Araştırma Makalesi
2023–2024 Excavations at Boğaziye Höyüğü: A Recently Discovered Mound Settlement ın the Upper Khabur Region
Öz
Boğaziye Höyüğü lies at the northwestern end of the vast and fertile Upper Khabur Region, which stretches along the southern foothills of the Kašiari Mountains. Material culture remains unearthed at the mound by two seasons of excavations (2023-2024) shows significant similarities to assemblages known from other Upper Khabur sites. Our excavations in Trenches BE18–BE17 and BF18 on the northern slope of the mound focused on revealing the stratigraphic sequence in this area. Architectural remains of Building Levels I and II and finds from these contexts in Trench BE18 are dateable to the mid-3rd millennium BC. In Trench BE17, Building Level I also revealed finds that can be dated to the 3rd (especially mid-3rd) millennium BC, and in Trench BF18, ceramic sherds dateable to the 3rd millennium BC were found in Building Level III. This article presents new findings from Boğaziye Höyüğü and discusses their significance in comparison with the results of surveys and excavations in the Upper Khabur Region, which have continued increasingly since the mid-1930s. We evaluate the significance of Boğaziye Höyüğü as a regional center within the Upper Khabur basin, and we elucidate its habitation sequence and building levels in the light of our recent excavations. Based on a comparative evaluation of its material culture remains within a regional perspective, we contextualize Boğaziye Höyüğü in relationship to the cultural horizons of the early and mid-3rd millennium BC in the Upper Khabur Valley.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Upper Khabur Region Early Bronze Age Early Jezirah Period Early Dynastic III/IV terracotta chariot models
Kaynakça
- Bartl, P. V., & Bonatz, D. (2013). Across Assyria’s northern frontier: Tell Fekheriye at the end of the Late Bronze Age. In K. A. Yener (Ed.), Across the border: Late Bronze-Iron Age relations between Syria and Anatolia. Proceedings of a symposium held at the Research Center of Anatolian Studies, Koç University, Istanbul, May 31–June 1, 2010 (pp. 263–292). Peeters. google scholar
- Bieliński, P. (1997). Preliminary report on the first season of Syro-Polish excavations on Tell Arbid. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 8, 203–211. google scholar
- Bieliński, P. (2007). Tell Arbid: Report on the Syrian-Polish explorations in 2005: The tenth season. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 17, 451–471. google scholar
- Bollweg, J. (1999). Vorderasiatische Wagentypen: Im Spiegel der Terracottaplastik bis zur Altbabylonischen Zeit. Universitätsverlag / Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. google scholar
- Bretschneider, J., & Jans, G. (1995). Ausgrabungen in der Kranzhügelstadt Tell Beydar (1992–94). In J. Bretschneider & A. Dietrich (Eds.), Beydar: Mitteilungen über die Erforschung eines urbanen Zentrums im Norden Alt-Syriens (pp. 5–27). Münster. google scholar
- Buccellati, G., & Kelly-Buccellati, M. (1988). Mozan 1: The soundings of the first two seasons. Undena Publications. google scholar
- Crouwel, J. H. (2019). Wheeled vehicles and their draught animals in the ancient Near East—An update. In P. Raulwing, K. M. Linduff, & J. H. Crouwel (Eds.), Equids and wheeled vehicles in the ancient world: Essays in memory of Mary A. Littauer (pp. 29–48). BAR Publishing. google scholar
- Davies, T., Fry, H., Wilson, A., Palmisano, A., Altaweel, M., & Radner, K. (2014). Application of an entropy maximizing and dynamics model for understanding settlement structure: The Khabur Triangle in the Middle Bronze and Iron Ages. Journal of Archaeological Science, 43, 141–154. google scholar
- Eichler, S., & Wäfler, M. (1985). Tall al-Hamidiya 1: Vorbericht 1984. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht / Universitätsverlag Freiburg Schweiz. google scholar
