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Potential Risk Factors Associated with Broiler Welfare of Commercial Flocks in Turkey: Welfare of the Chickens just Prior to Pre-slaughter Catching on Farms

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 35, 85 - 91, 29.09.2018

Metin Petek , Enver Çavuşoglu , Abdülkadir Orman , Justin Lee Mckinstry

Öz

This study aimed at assessing broiler chicken welfare in commercial flocks just prior to pre-slaughter catching on farms, in Turkey. For this purposes seven broiler farms including 28 flocks from two Turkish broiler company were inspected. Each of the studied flocks had identical management programs for broiler. Data was collated over a one year period on four separate occasions to identify any possible seasonal effects. One hundred birds in each flock were assessed for various welfare parameters based on physical and production-related measures. Mean flock slaughter age on the day of visit was 43 days and mean body weight was 2.35 kg in the flocks. Average mortality and feed conversion ratio were calculated as 3.03 and 1.82, respectively. Light instensity, temperature and heat stress index inside the house were highest during the summer visits. The humidity was higher during the winter months, ammonia fluctuated through the year inside the house. There were significant differences for all welfare scores of the birds raised in different flocks (P<0.05) in different season, except gait score. A seasonal effect was observed on gait score. Male and female birds in all flocks had almost similar welfare scores. As conclusion, it can be said that the flocks investigated in this study had reasonably good welfare scores and there is the potential for further improve using new legislation and better implementing existing welfare assurance schemes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Broiler welfare Flocks Pre-slaughter catching

