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Validity and Reliability Study of Social Media Sensitivity Scale in Disaster

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 28, 199 - 211, 31.07.2025

Gizem Şebnem Beydoğan

https://doi.org/10.30786/jef.1636786

Öz

In disasters that result in loss of life and property, social media plays a significant role in facilitating communication and mitigating the destructive impacts of such events. While fulfilling this role, it is essential that social media users demonstrate verbal and visual sensitivity in their engagement with cooperation, solidarity, and public discourse during disasters. To assess social media sensitivity during the earthquake process, which had a profound impact on a large segment of society, a 27-item draft scale was developed based on interviews with social media users and a review of the relevant literature. Expert opinions were sought from two specialists in the fields of disaster management and social media usage regarding the scale items. Following a pilot study, the items were administered to 279 individuals who actively used social media during the disaster. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a refined scale comprising 15 items. These items were categorized under four factors: “Contribution to the Process”, “Contribution to Management”, “Awareness of Destructive Effects”, and “Facilitation” of the “Process”. A second round of implementation of the scale was conducted with a sample of 157 social media users to further validate the instrument. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, it was observed that the scale demonstrated optimal fit indices (CMIN/DF=1,146; RMSA=,031; SRMR=,059; NFI=,89,88; IFI=,984; CFI=,984; GFI=,925; AGFI=,895). The Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of the scale was found to be α =.82. The AVE and CR values related to the reliability of the scale factors indicated a high level of convergent validity. Based on the findings, a valid and reliable measurement tool has been developed for assessing Social Media Sensitivity in Disasters (SMSSD).