- Emberling, G., Cheng J., Larsen, T. E., Pittman, H., Skuldboel, T. B. B., Weber, J., & Wright, H. T. (1999). Excavations at Tell Brak 1998: Preliminary report. Iraq, 61, 1–41. google scholar
- Erkanal, H. (1983). 1982 Gırnavaz kazıları. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, 5, 131–135. google scholar
- Genç, B., & MacGinnis, J. (2023). The Assyrian rock relief at Yaǧmur (Evrihan) in the Tur Abdin. Archaeopress Archaeology. google scholar
- Gibson, M., al-Azm, A., Reichel, C., Quntar, S., Franke, J. A., Khalidi, L., Hritz, C., Altaweel, M., Coyle, C., Colantoni, C., Tenney, J., Abdul Aziz, G., & Hartnell, T. (2002). Hamoukar: A summary of three seasons of excavation. Akkadica, 123, 11–34. google scholar
- Grayson, A. K. (1987). Assyrian rulers of the third and second millennia BC (to 1115 BC). University of Toronto Press. google scholar
- Kelly-Buccellati, M. (1988). Artifacts from the excavations. In G. Buccellati & M. Kelly-Buccellati (Eds.), Mozan 1: The soundings of the first two seasons (pp. 65–81). Undena Publications. google scholar
- Kelly-Buccellati, M. (1990). Three seasons of excavation at Tell Mozan. In S. Eichler, M. Wäfler, & D. Warburton (Eds.), Tall al-Hamidiya 2 (pp. 119–132). Universitätsverlag. google scholar
- Ławecka, D. (2008). Heating places and ovens of the 3rd millennium BC in sector SD on Tell Arbid. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 18, 562–569. google scholar
- Littauer, M. A., & Crouwel, J. H. (1979). Wheeled vehicles and ridden animals in the ancient Near East. Brill. google scholar
- Liverani, M. (1992). Studies on the annals of Ashurnasirpal II 2: Topographical analysis. Università di Roma “La Sapienza”. google scholar
- Makowski, M. (2016). Tell Arbid I: Clay figurines. Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures, Polish Academy of Sciences. google scholar
- Mallowan, M. E. L. (1936). The excavations at Tall Chagar Bazar, and an archaeological survey of the Habur region, 1934–5. Iraq, 3(1), 1– 59, 61–85. google scholar
- Mallowan, M. E. L. (1937). The excavations at Tall Chagar Bazar and an archaeological survey of the Habur region: Second campaign, 1936. Iraq, 4(2), 91–177. google scholar
- Mallowan, M. E. L. (1947). Excavations at Brak and Chagar Bazar. Iraq, 9, 1–87, 89–259, i–iv. google scholar
- Matthews, R. (2003). Chiefdom on the northern plains: Early third-millennium investigations—the Ninevite 5 period. In R. Matthews (Ed.), Excavations at Tell Brak, Vol. 4: Exploring an Upper Mesopotamian regional centre, 1994–1996 (pp. 97–134). McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. google scholar
- Matthews, R. J., Matthews, W., & McDonald, H. (1994). Excavations at Tell Brak, 1994. Iraq, 56, 177–194. google scholar
- McDonald, H. (2001). Third-millennium clay objects. In D. Oates, J. Oates, & H. McDonald (Eds.), Excavations at Tell Brak, Vol. 2: Nagar in the third millennium BC (pp. 269–278). McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. google scholar
- Oates, D., Oates, J., & McDonald, H. (1997). The excavations. In D. Oates, J. Oates, & H. McDonald (Eds.), Excavations at Tell Brak, Vol. 1: The Mitanni and Old Babylonian periods (pp. 1–37). British School of Archaeology in Iraq. google scholar
- Oates, J. (2001a). Equid figurines and 'chariot' models. In D. Oates, J. Oates, & H. McDonald (Eds.), Excavations at Tell Brak, Vol. 2: Nagar in the third millennium BC (pp. 279–293). McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. google scholar
- Oates, J. (2001b). The third-millennium pottery. In D. Oates, J. Oates, & H. McDonald (Eds.), Excavations at Tell Brak, Vol. 2: Nagar in the third millennium BC (pp. 151–194). McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. google scholar
- Oppenheim, B. M. von. (1933). Tell Halaf: A new culture in oldest Mesopotamia. G. P. Putnam. google scholar
- Orthmann, W., Hempelmann, R., Klein, H., Kühne, C., Novak, M., Pruß, A., Vila, E., Weicken, H.-M., & Wener, A. (1995). Ausgrabungen in Tell Chuēra in Nordost-Syrien I: Vorbericht über die Grabungskampagnen 1986 bis 1992. Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag. google scholar