Kaynakça

  • Anonymous (2007). European Communities Council Directive 2007/43/EC http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/ ?uri=celex%3A32007L0043 (Accessed February 2018).
  • Anonymous (2010). National Chicken Council Animal Welfare Guidelines and Audit Checklist http://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/wp-content/uploads /2017/07/NCC-Welfare-Guidelines-Broilers.pdf (Accessed February 2018).
  • Anonymous (2011). Hayvanların Nakilleri Sırasında Refahı ve Korunması Yönetmeliği. Yayımlandığı R.Gazete: 24.12.2011-28152 http://www. resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/12/20111224-2.htm (Accessed February 2018).
  • Anonymous (2012a). Consumer perception of broiler production. January 2012, Information 2 https://www.compassioninfoodbusiness.com/media /5819741/ consumer-perception-of-broiler-production.pdf (Accessed February 2018).
  • Anonymous (2012b). Efsa Panel on Animal Health and Welfare. Scientific Opinion on the use of animal-based measures to assess welfare of broilers. EFSA Journal,10 (7), 2774 https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2774 (Accessed February 2018).
  • Anonymous (2013a). RSPCA Broiler Welfare Assessment Protocol. Version 1.1, UK https://science.rspca.org.uk/sciencegroup/farmanimals/ standards/chickens (Accessed February 2018).
  • Anonymous (2013b). Cobb Broiler Management Guide http://www.cobb-vantress.com/docs/default-source/management-guides/broiler-management-guide.pdf (Accessed February 2018).
  • Anonymous (2013c). RSPCA welfare standards for chickens, November, UK https://science.rspca.org.uk/sciencegroup/farmanimals/ standards/chickens (Accessed February 2018).
  • Anonymous (2014a).Çiftlik Hayvanlarının Refahına İlişkin Genel Hükümler Hakkında Yönetmelik. Resmi Gazete:22.11.2014-29183, s:10-15 http: // www. resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/11/20141122-6.htm(Accessed February 2018).
  • Anonymous (2014b). Yumurtacı tavukların korunması ile ilgili asgari standartlara ilişkin yönetmelik. Resmi Gazete:22.11.2014-29183 http://www. resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/11/20141122-7.htm (Accessed February 2018).
  • Anonymous (2015). Besd-Bir 17. Olağan Genel Kurul Toplantı Kararları. 28.Ocak, Ankara (In Turkish).
  • Asaniyan EK, Agbede JO, and Laseinde EAO (2007). Impact Assessment of Different Litter Depths on the Performance of Broiler Chickens Raised on Sand and Wood Shaving Litters. World J. of Zool. 2: 67-72.
  • Bassler AW, Arnould C, Butterworth A, Colin L, De Jong IC, Ferrante V, Ferrari P, Haslam S, Wemelsfelder F, and Blokhuis HJ (2013). Potential risk factors associated with contact dermatitis, lameness, negative emotional state, and fear of humans in broiler chicken flocks. Poultry Sci., 92: 2811–2826.
  • Bray TS, and Lynn NJ (1986). Effects of nutrition and drinker design on litter condition and broiler performance. Brit. Poultry Sci., 27: 151.
  • Butcher GD, and Miles RD (2011). Causes and prevention of wet litter in broiler houses. Publication VM99, Veterinary Medicine-Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/VM/VM02000.pdf Original publication date September, 1995. Reviewed March 2011 (Accessed February 2018).
  • Cordeiro AFS, Naas IA, and Salgado DD (2009). Field evaluation of broiler gait score using different sampling methods. Braz. J. Poult. Sci., 11: 149-154.
  • Dawkins MS, Donnelly CA, and Jones TA (2004). Chicken welfare is influenced more by housing conditions than by stock- ing density. Nature, 427: 342-344.
  • Dawkins MS, and Layton R (2012). Breeding for better welfare: genetic goals for broiler chickens and their parents. Anim. Welfare, 21: 147-155.
  • Dinev I (2012). Leg weakness pathology in broiler chickens. J. Poult. Sci., 49: 63–67.
  • De Jong IC, Van Harn J, Gunnink H, Hindle VA, and Lourens A (2012). Footpad dermatitis in Dutch broiler flocks: Prevalence and factors of influence. Poult. Sci., 91: 1569–1574.
  • De Jonge J, and Van Trijp HCM (2013). Meeting heterogeneity in consumer demand for animal welfare: A reflection on existing knowledge and implications for the meat sector. J. Agr. Environ. Ethic., 26: 629–661.
  • Edens FW, Parkhurst CR, and Havenstein GB (2001). Housing and Selenium Influences on Feathering in broilers. J. Appl. Poultry. Res., 10: 128-134.
  • Estevez I (2002). Ammonia and poultry welfare. Poultry Perspectives 4: 1-3.
  • Fernandes BCS, Martens MRCFB, Mendes AAI, Paz IICLA, Komiyama CM, Milbradt EL, and Martins BB (2012). Locomotion problems of broiler chickens and its relationship with the giat score. Rev. Bras. Zootech., 41: 1951-1955.