Anahtar Kelimeler

Social media sensivity in disaster scale development validity reliability

Kaynakça

  • Bagozzi, R. P., & Heatherton, T. (1994). A general approach to representing multifaceted personality constructs: Application to state self‐esteem. Structural equation modeling. A Multidisciplinary Journal, 1(1), 35-67.
  • Beigi, G., Hu, X., Maciejewski, R. & Liu, H. (2016). An overview of sentiment analysis in social media and ıts applications in disaster relief. In: Sentiment Analysis and Ontology Engineering, Springer, Cham, 313-340.
  • Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606.
  • Boyle, M. P., Schmierbach, M., Armstrong, C. L., McLeod, D. M., Shah, D. V., & Pan, Z. (2004). Information seeking and emotional reactions to the september 11 terrorist attacks. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(1), 155-167.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2011). Structural equation modeling with AMOS Basic concepts, applications, and programming (Multivariate Applications Series). Routledge: New York
  • Brynielsson, J, Granåsen, M., Lindquist, S., Quijano, M.N., Nilsson, S., & Trnka, J. (2018). Informing crisis alerts using social media: Best practices and proof of concept. Contingencies and Crisis Management, 26, 28–40.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2015). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (21. Baskı) [Data Analysis Handbook for the Social Sciences (21st Edition)]. Ankara: PegemA Academy Publishing.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E.K., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (22. Ed.) [Scientific research methods (22nd ed.)]. Ankara: Pegem Academy Publishing.
  • Chew, C., & Gunther, E. (2010). Pandemics in the age of twitter: Content analysis of tweets during the 2009 H1N1 outbreak. PLoS One, 5(11), 1-13.
  • Çanakçı, M., Şaşmazlar, C., & Öztürk, S. (2022). Afet ve kriz yönetiminde sosyal medyanın kullanımı üzerine bir araştırma: Twitter örneği [A study on the use of social media in disaster and crisis management: The case of Twitter]. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi [Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Sciences], 11(3), 882-897.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik [Multivariate statistics for social sciences]. Ankara: Pegem Academy Publishing, 275.
  • Demiröz, K. (2020). Afet kriz yönetiminde sosyal medyanın işlevselliği ve zararları üzerine bir inceleme [An examination of the functionality and harms of social media in disaster crisis management]. Dirençlilik Dergisi [Resilience Journal], 4(2),293-304.
  • Diwanji, V. S. and Arpan L.,Ulak, M. B., Hou, Jinghui (Jove),Özgüven, E. E ve Arghandeh, R.(2020) Understanding citizens' communication channel preferences during natural disasters: A synchronicity-based, mixed-methods exploration using survey and geospatial analysis. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 47, 101646
  • Erkal, T., & Değerliyurt, M. (2009). Türkiye’de afet yönetimi [Disaster management in Turkey]. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi [Eastern Geography Journal], 14(22),147-164.
  • Erzen, E., & Odacı, H. (2021). Sosyal medya kullanım bozukluğu ölçeği: Türkçe uyarlama çalışması [Social media use disorder scale: Turkish adaptation study]. Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi [Buca Faculty of Education Journal], 520-535.
  • Eymen, U. E. (2007). SPSS 15.0 ile veri analizi [Data analysis with SPSS 15.0]. Statistical Center.
  • Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Becker, JM. (2025). Covariance based structural equation modeling (CB SEM): Journal of Marketing Analytics.
  • Haddow, G., & Haddow, K.S. (2014). Disaster communications in a changing media World. Elsevier.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6, 53-60.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling. A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  • Jöreskog, K.G, & Sörbom, D. (1993). Structural Equation Modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Fitting and testing. 1st ed. USA: Scientific Software.
  • Kavanaugh, A., Fox, E. A., Sheetz, S., Yang, S., Li, L. T., Whalen, T., Shoemaker, D., Natsev, P., & Xie, L. (2011). Social media use by government: From the routine to the critical. Proceedings of the 12th Annual
  • Kıraç. R., Erişen, M., A., Çiftçi, Kıraç, F., & Uyar, S. (2021). Selfitis disease behavior scale: Turkish validity and reliability study. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 8(1), 81-86.
  • Kırık, A., Arslan, A., Çetinkaya, A., & Gül, M. (2015). A quantitative research on the level of social media addiction among young people in Turkey. International Journal of Science Culture and Sport, 3(3), 108 – 122.
  • Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. 1st ed. New York: Routledge, Psychology Press, 194.
  • MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 84-99.
  • McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Mayfield, A. (july 01, 2024). What is Social Media? iCrossing, http://www.icrossing.com/uk/sites/default/files_uk/insight_pdf_files/What_isSocial_Media_iCrossing_ebook.pdf
  • Mitroff, J.I., (2004). Think like a sociopath, act like a saint. Journal of Business Strategy, 25(5), 2-53.
  • Oral, V. (2018). Social media use in disasters. International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research, 4(10).
  • Özdamar, K. (2016). Ölçek ve test geliştirme yapısal eşitlik modellemesi [Scale and test development structural equation modeling]. Nisan Bookstore Publications.
  • Palen, L., Vieweg, S., Liu, S. B., & Hughes, A. L. (2009). Crisis in a networked world: Features of computer-mediated communication in the april 16, 2007, Virginia tech event. Social Science Computer Review, 27(4), 467-480.
  • Safko, L., & Brake, D. K. (2009). The social media bible: Tactics, tools and strategies for business success. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons
  • Şahin, Y., & Uyan, Y. (2016). Afet risk analizi ve sınıflandırması: Bir uygulama örneği [Disaster risk analysis and classification: An application example]. Doğal Afet ve Afet Yönetimi Sempozyumu (DAAYS’16[Natural Disaster and Disaster Management Symposium (DAAYS'16)], 2-4 Mart [March 2-4], Karabük, Türkiye [Turkey].
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics. Boston: Pearson.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., &Linda S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics. 6th ed. Boston: Person Education, 1024
  • Tim, Y., Pan, S. L., Ractham, P., & Kaewkitipong, L. (2017). Digitally enabled disaster response: the emergence of social media as boundary objects in a flooding disaster. Information Systems Journal, 27(2), 197–232
  • Turgut, F.M. (1997). Eğitimde ölçme ve değerlendirme metotları [Measurement and evaluation methods in education]. Ankara: Yargıcı Printing house.
  • Valenzuela, S., Puente, S., & Flores, P.M. (2017). Comparing disaster news on twitter and television: An intermedia agenda setting perspective. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 61(4),615-637.
  • Veil, S., Buehner, T., & Palenchar, M.J. (2011). A work-ın-process literature review: Incorporating social media in risk and crisis communication. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 19(2),110-122.
  • Wardyaningrum, D. (2019). Communication of local people about myths of merapi mountain in disaster mitigation. Jurnal Komunikasi Indonesia, 8(1), 5.
  • Wheaton, B., Muthen, B., Alwin, D. F., & Summers, G. F. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological Methodology, 8, 84-136.
  • Woo, H., Cho, Y., Shim, E., Lee, K., Song, G. (2015). Public trauma after the sewol ferry disaster: The role of social media in understanding the public mood. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 12(9), 10974-10983.
  • Yates, D., & Paquette, S. (2011). Emergency knowledge management and social media technologies: A case study of the 2010 Haitian earthquake. International Journal of Information Management, 31(1), 6–13.
  • Yıldız, D., & Uzunsakal, E. (2018). Comparison of reliability tests in field researches and an applicationon agricultural data. Uygulamalı Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi [Journal of Applied Social Sciences], 1,14-28.
  • Yüksekbilgili, Z. (2018). İkinci el ürün tüketimi motivasyonu ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Adaptation of the Secondhand Product Consumption Motivation Scale into Turkish: Validity and Reliability Study]. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi [Journal of Finance, Economics and Social Research], 3(4), 697-703.