- Pecorella, P. E. (1982). Tell Barri / Kaḫat / 1: Relazione preliminare sulle campagne 1980 e 1981 a Tell Barri/Kaḫat nel bacino del Ḫabur. CNR, Istituto per gli Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici. google scholar
- Pecorella, P. E. (2003). Tell Barri/Kahat: La campagna del 2000: Relazione preliminare. Firenze University Press. google scholar
- Pecorella, P. E., & Benoit, R. P. (2005). Tell Barri/Kahat: La campagna del 2002: Relazione preliminare. Firenze University Press. google scholar
- Pfälzner, P., & Dohmann-Pfälzner, H. (2014). Die räumliche Struktur der zentralen Oberstadt von Tall Mozan. In A. Bianchi, H. Dohmann-Pfälzner, E. Geith, P. Pfälzner, & A. Wissing (Eds.), Die Architektur und Stratigraphie der zentralen Oberstadt von Tall Mozan/ Urkeš (Vol. 1, pp. 27–75). Harrassowitz Verlag. google scholar
- Raccidi, M. (2012). Chariot terracotta models from Tell Arbid and Tell Barri: A typological and functional analysis. In R. Matthews & J. Curtis (Eds.), Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 12 April – 16 April 2010 (Vol. 3, pp. 673–682). Harrassowitz Verlag. google scholar
- Radner, K. (2006). How to reach the Upper Tigris: The Route Through the Tur Abdin. State Archives of Assyria Bulletin XV, 273-305. google scholar
- Ristvet, L., & Weiss, H. (2012). Subat-Enlil. B. Archäologisch. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie, 13(3/4), 229–236. google scholar
- Ur, J. A. (2010). Tell Hamoukar. Volume 1: Urbanism and cultural landscapes in northeastern Syria: The Tell Hamoukar survey 1999–2001. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. google scholar
- Wäfler, M. (1990). The excavations at Tell Hamidi. In S. Eichler, M. Wäfler, & D. Warburton (Eds.), Tall al-Ḥamīdīya 2: Symposion – Recent excavations in the Upper Khabur region (pp. 219–228). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht / Universitätsverlag Freiburg Schweiz. google scholar
- Weiss, H. (1985). Tell Leilan on the Habur Plains of Syria. The Biblical Archaeologist, 48(1), 5–34. google scholar
- Weiss, H. (1991). Archaeology in Syria. American Journal of Archaeology, 95(4), 683–740. google scholar
- RGTC 6-1: G.F. Del Monte-J. Tischler 1978, Die Orts-und Gewassernamen der hethitische texte: Répertoire Géograhique des Textes Cunéiformes, 6/1. Wiesbaden, DR. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. google scholar
- RGTC 6-2: G.F. Del Monte 1992, Die Orts-und Gewassernamen der hethitische texte: Répertoire Géograhique des Textes Cunéiformes, 6/2. Wiesbaden, DR. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. google scholar
Yıl 2025,
Sayı: 32, 83 - 102, 25.07.2025
Öz
Kaynakça
- Bartl, P. V., & Bonatz, D. (2013). Across Assyria’s northern frontier: Tell Fekheriye at the end of the Late Bronze Age. In K. A. Yener (Ed.), Across the border: Late Bronze-Iron Age relations between Syria and Anatolia. Proceedings of a symposium held at the Research Center of Anatolian Studies, Koç University, Istanbul, May 31–June 1, 2010 (pp. 263–292). Peeters. google scholar
- Bieliński, P. (1997). Preliminary report on the first season of Syro-Polish excavations on Tell Arbid. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 8, 203–211. google scholar
- Bieliński, P. (2007). Tell Arbid: Report on the Syrian-Polish explorations in 2005: The tenth season. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 17, 451–471. google scholar
- Bollweg, J. (1999). Vorderasiatische Wagentypen: Im Spiegel der Terracottaplastik bis zur Altbabylonischen Zeit. Universitätsverlag / Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. google scholar
- Bretschneider, J., & Jans, G. (1995). Ausgrabungen in der Kranzhügelstadt Tell Beydar (1992–94). In J. Bretschneider & A. Dietrich (Eds.), Beydar: Mitteilungen über die Erforschung eines urbanen Zentrums im Norden Alt-Syriens (pp. 5–27). Münster. google scholar
