: Weibliche Gewandstatuen in ihrem antiken Kontext. İstanbul: Tarih, Arkeoloji, Sanat ve Kültür Mirasını Koruma Vakfı (TASK). google scholar
  • Fıratlı, N. (1965). İstanbul’un Yunan ve Roma Mezar Stelleri, Belleten, XXX, 263- 319. google scholar
  • Gibson,E(1978). The Christians for Christians, Inscriptions of Phrygia, Harvard Theological Studies 32 , Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press. google scholar
  • Gibson, E. (1978). The Rahmi Koç Collection: Inscriptions Part I, Grave Monuments from the Plain of Altıntaş, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 28, 1-34. google scholar
  • Hanfmann, M., A. & Polatkan, K.,Z. (1960). Three Sculptures from Sardis in the Manisa Museum, Anatolia,4, 55-65. google scholar
  • Hellström, P. (1965). Labraunda Vol. II. Part. 1. Pottery of Classical and Later Date Terracota Lamps and Glass, Lund. google scholar
  • Heyn, M. K. (2010). Gesture and Identity in the Funerary Art of Palmyra. AJA, 114 (4), 631-661. google scholar
  • Kelp, U.(2015). Grabdenkmal und lokale Identität : ein Bild der Landschaft Phrygien in der römischen Kaiserzeit, Asia Minor Studien 74. Bonn. google scholar
  • Koch G-& Wight K. ( 1988). Roman Funerary Sculpture: Catalogue of the Collections. Malibu, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum. google scholar
  • Koch G. (1990). Zwei Grabreliefs aus Phrygien im Roman Funerary Monuments in the J. Paul Getty Museum: Volume 1. Occasional Papers on Antiquities, 6, 115-132. Malibu, California. google scholar
  • Korkmaz M. (2016). Yunan ve Roma Mezar Stellerinin Gelişimi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Enstitüsü Dergisi, 37,144-160. Erzurum. google scholar
  • Kotera-Feyer, E. (1993). Die Strigilis. Frankfurt am Main. google scholar
  • Kurtz, D. C. & Boardman, J. (1971). Greek Burial Customs, New York: Cornell University Press. google scholar
  • Küçükcan, M. (2019). Akmonia Antik Kenti Mezar Stelleri ve Bomoslar (unpublished master’s thesis) Uşak Üniversitesi. google scholar
  • Laflı, E. (2003). Studien zu hellenistischen, kaiserzeitlichen und spätantiken-frühbyzantinischen Tonunguentarien aus Kilikien und Psidien (Süd-Türkei): Der Forschungsstand und eine Auswahl von Fundobjekten aus den örtlichen Museen (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Köln. google scholar
  • Levick, B, Mitchell,S Potter,P. and Waelkens,M. (Eds.).(1993). Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua, X: Monuments From Appia and the Upper Tembis Valley, Cotiaeum, Cadi, Synaus, Ancyra Sidera and Tiberiopolis, London. google scholar
  • Lehmler,C. & Wörrle,M. (2002). Neue Inschriftenfunde aus Aizanoi III: Aizanitica Minora I, Chiron 32, 571-646. google scholar
  • Lewerentz, A. (1993). Stehende Maenliche Gevanstatuen im Hellenismus: Ein Beitrag zur Stilgeschichte und Ikonologie hellenistischer google scholar
  • Plastik (Schriftenreihe Antiquates Bd. 5). Hamburg: Schriftenreihe Antiquates. google scholar
  • Li, C. (2011). Hehua zai Yuanlin Sheji Zhong de Yingyong, Zhongguo Yuanyi Wenzhai. Zhongguo, 109-111. google scholar
  • Lightfoot, C. S., & Arslan, M. (1992). Anadolu Antik Camları: Yüksel Erimtan. Koleksiyonu. Ankara. google scholar
  • Linfert, A. (1976). Kunstzentren hellenistischer Zeit. Studien an weiblichen Gewandstatuen, Wiesbaden. google scholar
  • Lochmann,T. (1990), Eine Gruppe spätrömischer Grabsteine aus Phrygien, E. Berger (eds.), Antike Kunstwerke aus der Sammlung Ludwig III. Die Skulpturen (Mainz 1990), 453-508. google scholar
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  • Saraçoğlu, A. (1997). Antakya Yöresi Mezar Stelleri(unpublished doctoral dissertation). Atatürk Üniversitesi, Erzurum. google scholar
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Yıl 2025, Sayı: 32, 224 - 253, 25.07.2025