Afette Sosyal Medya Duyarlık Ölçeği Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 28, 199 - 211, 31.07.2025

Gizem Şebnem Beydoğan

https://doi.org/10.30786/jef.1636786

Öz

Can ve mal kaybının yaşandığı afetlerde, sosyal medya, iletişimi kolaylaştırmada ve afetlerin yıkıcı etkilerini azaltmada etkin rol oynamaktadır. Bu rolünü yerine getirirken sosyal medya kullanan bireylerin afetlerde sözel ve görsel, yardımlaşma, iş birliği ve tartışmalarda duyarlı davranmaları oldukça önemlidir. Toplumun büyük bir kesiminin etkilendiği deprem sürecinde sosyal medya duyarlılığını ölçmek amacıyla sosyal medyayı kullanan bireylerle yapılan görüşmeler ve mevcut literatür taramasına dayanarak 27 maddelik bir taslak ölçek geliştirilmiştir. Ölçek maddeleri ile ilgili afet ve sosyal medya kullanımı alanında iki uzmanın görüşüne başvurulmuştur. Ön uygulama sonrası ölçek maddeleri, afette sosyal medya kullanan 279 sosyal medya kullanıcısına uygulanmıştır. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda 15 maddeden oluşan bir ölçek elde edilmiştir. Ölçek maddeleri, “Sürece katkı”, “Yönetime katkı”, “Yıkıcı etkiler farkındalığı”, “Süreci kolaylaştırma” adı altında dört faktörde toplanmıştır. Ölçek için ikinci uygulama 157 sosyal medya kullanıcısına uygulanmıştır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucu ölçeğin optimal uyumluluk değerleri gösterdiği (CMIN/DF=1,146; RMSA=,031; SRMR=,059; NFI=,89,88; IFI=,984; CFI=,984; GFI=,925; AGFI=,895; CFI=,984) gözlenmiştir. Ölçeğin Cronbach Alpha katsayısı α=.82 olarak bulunmuştur. Ölçek faktörlerinin güvenirliği ile ilgili AVE ve CR değerlerinin benzeşme düzeyi belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre Afetlerde Sosyal Medya Duyarlılığının (SMSSD) ölçümünde kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı geliştirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Afetlerde sosyal medya duyarlılığı ölçek geliştirme geçerlilik güvenilirlik