  • Fraser D (2008). Understanding Animal Welfare: The Science in Its Cultural Context. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
  • Garcia RG, Almeida PAZ ICL, Caldara FR, Naas IA, Perera DF, and Ferreira VMOS (2012). Selecting the most adequate bedding material for broiler production in Brazil. Braz. J. Poult. Sci., 14: 121-127.
  • Garces A, Afonso SMS, Chilundo A, and Jairoce CTS (2013). Evaluation of different litter materials for broiler production in a hot and humid environment: 1. Litter characteristics and quality. J. Appl. Poultry. Res., 22: 168–176.
  • Grist A, and Rizvi S (2011). Pododermatitis and plantar necrosis in broilers. Government Vet. J., 21: 22-29.
  • Gyles NRJ, Kan J, and Smith RM (1962). The heritability of breast blister condition and breast feather coverage in a White Rock broiler strain. Poult. Sci., 41: 13-17.
  • Haslam SM, Knowles TG, Brown SN, Wilkins LJ, Kestin SC, Warriss PD, and Nicol CJ (2007). Factors affecting the prevalence of foot pad dermatitis, hock burn and breast burn in broiler chicken. Brit. Poult. Sci., 48: 264-275.
  • Jacobs L, Delezie E, Duchateau L, Goethals K, and Tuyttens FAM (2017). Impact of the separate pre-slaughter stages on broiler chicken welfare. Poult. Sci., 96: 266-273.
  • Kestin SC, Knowles TG, Tinch AE, and Gregory NG (1992). Prevalence of leg weakness in broiler chickens and its relationship with genotype. Vet. Rec., 131: 190-194.
  • Kittelsen KE, Granquist EG, Vasdal G, Tolo E, and Moe RO (2015). Effects of catching and transportation versus pre-slaughter handling at the abattoir on the prevalence of wing fractures in broilers. Anim. Welfare, 24: 387-389.
  • Ozturk F, and Durmus I (2002). The general situation of poultry enterprises in Turkey. J. Poult. Res., 3(2):7-16.
  • Pagazaurtundua A, and Warris PD (2006). Levels of foot pad dermatitis in broiler chickens reared in 5 different systems. Brit. Poult. Sci., 47: 529–532.
  • Petek M (1999). Bursa il merkezine yakın çevre broyler işletmelerinde farklı genotiplerin üretim parametreleri ve ekonomik verimlilik. J. Lalahan Livestock Res. Inst. 39: 61-72 (In Turkish).
  • Petek M, Sönmez G, Yıldız H, and Baspınar H (2005). Effects of different management factors on broiler performance and incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia. Brit. Poult. Sci., 46: 16-21.
  • Petek M, Çıbık R, Yıldız H, Sonat FA, Gezen ŞŞ, Orman A, and Aydın C (2010). The Influence Of Different Lighting Programs, Stocking Densities And Litter Amounts On The Welfare And Productivity Traits of a Commercial Broiler Line. Vet. Med. Zoot., 51: 73.
  • Petek M (2013). Potential risk factors associated with broiler welfare during pre-slaughter handling from on-farm catching to the point of slaughter of broiler flocks and poultry welfare. 2nd International Poultry Meat Congress, Antalya.
  • Petek M, and Orman A (2013). Age and sex effects on main welfare indicators of broiler in a commercial broiler flock. Arch. Zootech. 16: 79-87.
  • Petek M, Ustüner H, and Yesilbag D (2014). Effects of Stocking Density and Litter Type on Litter Quality and Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken. Kafkas. Univ. Vet. Fak., 20: 743-748.
  • Petek M, Cavusoglu E, Topal E, Unal C, Abdourhamane IM (2015) Effects of slatted floor housing on animal welfare in broiler production. 3rd International Poultry Meat Congress, Antalya, Turkey.
  • Purshwell JL, Lott BD, Dozier WA, Routsh WB, and Branton SL (2008). Assessing Thermal Comfort of Broiler Chicks. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 7: 202-206.
  • Robins A, and Philips CJC (2011). International approaches to the welfare of meat chickens. World. Poultry. Sci. J, .67: 351–369. Sejian V, Lakritz J, Ezeji T, and Lal R (2010). Assessment methods and indicators of animal welfare. Asian. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 6: 301-315.
  • Shields S, and Greger M (2013). Animal welfare and food safety aspects of confining broiler chickens to cages. Animals 3: 386-400.
  • Snedecor GW, and Cochran WG (1989). Statistical Methods, Eigth Edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, USA.
  • Stevenson P (2012). European Union Legislation on the welfare of farm animals. Compassion on World farming, January 2012, UK.
  • SPSS® 13.00 (2004). Computer Software: SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA.
  • Tucker SA, and Walker AW (1992). Hock burn in broilers, in: Garnworthy PC, Haresign, W; Cole DJA (Eds) Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, pp. 35-50 (Oxford, Butterworth and Heinemann).
  • Wilkins LJ, Brown SN, Phillips AJ, and Warris PD (2003). Cleanliness of broilers when they arrive at poultry processing plants. Vet. Rec., 153: 701-703.