Emre Taştemür , Muradiye Küçükcan , Münteha Dinç

https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.32.1579222

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akyürek-Şahin, N. E. (2019). Kütahya Müzesi’ndeki Hekate Eserleri Işığında Yukarı Porsuk Vadisi’nde (Kütahya) Hekate kültü. In S. Ünal (Ed.), Kütahya Arkeoloji, Sanat Tarihi ve Tarih Araştırmaları (127-199). Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Akyürek-Şahin N. E. & Uzunoğlu H. (2019). New Inscriptions from the Museum of Bursa, Gephyra, 17, 239-285. google scholar
  • Anderson- Stojanovic V, R. (1987). The Chronology and Function of Ceramic Unguentaria, American Journal of Archaeology, 91, 105-122. google scholar
  • Anderson -Stojanoviç, V. R. (1992). Stobi The Hellenistic and Roman Pottery, Princeton University Press. google scholar
  • Atalay, E. (1990). Doğu Grek Hellenistik Çağ Mezar Stellerinde Çocuk ve Hizmetçi Figürleri, X. Türk Tarih Kongresi (Ankara, 22–26 Eylül 1986), Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler, (Vol.I, pp. 285-292).Türk Tarih Kurumu. google scholar
  • Bağdatlı, F. (2023). Antik Dönem Mezar Stelleri, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları. google scholar
  • Boardman,J. (2001). Yunan Heykeli Arkaik Dönem, (trans. Y. Ersoy),İstanbul: Homer Kitabevi. google scholar
  • Brun, J. P. (2000). The Prodoction of Parfumes in Antiquity: The Cases of Delos and Paestum, American Journal of Archaeology, 104/2, 277-308. google scholar
  • Civelek, A. (2006). Stratonikeia-Akdağ Nekropolisi’nden Bir Mezar, Anadolu / Anatolia, 30, 47-64. google scholar
  • Damlagül, N (2021). Adana Müzesi’nden Bir Grup Pişmiş Toprak Unguentarium (unpublished master’s thesis), Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Erzurum. google scholar
  • Cremer, M. (1991). Hellenistisch-römische Grabstelen imnordwestlichen Kleinasien 1. Mysien, Asia Minor Studien 4,1, Bonn. google scholar
  • Cremer, M. (1992). Hellenistisch-römische Grabstelen aus nordwestlichen Kleinasien - 2. Bythinien, Asia Minor Studien 4,2, Bonn. google scholar
  • Davies, G. (2017). The Body Language of Palmyra and Roma. T. Long ve A. H. Sørensen google scholar
  • (Eds.) Positions and Professions in Palmyra (s. 20-35). Denmark: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. google scholar
  • Davidson, G. R. (1952). The Minor Objects, Corinth XII, Princeton. google scholar
  • Drew-Bear, T., Demirkök, F., Dönmez, E. Ş. & Türktüzün, M. (2007). Ben Anadolu’da doğdum, I was born in Anatolia / Je suis né en Anatolie. Tugay Kütahya Anadolu Kültür-Sanat ve Arkeoloji Müzesi, Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. google scholar
  • Durugönül, S. (2015). Manisa Müzesindeki Arkaik-Roma, Dönemi Kabartmaları, içinde: S. Durugönül (Ed.) Manisa Müzesi Heykeltıraşlık Eserleri, 115-159,İstanbul: Biltur Basım Yayın. google scholar
  • Dündar, E. (2008). Patara IV.1. Patara Unguentariumları, İstanbul: Ege Yayınları. google scholar
  • Erdinç, Z. (2020). Aizanitis Bölgesi Mezar Taşları (unpublished doctoral dissertation), Pamukkale Üniversitesi. google scholar
  • Eule, J., C. (2001). Hellenistische Bürgerinnen aus Kleinasien: Weibliche Gewandstatuen in ihrem antiken Kontext. İstanbul: Tarih, Arkeoloji, Sanat ve Kültür Mirasını Koruma Vakfı (TASK). google scholar
  • Fıratlı, N. (1965). İstanbul’un Yunan ve Roma Mezar Stelleri, Belleten, XXX, 263- 319. google scholar
  • Gibson,E(1978). The Christians for Christians, Inscriptions of Phrygia, Harvard Theological Studies 32 , Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press. google scholar