Kaynakça

  • Bagozzi, R. P., & Heatherton, T. (1994). A general approach to representing multifaceted personality constructs: Application to state self‐esteem. Structural equation modeling. A Multidisciplinary Journal, 1(1), 35-67.
  • Beigi, G., Hu, X., Maciejewski, R. & Liu, H. (2016). An overview of sentiment analysis in social media and ıts applications in disaster relief. In: Sentiment Analysis and Ontology Engineering, Springer, Cham, 313-340.
  • Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606.
  • Boyle, M. P., Schmierbach, M., Armstrong, C. L., McLeod, D. M., Shah, D. V., & Pan, Z. (2004). Information seeking and emotional reactions to the september 11 terrorist attacks. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(1), 155-167.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2011). Structural equation modeling with AMOS Basic concepts, applications, and programming (Multivariate Applications Series). Routledge: New York
  • Brynielsson, J, Granåsen, M., Lindquist, S., Quijano, M.N., Nilsson, S., & Trnka, J. (2018). Informing crisis alerts using social media: Best practices and proof of concept. Contingencies and Crisis Management, 26, 28–40.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2015). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (21. Baskı) [Data Analysis Handbook for the Social Sciences (21st Edition)]. Ankara: PegemA Academy Publishing.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E.K., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (22. Ed.) [Scientific research methods (22nd ed.)]. Ankara: Pegem Academy Publishing.
  • Chew, C., & Gunther, E. (2010). Pandemics in the age of twitter: Content analysis of tweets during the 2009 H1N1 outbreak. PLoS One, 5(11), 1-13.
  • Çanakçı, M., Şaşmazlar, C., & Öztürk, S. (2022). Afet ve kriz yönetiminde sosyal medyanın kullanımı üzerine bir araştırma: Twitter örneği [A study on the use of social media in disaster and crisis management: The case of Twitter]. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi [Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Sciences], 11(3), 882-897.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik [Multivariate statistics for social sciences]. Ankara: Pegem Academy Publishing, 275.
  • Demiröz, K. (2020). Afet kriz yönetiminde sosyal medyanın işlevselliği ve zararları üzerine bir inceleme [An examination of the functionality and harms of social media in disaster crisis management]. Dirençlilik Dergisi [Resilience Journal], 4(2),293-304.
  • Diwanji, V. S. and Arpan L.,Ulak, M. B., Hou, Jinghui (Jove),Özgüven, E. E ve Arghandeh, R.(2020) Understanding citizens' communication channel preferences during natural disasters: A synchronicity-based, mixed-methods exploration using survey and geospatial analysis. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 47, 101646
  • Erkal, T., & Değerliyurt, M. (2009). Türkiye’de afet yönetimi [Disaster management in Turkey]. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi [Eastern Geography Journal], 14(22),147-164.
  • Erzen, E., & Odacı, H. (2021). Sosyal medya kullanım bozukluğu ölçeği: Türkçe uyarlama çalışması [Social media use disorder scale: Turkish adaptation study]. Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi [Buca Faculty of Education Journal], 520-535.
  • Eymen, U. E. (2007). SPSS 15.0 ile veri analizi [Data analysis with SPSS 15.0]. Statistical Center.
  • Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Becker, JM. (2025). Covariance based structural equation modeling (CB SEM): Journal of Marketing Analytics.
  • Haddow, G., & Haddow, K.S. (2014). Disaster communications in a changing media World. Elsevier.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6, 53-60.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling. A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  • Jöreskog, K.G, & Sörbom, D. (1993). Structural Equation Modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Fitting and testing. 1st ed. USA: Scientific Software.
  • Kavanaugh, A., Fox, E. A., Sheetz, S., Yang, S., Li, L. T., Whalen, T., Shoemaker, D., Natsev, P., & Xie, L. (2011). Social media use by government: From the routine to the critical. Proceedings of the 12th Annual
  • Kıraç. R., Erişen, M., A., Çiftçi, Kıraç, F., & Uyar, S. (2021). Selfitis disease behavior scale: Turkish validity and reliability study. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 8(1), 81-86.
  • Kırık, A., Arslan, A., Çetinkaya, A., & Gül, M. (2015). A quantitative research on the level of social media addiction among young people in Turkey. International Journal of Science Culture and Sport, 3(3), 108 – 122.
  • Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. 1st ed. New York: Routledge, Psychology Press, 194.
  • MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 84-99.
  • McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Mayfield, A. (july 01, 2024). What is Social Media? iCrossing, http://www.icrossing.com/uk/sites/default/files_uk/insight_pdf_files/What_isSocial_Media_iCrossing_ebook.pdf
  • Mitroff, J.I., (2004). Think like a sociopath, act like a saint. Journal of Business Strategy, 25(5), 2-53.
  • Oral, V. (2018). Social media use in disasters. International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research, 4(10).
  • Özdamar, K. (2016). Ölçek ve test geliştirme yapısal eşitlik modellemesi [Scale and test development structural equation modeling]. Nisan Bookstore Publications.
  • Palen, L., Vieweg, S., Liu, S. B., & Hughes, A. L. (2009). Crisis in a networked world: Features of computer-mediated communication in the april 16, 2007, Virginia tech event. Social Science Computer Review, 27(4), 467-480.
  • Safko, L., & Brake, D. K. (2009). The social media bible: Tactics, tools and strategies for business success. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons
  • Şahin, Y., & Uyan, Y. (2016). Afet risk analizi ve sınıflandırması: Bir uygulama örneği [Disaster risk analysis and classification: An application example]. Doğal Afet ve Afet Yönetimi Sempozyumu (DAAYS’16[Natural Disaster and Disaster Management Symposium (DAAYS'16)], 2-4 Mart [March 2-4], Karabük, Türkiye [Turkey].
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics. Boston: Pearson.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., &Linda S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics. 6th ed. Boston: Person Education, 1024
  • Tim, Y., Pan, S. L., Ractham, P., & Kaewkitipong, L. (2017). Digitally enabled disaster response: the emergence of social media as boundary objects in a flooding disaster. Information Systems Journal, 27(2), 197–232
  • Turgut, F.M. (1997). Eğitimde ölçme ve değerlendirme metotları [Measurement and evaluation methods in education]. Ankara: Yargıcı Printing house.
  • Valenzuela, S., Puente, S., & Flores, P.M. (2017). Comparing disaster news on twitter and television: An intermedia agenda setting perspective. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 61(4),615-637.
  • Veil, S., Buehner, T., & Palenchar, M.J. (2011). A work-ın-process literature review: Incorporating social media in risk and crisis communication. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 19(2),110-122.
  • Wardyaningrum, D. (2019). Communication of local people about myths of merapi mountain in disaster mitigation. Jurnal Komunikasi Indonesia, 8(1), 5.
  • Wheaton, B., Muthen, B., Alwin, D. F., & Summers, G. F. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological Methodology, 8, 84-136.
  • Woo, H., Cho, Y., Shim, E., Lee, K., Song, G. (2015). Public trauma after the sewol ferry disaster: The role of social media in understanding the public mood. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 12(9), 10974-10983.
  • Yates, D., & Paquette, S. (2011). Emergency knowledge management and social media technologies: A case study of the 2010 Haitian earthquake. International Journal of Information Management, 31(1), 6–13.
  • Yıldız, D., & Uzunsakal, E. (2018). Comparison of reliability tests in field researches and an applicationon agricultural data. Uygulamalı Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi [Journal of Applied Social Sciences], 1,14-28.
  • Yüksekbilgili, Z. (2018). İkinci el ürün tüketimi motivasyonu ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Adaptation of the Secondhand Product Consumption Motivation Scale into Turkish: Validity and Reliability Study]. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi [Journal of Finance, Economics and Social Research], 3(4), 697-703.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ölçek Geliştirme, Eğitim Teknolojisi ve Bilgi İşlem
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gizem Şebnem Beydoğan 0000-0001-6940-9486