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 35, 85 - 91, 29.09.2018

Metin Petek , Enver Çavuşoglu , Abdülkadir Orman , Justin Lee Mckinstry

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Anonymous (2007). European Communities Council Directive 2007/43/EC http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/ ?uri=celex%3A32007L0043 (Accessed February 2018).
  • Anonymous (2010). National Chicken Council Animal Welfare Guidelines and Audit Checklist http://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/wp-content/uploads /2017/07/NCC-Welfare-Guidelines-Broilers.pdf (Accessed February 2018).
  • Anonymous (2011). Hayvanların Nakilleri Sırasında Refahı ve Korunması Yönetmeliği. Yayımlandığı R.Gazete: 24.12.2011-28152 http://www. resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/12/20111224-2.htm (Accessed February 2018).
  • Anonymous (2012a). Consumer perception of broiler production. January 2012, Information 2 https://www.compassioninfoodbusiness.com/media /5819741/ consumer-perception-of-broiler-production.pdf (Accessed February 2018).
  • Anonymous (2012b). Efsa Panel on Animal Health and Welfare. Scientific Opinion on the use of animal-based measures to assess welfare of broilers. EFSA Journal,10 (7), 2774 https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2774 (Accessed February 2018).
  • Anonymous (2013a). RSPCA Broiler Welfare Assessment Protocol. Version 1.1, UK https://science.rspca.org.uk/sciencegroup/farmanimals/ standards/chickens (Accessed February 2018).
  • Anonymous (2013b). Cobb Broiler Management Guide http://www.cobb-vantress.com/docs/default-source/management-guides/broiler-management-guide.pdf (Accessed February 2018).
  • Anonymous (2013c). RSPCA welfare standards for chickens, November, UK https://science.rspca.org.uk/sciencegroup/farmanimals/ standards/chickens (Accessed February 2018).
  • Anonymous (2014a).Çiftlik Hayvanlarının Refahına İlişkin Genel Hükümler Hakkında Yönetmelik. Resmi Gazete:22.11.2014-29183, s:10-15 http: // www. resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/11/20141122-6.htm(Accessed February 2018).
  • Anonymous (2014b). Yumurtacı tavukların korunması ile ilgili asgari standartlara ilişkin yönetmelik. Resmi Gazete:22.11.2014-29183 http://www. resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/11/20141122-7.htm (Accessed February 2018).
  • Anonymous (2015). Besd-Bir 17. Olağan Genel Kurul Toplantı Kararları. 28.Ocak, Ankara (In Turkish).
  • Asaniyan EK, Agbede JO, and Laseinde EAO (2007). Impact Assessment of Different Litter Depths on the Performance of Broiler Chickens Raised on Sand and Wood Shaving Litters. World J. of Zool. 2: 67-72.
  • Bassler AW, Arnould C, Butterworth A, Colin L, De Jong IC, Ferrante V, Ferrari P, Haslam S, Wemelsfelder F, and Blokhuis HJ (2013). Potential risk factors associated with contact dermatitis, lameness, negative emotional state, and fear of humans in broiler chicken flocks. Poultry Sci., 92: 2811–2826.
  • Bray TS, and Lynn NJ (1986). Effects of nutrition and drinker design on litter condition and broiler performance. Brit. Poultry Sci., 27: 151.
  • Butcher GD, and Miles RD (2011). Causes and prevention of wet litter in broiler houses. Publication VM99, Veterinary Medicine-Large Animal Clinical Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/VM/VM02000.pdf Original publication date September, 1995. Reviewed March 2011 (Accessed February 2018).
  • Cordeiro AFS, Naas IA, and Salgado DD (2009). Field evaluation of broiler gait score using different sampling methods. Braz. J. Poult. Sci., 11: 149-154.
  • Dawkins MS, Donnelly CA, and Jones TA (2004). Chicken welfare is influenced more by housing conditions than by stock- ing density. Nature, 427: 342-344.
  • Dawkins MS, and Layton R (2012). Breeding for better welfare: genetic goals for broiler chickens and their parents. Anim. Welfare, 21: 147-155.
  • Dinev I (2012). Leg weakness pathology in broiler chickens. J. Poult. Sci., 49: 63–67.
  • De Jong IC, Van Harn J, Gunnink H, Hindle VA, and Lourens A (2012). Footpad dermatitis in Dutch broiler flocks: Prevalence and factors of influence. Poult. Sci., 91: 1569–1574.
  • De Jonge J, and Van Trijp HCM (2013). Meeting heterogeneity in consumer demand for animal welfare: A reflection on existing knowledge and implications for the meat sector. J. Agr. Environ. Ethic., 26: 629–661.
  • Edens FW, Parkhurst CR, and Havenstein GB (2001). Housing and Selenium Influences on Feathering in broilers. J. Appl. Poultry. Res., 10: 128-134.
  • Estevez I (2002). Ammonia and poultry welfare. Poultry Perspectives 4: 1-3.
  • Fernandes BCS, Martens MRCFB, Mendes AAI, Paz IICLA, Komiyama CM, Milbradt EL, and Martins BB (2012). Locomotion problems of broiler chickens and its relationship with the giat score. Rev. Bras. Zootech., 41: 1951-1955.