  • Gibson, E. (1978). The Rahmi Koç Collection: Inscriptions Part I, Grave Monuments from the Plain of Altıntaş, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 28, 1-34. google scholar
  • Hanfmann, M., A. & Polatkan, K.,Z. (1960). Three Sculptures from Sardis in the Manisa Museum, Anatolia,4, 55-65. google scholar
  • Hellström, P. (1965). Labraunda Vol. II. Part. 1. Pottery of Classical and Later Date Terracota Lamps and Glass, Lund. google scholar
  • Heyn, M. K. (2010). Gesture and Identity in the Funerary Art of Palmyra. AJA, 114 (4), 631-661. google scholar
  • Kelp, U.(2015). Grabdenkmal und lokale Identität : ein Bild der Landschaft Phrygien in der römischen Kaiserzeit, Asia Minor Studien 74. Bonn. google scholar
  • Koch G-& Wight K. ( 1988). Roman Funerary Sculpture: Catalogue of the Collections. Malibu, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum. google scholar
  • Koch G. (1990). Zwei Grabreliefs aus Phrygien im Roman Funerary Monuments in the J. Paul Getty Museum: Volume 1. Occasional Papers on Antiquities, 6, 115-132. Malibu, California. google scholar
  • Korkmaz M. (2016). Yunan ve Roma Mezar Stellerinin Gelişimi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Enstitüsü Dergisi, 37,144-160. Erzurum. google scholar
  • Kotera-Feyer, E. (1993). Die Strigilis. Frankfurt am Main. google scholar
  • Kurtz, D. C. & Boardman, J. (1971). Greek Burial Customs, New York: Cornell University Press. google scholar
  • Küçükcan, M. (2019). Akmonia Antik Kenti Mezar Stelleri ve Bomoslar (unpublished master’s thesis) Uşak Üniversitesi. google scholar
  • Laflı, E. (2003). Studien zu hellenistischen, kaiserzeitlichen und spätantiken-frühbyzantinischen Tonunguentarien aus Kilikien und Psidien (Süd-Türkei): Der Forschungsstand und eine Auswahl von Fundobjekten aus den örtlichen Museen (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Köln. google scholar
  • Levick, B, Mitchell,S Potter,P. and Waelkens,M. (Eds.).(1993). Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua, X: Monuments From Appia and the Upper Tembis Valley, Cotiaeum, Cadi, Synaus, Ancyra Sidera and Tiberiopolis, London. google scholar
  • Lehmler,C. & Wörrle,M. (2002). Neue Inschriftenfunde aus Aizanoi III: Aizanitica Minora I, Chiron 32, 571-646. google scholar
  • Lewerentz, A. (1993). Stehende Maenliche Gevanstatuen im Hellenismus: Ein Beitrag zur Stilgeschichte und Ikonologie hellenistischer google scholar
  • Plastik (Schriftenreihe Antiquates Bd. 5). Hamburg: Schriftenreihe Antiquates. google scholar
  • Li, C. (2011). Hehua zai Yuanlin Sheji Zhong de Yingyong, Zhongguo Yuanyi Wenzhai. Zhongguo, 109-111. google scholar
  • Lightfoot, C. S., & Arslan, M. (1992). Anadolu Antik Camları: Yüksel Erimtan. Koleksiyonu. Ankara. google scholar
  • Linfert, A. (1976). Kunstzentren hellenistischer Zeit. Studien an weiblichen Gewandstatuen, Wiesbaden. google scholar
  • Lochmann,T. (1990), Eine Gruppe spätrömischer Grabsteine aus Phrygien, E. Berger (eds.), Antike Kunstwerke aus der Sammlung Ludwig III. Die Skulpturen (Mainz 1990), 453-508. google scholar
  • Lochman, T.(1991).Deux reliefs Anatoliens au Musée des Beaux-Arts de Budapest, BMusHongr 74, 1991, 11-24. google scholar
  • Lochman, T.(1991). Provinzkunst und Kunstzentrum. Einige Beobachtungen an Grabsteinen aus dem Gebiet um Kadoi in der Mysia google scholar
  • Abbaïtis, in: Akten des 1. Internationalen Kolloquiums über Probleme des Provinzialrömischen Kunstschaffens, Graz, 27.-30. April 1989, Teil II (MAGesStei 5), 1991, 57-82. google scholar