- Buccellati, G., & Kelly-Buccellati, M. (1988). Mozan 1: The soundings of the first two seasons. Undena Publications. google scholar
- Crouwel, J. H. (2019). Wheeled vehicles and their draught animals in the ancient Near East—An update. In P. Raulwing, K. M. Linduff, & J. H. Crouwel (Eds.), Equids and wheeled vehicles in the ancient world: Essays in memory of Mary A. Littauer (pp. 29–48). BAR Publishing. google scholar
- Davies, T., Fry, H., Wilson, A., Palmisano, A., Altaweel, M., & Radner, K. (2014). Application of an entropy maximizing and dynamics model for understanding settlement structure: The Khabur Triangle in the Middle Bronze and Iron Ages. Journal of Archaeological Science, 43, 141–154. google scholar
- Eichler, S., & Wäfler, M. (1985). Tall al-Hamidiya 1: Vorbericht 1984. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht / Universitätsverlag Freiburg Schweiz. google scholar
- Emberling, G., Cheng J., Larsen, T. E., Pittman, H., Skuldboel, T. B. B., Weber, J., & Wright, H. T. (1999). Excavations at Tell Brak 1998: Preliminary report. Iraq, 61, 1–41. google scholar
- Erkanal, H. (1983). 1982 Gırnavaz kazıları. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, 5, 131–135. google scholar
- Genç, B., & MacGinnis, J. (2023). The Assyrian rock relief at Yaǧmur (Evrihan) in the Tur Abdin. Archaeopress Archaeology. google scholar
- Gibson, M., al-Azm, A., Reichel, C., Quntar, S., Franke, J. A., Khalidi, L., Hritz, C., Altaweel, M., Coyle, C., Colantoni, C., Tenney, J., Abdul Aziz, G., & Hartnell, T. (2002). Hamoukar: A summary of three seasons of excavation. Akkadica, 123, 11–34. google scholar
- Grayson, A. K. (1987). Assyrian rulers of the third and second millennia BC (to 1115 BC). University of Toronto Press. google scholar
- Kelly-Buccellati, M. (1988). Artifacts from the excavations. In G. Buccellati & M. Kelly-Buccellati (Eds.), Mozan 1: The soundings of the first two seasons (pp. 65–81). Undena Publications. google scholar
- Kelly-Buccellati, M. (1990). Three seasons of excavation at Tell Mozan. In S. Eichler, M. Wäfler, & D. Warburton (Eds.), Tall al-Hamidiya 2 (pp. 119–132). Universitätsverlag. google scholar
- Ławecka, D. (2008). Heating places and ovens of the 3rd millennium BC in sector SD on Tell Arbid. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 18, 562–569. google scholar
- Littauer, M. A., & Crouwel, J. H. (1979). Wheeled vehicles and ridden animals in the ancient Near East. Brill. google scholar
- Liverani, M. (1992). Studies on the annals of Ashurnasirpal II 2: Topographical analysis. Università di Roma “La Sapienza”. google scholar
- Makowski, M. (2016). Tell Arbid I: Clay figurines. Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures, Polish Academy of Sciences. google scholar
- Mallowan, M. E. L. (1936). The excavations at Tall Chagar Bazar, and an archaeological survey of the Habur region, 1934–5. Iraq, 3(1), 1– 59, 61–85. google scholar
- Mallowan, M. E. L. (1937). The excavations at Tall Chagar Bazar and an archaeological survey of the Habur region: Second campaign, 1936. Iraq, 4(2), 91–177. google scholar
- Mallowan, M. E. L. (1947). Excavations at Brak and Chagar Bazar. Iraq, 9, 1–87, 89–259, i–iv. google scholar
- Matthews, R. (2003). Chiefdom on the northern plains: Early third-millennium investigations—the Ninevite 5 period. In R. Matthews (Ed.), Excavations at Tell Brak, Vol. 4: Exploring an Upper Mesopotamian regional centre, 1994–1996 (pp. 97–134). McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. google scholar
- Matthews, R. J., Matthews, W., & McDonald, H. (1994). Excavations at Tell Brak, 1994. Iraq, 56, 177–194. google scholar
- McDonald, H. (2001). Third-millennium clay objects. In D. Oates, J. Oates, & H. McDonald (Eds.), Excavations at Tell Brak, Vol. 2: Nagar in the third millennium BC (pp. 269–278). McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. google scholar