  • Fraser D (2008). Understanding Animal Welfare: The Science in Its Cultural Context. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
  • Garcia RG, Almeida PAZ ICL, Caldara FR, Naas IA, Perera DF, and Ferreira VMOS (2012). Selecting the most adequate bedding material for broiler production in Brazil. Braz. J. Poult. Sci., 14: 121-127.
  • Garces A, Afonso SMS, Chilundo A, and Jairoce CTS (2013). Evaluation of different litter materials for broiler production in a hot and humid environment: 1. Litter characteristics and quality. J. Appl. Poultry. Res., 22: 168–176.
  • Grist A, and Rizvi S (2011). Pododermatitis and plantar necrosis in broilers. Government Vet. J., 21: 22-29.
  • Gyles NRJ, Kan J, and Smith RM (1962). The heritability of breast blister condition and breast feather coverage in a White Rock broiler strain. Poult. Sci., 41: 13-17.
  • Haslam SM, Knowles TG, Brown SN, Wilkins LJ, Kestin SC, Warriss PD, and Nicol CJ (2007). Factors affecting the prevalence of foot pad dermatitis, hock burn and breast burn in broiler chicken. Brit. Poult. Sci., 48: 264-275.
  • Jacobs L, Delezie E, Duchateau L, Goethals K, and Tuyttens FAM (2017). Impact of the separate pre-slaughter stages on broiler chicken welfare. Poult. Sci., 96: 266-273.
  • Kestin SC, Knowles TG, Tinch AE, and Gregory NG (1992). Prevalence of leg weakness in broiler chickens and its relationship with genotype. Vet. Rec., 131: 190-194.
  • Kittelsen KE, Granquist EG, Vasdal G, Tolo E, and Moe RO (2015). Effects of catching and transportation versus pre-slaughter handling at the abattoir on the prevalence of wing fractures in broilers. Anim. Welfare, 24: 387-389.
  • Ozturk F, and Durmus I (2002). The general situation of poultry enterprises in Turkey. J. Poult. Res., 3(2):7-16.
  • Pagazaurtundua A, and Warris PD (2006). Levels of foot pad dermatitis in broiler chickens reared in 5 different systems. Brit. Poult. Sci., 47: 529–532.
  • Petek M (1999). Bursa il merkezine yakın çevre broyler işletmelerinde farklı genotiplerin üretim parametreleri ve ekonomik verimlilik. J. Lalahan Livestock Res. Inst. 39: 61-72 (In Turkish).
  • Petek M, Sönmez G, Yıldız H, and Baspınar H (2005). Effects of different management factors on broiler performance and incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia. Brit. Poult. Sci., 46: 16-21.
  • Petek M, Çıbık R, Yıldız H, Sonat FA, Gezen ŞŞ, Orman A, and Aydın C (2010). The Influence Of Different Lighting Programs, Stocking Densities And Litter Amounts On The Welfare And Productivity Traits of a Commercial Broiler Line. Vet. Med. Zoot., 51: 73.
  • Petek M (2013). Potential risk factors associated with broiler welfare during pre-slaughter handling from on-farm catching to the point of slaughter of broiler flocks and poultry welfare. 2nd International Poultry Meat Congress, Antalya.
  • Petek M, and Orman A (2013). Age and sex effects on main welfare indicators of broiler in a commercial broiler flock. Arch. Zootech. 16: 79-87.
  • Petek M, Ustüner H, and Yesilbag D (2014). Effects of Stocking Density and Litter Type on Litter Quality and Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken. Kafkas. Univ. Vet. Fak., 20: 743-748.
  • Petek M, Cavusoglu E, Topal E, Unal C, Abdourhamane IM (2015) Effects of slatted floor housing on animal welfare in broiler production. 3rd International Poultry Meat Congress, Antalya, Turkey.
  • Purshwell JL, Lott BD, Dozier WA, Routsh WB, and Branton SL (2008). Assessing Thermal Comfort of Broiler Chicks. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 7: 202-206.
  • Robins A, and Philips CJC (2011). International approaches to the welfare of meat chickens. World. Poultry. Sci. J, .67: 351–369. Sejian V, Lakritz J, Ezeji T, and Lal R (2010). Assessment methods and indicators of animal welfare. Asian. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 6: 301-315.
  • Shields S, and Greger M (2013). Animal welfare and food safety aspects of confining broiler chickens to cages. Animals 3: 386-400.
  • Snedecor GW, and Cochran WG (1989). Statistical Methods, Eigth Edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, USA.
  • Stevenson P (2012). European Union Legislation on the welfare of farm animals. Compassion on World farming, January 2012, UK.
  • SPSS® 13.00 (2004). Computer Software: SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA.
  • Tucker SA, and Walker AW (1992). Hock burn in broilers, in: Garnworthy PC, Haresign, W; Cole DJA (Eds) Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, pp. 35-50 (Oxford, Butterworth and Heinemann).
  • Wilkins LJ, Brown SN, Phillips AJ, and Warris PD (2003). Cleanliness of broilers when they arrive at poultry processing plants. Vet. Rec., 153: 701-703.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hayvan Üretiminde Çevre Çalışmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Metin Petek

