High-Efficiency AC-DC Converter Topologies for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations and Artificial Neural Network-Based Harmonic Distortion Estimation
Öz
The high charging times and range issues in electric vehicles are among the significant factors hindering their widespread adoption. The proliferation of charging stations in cities and along roads will effectively mitigate range issues, especially on long journeys. However, to increase the appeal of electric vehicles, it is necessary to shorten charging times and enhance energy efficiency. In this direction, the development of fast chargers not only enables quicker vehicle charging but also improves the efficiency of charging stations. In the literature, various fast charging station designs based on converter topologies aiming to improve efficiency have been examined to achieve these goals. One of the critical aspects for the efficient use of electric vehicles is controlling harmonic distortions and reactive power increases during charging processes. Drawing non-sinusoidal currents from the grid causes harmonic distortions and an increase in reactive power, thereby reducing power quality, leading to energy losses, and causing devices to operate inefficiently. Therefore, managing non-linear loads and limiting their effects is crucial in terms of Power Factor Correction (PFC). This paper examines AC-DC converter topologies used in electric vehicle charging stations, comparing traditional AC-DC converters with topologies that include PFC based on their advantages and disadvantages. The main goal of the study is to predict the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) value using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in a Totem-Pole PFC Boost topology. The developed ANN-based model can accurately predict the THD value, which is a step toward improving efficiency in PFC topologies, thereby contributing to the improvement of power quality. The model's performance was tested in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, yielding successful results. This study presents a contribution toward the goal of enhancing efficiency in power converters through an ANN-based modeling approach.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Power Factor Correction PFC Topologies Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) AC-DC Converters Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
Proje Numarası
1139B412304239
Kaynakça
- Balci, I., Bodur, H., & Gundogan, A. (2022). Investigation of Single-Phase Single-Stage Isolated Power Factor Correction Circuits. ELECO 2022 Electrical-Electronics and Biomedical Engineering Conference, Bursa, Turkey, 24-26 November 2022.
- Choi, W.Y., Kwon, J.M., Kim, E.H., Lee, J.J., & Kwon, B.H. (2007). Bridgeless Boost Rectifier With Low Conduction Losses and Reduced Diode Reverse-Recovery Problems. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 54(2), 769-780.
- Shuai, Z., Huang, W., Shen, C., Ge, J., & Shen, Z.J. (2017). Characteristics and Restraining Method of Fast Transient Inrush Fault Currents in Synchronverters. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 64(9), 7487-7497.
- Zobaa, A.F., & Abdel Aleem, S.H.E. (2014). A New Approach for Harmonic Distortion Minimization in Power Systems Supplying Nonlinear Loads. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 10(2), 1401-1412.
- Meng, F., Xu, X., & Gao, L. (2017). A Simple Harmonic Reduction Method in Multipulse Rectifier Using Passive Devices. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 13(5), 2680-2692.
- Guzman, J. I., Melin, P. E., Espinoza, J. R., Moran, L. A., Baier, C. R., Munoz, J. A., & Guinez, G. A. (2012). Digital implementation of selective harmonic elimination techniques in modular current source rectifiers. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 9(2), 1167-1177.
- Wen, H., Teng, Z., Wang, Y., & Hu, X. (2013). Spectral Correction Approach Based on Desirable Sidelobe Window for Harmonic Analysis of Industrial Power System. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 60(3), 1001-1010.
- Erickson, R.W., & Maksimovic, D. (2001). Fundamentals of Power Electronics. Kluwer Academic.
- Pan, C.T., & Chen, T.C. (1993). Modeling and Design of an AC to DC Converter. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 8(4), 501-508.
- Van Dijk, E., Spruijt, J.N., O'Sullivan, D.M., & Klaassens, J.B. (1995). PWM-Switch Modeling of DC-DC Converters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 10.
- Karamanakos, P., Liegmann, E., Geyer, T., & Kennel, R. (2020). Model Predictive Control of Power Electronic Systems: Methods, Results, and Challenges. IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications, 1, 95-114.
- Wang, H., Li, G., Ma, Z., & Li, X. (2012). Application of Neural Networks to Image Recognition of Plant Diseases. International Conference on Systems and Informatics (ICSAI2012), Yantai, China, 2159-2164.
- Wu, B., Han, S., Shin, K.G., & Lu, W. (2018). Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Design of Lithium-ion Batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 128-136.