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Şubat 2025
Kabul Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 28

Kaynak Göster

APA Beydoğan, G. Ş. (2025). Validity and Reliability Study of Social Media Sensitivity Scale in Disaster. Journal of Education and Future(28), 199-211. https://doi.org/10.30786/jef.1636786
AMA Beydoğan GŞ. Validity and Reliability Study of Social Media Sensitivity Scale in Disaster. JEF. Temmuz 2025;(28):199-211. doi:10.30786/jef.1636786
Chicago Beydoğan, Gizem Şebnem. “Validity and Reliability Study of Social Media Sensitivity Scale in Disaster”. Journal of Education and Future, sy. 28 (Temmuz 2025): 199-211. https://doi.org/10.30786/jef.1636786.
EndNote Beydoğan GŞ (01 Temmuz 2025) Validity and Reliability Study of Social Media Sensitivity Scale in Disaster. Journal of Education and Future 28 199–211.
IEEE G. Ş. Beydoğan, “Validity and Reliability Study of Social Media Sensitivity Scale in Disaster”, JEF, sy. 28, ss. 199–211, Temmuz 2025, doi: 10.30786/jef.1636786.
ISNAD Beydoğan, Gizem Şebnem. “Validity and Reliability Study of Social Media Sensitivity Scale in Disaster”. Journal of Education and Future 28 (Temmuz 2025), 199-211. https://doi.org/10.30786/jef.1636786.
JAMA Beydoğan GŞ. Validity and Reliability Study of Social Media Sensitivity Scale in Disaster. JEF. 2025;:199–211.
MLA Beydoğan, Gizem Şebnem. “Validity and Reliability Study of Social Media Sensitivity Scale in Disaster”. Journal of Education and Future, sy. 28, 2025, ss. 199-11, doi:10.30786/jef.1636786.
Vancouver Beydoğan GŞ. Validity and Reliability Study of Social Media Sensitivity Scale in Disaster. JEF. 2025(28):199-211.
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