Enver Çavuşoglu

Abdülkadir Orman

Justin Lee Mckinstry

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Eylül 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 35

Kaynak Göster

APA Petek, M., Çavuşoglu, E., Orman, A., Mckinstry, J. L. (2018). Potential Risk Factors Associated with Broiler Welfare of Commercial Flocks in Turkey: Welfare of the Chickens just Prior to Pre-slaughter Catching on Farms. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 12(35), 85-91.
AMA Petek M, Çavuşoglu E, Orman A, Mckinstry JL. Potential Risk Factors Associated with Broiler Welfare of Commercial Flocks in Turkey: Welfare of the Chickens just Prior to Pre-slaughter Catching on Farms. JBES. Eylül 2018;12(35):85-91.
Chicago Petek, Metin, Enver Çavuşoglu, Abdülkadir Orman, ve Justin Lee Mckinstry. “Potential Risk Factors Associated With Broiler Welfare of Commercial Flocks in Turkey: Welfare of the Chickens Just Prior to Pre-Slaughter Catching on Farms”. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences 12, sy. 35 (Eylül 2018): 85-91.
EndNote Petek M, Çavuşoglu E, Orman A, Mckinstry JL (01 Eylül 2018) Potential Risk Factors Associated with Broiler Welfare of Commercial Flocks in Turkey: Welfare of the Chickens just Prior to Pre-slaughter Catching on Farms. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences 12 35 85–91.
IEEE M. Petek, E. Çavuşoglu, A. Orman, ve J. L. Mckinstry, “Potential Risk Factors Associated with Broiler Welfare of Commercial Flocks in Turkey: Welfare of the Chickens just Prior to Pre-slaughter Catching on Farms”, JBES, c. 12, sy. 35, ss. 85–91, 2018.
ISNAD Petek, Metin vd. “Potential Risk Factors Associated With Broiler Welfare of Commercial Flocks in Turkey: Welfare of the Chickens Just Prior to Pre-Slaughter Catching on Farms”. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences 12/35 (Eylül 2018), 85-91.
JAMA Petek M, Çavuşoglu E, Orman A, Mckinstry JL. Potential Risk Factors Associated with Broiler Welfare of Commercial Flocks in Turkey: Welfare of the Chickens just Prior to Pre-slaughter Catching on Farms. JBES. 2018;12:85–91.
MLA Petek, Metin vd. “Potential Risk Factors Associated With Broiler Welfare of Commercial Flocks in Turkey: Welfare of the Chickens Just Prior to Pre-Slaughter Catching on Farms”. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences, c. 12, sy. 35, 2018, ss. 85-91.
Vancouver Petek M, Çavuşoglu E, Orman A, Mckinstry JL. Potential Risk Factors Associated with Broiler Welfare of Commercial Flocks in Turkey: Welfare of the Chickens just Prior to Pre-slaughter Catching on Farms. JBES. 2018;12(35):85-91.

Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences is the official journal of Bursa Uludag University

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