  • Lochman,T. (2003). Studien zu kaiserzeitlichen Grab- und Votifreliefs aus Phrygien, Basel: Art Print. google scholar
  • Saraçoğlu, A. (1997). Antakya Yöresi Mezar Stelleri(unpublished doctoral dissertation). Atatürk Üniversitesi, Erzurum. google scholar
  • Loeschke,S. (1912). Sigillata-Töpferein in Tschandarli, Mit teilungen des Deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts, Band 37, 344-407. google scholar
  • Malay, H, (1983). A New Inscription Concerning the Lakimeni, Hodeni, Mokadeni and Ankyrani, EA I, 25-28. google scholar
  • Mendel, G. (1908). Catalogue des Sculptures Grecques, Romaınes Et Byzantines Du Musee De Brousse, Athenes: Imprimerie P.D. Sakel-larios. google scholar
  • Mendel, G. (1909). Catalogue Des Monuments Grecs, Romains et Byzantins du Musée Impérial Ottoman de Brousse, BCH 33, 245-435. google scholar
  • Neils,J, Oakley, J.H. (2003). Coming of Age in Ancient Greece. Images of Childhood from Classical Past, New Haven and London. google scholar
  • Özçalık, M. (2017). Lotus çiçeğinin farklı kültürlerdeki önemi ve peyzaj tasarımında kullanımının irdelenmesi, Uluslararası Uygur Araştırmaları Dergisi 10, 22-28. google scholar
  • Özgan, R. (2013). Roma Portre Sanatı II, İstanbul: Ege Yayınları. google scholar
  • Pinkwart, D. (1973). Weibliche Gewandstatuen aus Magnesia am Maeander, AntPl 12, 149-160. google scholar
  • Pfuhl,E., & Möbius, H. (1977). Die Ostgriechischen Grabreliefs: Textband II, Published by Philip von Zabern, Maiz. google scholar
  • Pfuhl, E-. Mobius,H. (1977/1979). Die Ostgriechischen Grabreliefs, Text und Tafel Band I-II, Mainz. google scholar
  • Ramsay, W, M (1906). Isauran and East-Phrygian Art: Studies in the History and Art of the Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire, Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press. google scholar
  • Schmaltz, B. (1983). Griechische grabreliefs. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. google scholar
  • Sorokina, N.P.(1987). Glass Aryballoi (First-Third centuries A.D.) from the Northern Black Sea Region, Journal of Glass Studies 29, 40-46. google scholar
  • Smith, W.(1875). A Dictionary of Grek and Roman Antiquities, London. (https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/ secondary/SMIGRA*/Falx.html) google scholar Stojanović, A. V. R. (1987). The Chronology and Function of Ceramic Unguentaria, American Journal of Archaeology, 91, 105-122. google scholar
  • Swanddling, J.(1980). The Ancient Olympic Games, London: British Museum Press google scholar
  • Şahin, M. ( 2000). Miletopolis Kökenli Figürlü Mezar Stelleri ve Adak Levhaları, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. google scholar
  • Tekocak, M, ve Yıldız,V. (2015). Akşehir Nasreddin Hoca Arkeoloji ve Etnoğrafya Müzesi’nde Bulunan Bir Grup Pişmiş Toprak Vazo, Prof. google scholar
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Toplam 79 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yunan ve Roma Dönemi Arkeolojisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Emre Taştemür 0000-0002-8831-0622

Muradiye Küçükcan 0009-0003-1499-2127

Münteha Dinç 0000-0003-4991-6645

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Temmuz 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi 2 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 32

Kaynak Göster

APA Taştemür, E., Küçükcan, M., & Dinç, M. (2025). A Group Of Phrygıan Grave Steles From The Roman Period in The Uşak Museum. Anatolian Research(32), 224-253. https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.32.1579222
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