- Oates, D., Oates, J., & McDonald, H. (1997). The excavations. In D. Oates, J. Oates, & H. McDonald (Eds.), Excavations at Tell Brak, Vol. 1: The Mitanni and Old Babylonian periods (pp. 1–37). British School of Archaeology in Iraq. google scholar
- Oates, J. (2001a). Equid figurines and 'chariot' models. In D. Oates, J. Oates, & H. McDonald (Eds.), Excavations at Tell Brak, Vol. 2: Nagar in the third millennium BC (pp. 279–293). McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. google scholar
- Oates, J. (2001b). The third-millennium pottery. In D. Oates, J. Oates, & H. McDonald (Eds.), Excavations at Tell Brak, Vol. 2: Nagar in the third millennium BC (pp. 151–194). McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. google scholar
- Oppenheim, B. M. von. (1933). Tell Halaf: A new culture in oldest Mesopotamia. G. P. Putnam. google scholar
- Orthmann, W., Hempelmann, R., Klein, H., Kühne, C., Novak, M., Pruß, A., Vila, E., Weicken, H.-M., & Wener, A. (1995). Ausgrabungen in Tell Chuēra in Nordost-Syrien I: Vorbericht über die Grabungskampagnen 1986 bis 1992. Saarbrücker Druckerei und Verlag. google scholar
- Pecorella, P. E. (1982). Tell Barri / Kaḫat / 1: Relazione preliminare sulle campagne 1980 e 1981 a Tell Barri/Kaḫat nel bacino del Ḫabur. CNR, Istituto per gli Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici. google scholar
- Pecorella, P. E. (2003). Tell Barri/Kahat: La campagna del 2000: Relazione preliminare. Firenze University Press. google scholar
- Pecorella, P. E., & Benoit, R. P. (2005). Tell Barri/Kahat: La campagna del 2002: Relazione preliminare. Firenze University Press. google scholar
- Pfälzner, P., & Dohmann-Pfälzner, H. (2014). Die räumliche Struktur der zentralen Oberstadt von Tall Mozan. In A. Bianchi, H. Dohmann-Pfälzner, E. Geith, P. Pfälzner, & A. Wissing (Eds.), Die Architektur und Stratigraphie der zentralen Oberstadt von Tall Mozan/ Urkeš (Vol. 1, pp. 27–75). Harrassowitz Verlag. google scholar
- Raccidi, M. (2012). Chariot terracotta models from Tell Arbid and Tell Barri: A typological and functional analysis. In R. Matthews & J. Curtis (Eds.), Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 12 April – 16 April 2010 (Vol. 3, pp. 673–682). Harrassowitz Verlag. google scholar
- Radner, K. (2006). How to reach the Upper Tigris: The Route Through the Tur Abdin. State Archives of Assyria Bulletin XV, 273-305. google scholar
- Ristvet, L., & Weiss, H. (2012). Subat-Enlil. B. Archäologisch. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie, 13(3/4), 229–236. google scholar
- Ur, J. A. (2010). Tell Hamoukar. Volume 1: Urbanism and cultural landscapes in northeastern Syria: The Tell Hamoukar survey 1999–2001. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. google scholar
- Wäfler, M. (1990). The excavations at Tell Hamidi. In S. Eichler, M. Wäfler, & D. Warburton (Eds.), Tall al-Ḥamīdīya 2: Symposion – Recent excavations in the Upper Khabur region (pp. 219–228). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht / Universitätsverlag Freiburg Schweiz. google scholar
- Weiss, H. (1985). Tell Leilan on the Habur Plains of Syria. The Biblical Archaeologist, 48(1), 5–34. google scholar
- Weiss, H. (1991). Archaeology in Syria. American Journal of Archaeology, 95(4), 683–740. google scholar
- RGTC 6-1: G.F. Del Monte-J. Tischler 1978, Die Orts-und Gewassernamen der hethitische texte: Répertoire Géograhique des Textes Cunéiformes, 6/1. Wiesbaden, DR. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. google scholar
- RGTC 6-2: G.F. Del Monte 1992, Die Orts-und Gewassernamen der hethitische texte: Répertoire Géograhique des Textes Cunéiformes, 6/2. Wiesbaden, DR. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. google scholar
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Erken Tunç Çağ Arkeolojisi |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 25 Temmuz 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 17 Nisan 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 25 Temmuz 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Sayı: 32 |