- Simões, M.G., & Bose, B.K. (1996). Fuzzy Neural Network Based Estimation of Power Electronic Waveforms. Eletrônica de Potência, 1(1), 64-70.
- Manitsas, E., Singh, R., Pal, B.C., & Strbac, G. (2012). Distribution System State Estimation Using an Artificial Neural Network Approach for Pseudo Measurement Modeling. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 27(4), 1888-1896.
- Texas Instruments. (2024). 4-kW, Single-Phase Totem Pole PFC Reference Design With C2000 and GaN. Technical Document.
- Indalkar, S.S., & Sabnis, A. (2019). Comparison of AC-DC Converter Topologies Used for Battery Charging in Electric Vehicle. 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT), Kannur, India, 1624-1627.
- Musavi, F., Edington, M., Eberle, W., & Dunford, W.G. (2012). Evaluation and Efficiency Comparison of Front End AC-DC Plug-in Hybrid Charger Topologies. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 3(1), 413-421.
- Jimoh, B.A., & Roşu, Ş.G. (2023). Single-Phase AC-DC PFC Converters for EV Chargers: An Overview. 15th International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), Bucharest, Romania, 1-6.
- Ortiz-Castrillón, J.R., Mejía-Ruíz, G.E., Muñoz-Galeano, N., López-Lezama, J.M., & Saldarriaga-Zuluaga, S.D. (2021). PFC Single-Phase AC/DC Boost Converters: Bridge, Semi-Bridgeless, and Bridgeless Topologies. Applied Sciences, 11, 7651.
- Zhu, H., Hu, S., Fujishima, N., & Onishi, Y. (2021). Design Method of Totem-Pole PFC and CLLC Resonant Converter Based on SiC MOSFET. 6th International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy (ICPRE), Shanghai, China, 383-389.
- Yan, Z., Zhong, S., Lin, L., & Cui, Z. (2021). Adaptive Levenberg–Marquardt Algorithm: A New Optimization Strategy for Levenberg–Marquardt Neural Networks. Mathematics, 9, 2176.
- Zhao, L., & Otoo, C.O.A. (2019). Stability and Complexity of a Novel Three-Dimensional Environmental Quality Dynamic Evolution System. Complexity, 2019, 3941920.
Elektrikli Araç Şarj İstasyonları İçin Yüksek Verimli AA-DA Dönüştürücü Topolojileri ve Yapay Sinir Ağı Tabanlı Harmonik Bozunum Tahmini
Öz
Elektrikli araçlardaki yüksek şarj süreleri ve uzun menzil sorunları, elektrikli araç kullanımını istenilen seviyeye ulaştırmada engel oluşturmaktadır. Şehirlerde ve yollarda şarj istasyonlarının yaygınlaşması, özellikle uzun yolculuklarda yaşanan menzil sorunlarını azaltacaktır. Bunun yanı sıra elektrikli araç kullanımını daha düşük şarj süreleri ile desteklemek için hızlı şarj cihazlarının geliştirilmesi ve verimlerinin artırılması da kritik öneme sahiptir. Literatürde, şarj işleminin etkinliğini artırmayı amaçlayan hızlı şarj istasyonları için geliştirilmiş, farklı dönüştürücü topolojilerinin kullanıldığı çeşitli çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Bu makalede, öncelikle elektrikli araç şarj istasyonları için kullanılan AA-DA dönüştürücü topolojilerini incelenmiş, geleneksel AA-DA dönüştürücüler ve PFC (Power Factor Correction (Güç Faktörü Düzeltme)) içeren topolojilerin, avantajları, dezavantajları ve devre şemaları üzerinden karşılaştırılmıştır. Güç elektroniği devrelerinde daha hızlı ve daha düşük kayıplı olan Gallium Nitride (GaN) gibi yeni nesil yarı iletkenlerin şarj devresi verimliliğine katkıları ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca, makale Yapay Sinir Ağı (YSA) tabanlı bir model geliştirme sürecini tanıtılmış olup, bu modelin toplam harmonik bozunum (THD) tahminini nasıl gerçekleştirdiğini açıklanmıştır. Model ile elde edilen sonuçlar, MATLAB/Simulink ortamında gerçekleştirilmiş olan PFC şarj devresi üzerinde test edilmiş ve başarılı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Elektrikli araç şarj istasyonları Güç faktörü düzeltme PFC Topolojileri Toplam Harmonik Bozunum (THB) AA-DA Dönüştürücüler Yapay Sinir Ağı (YSA)
Destekleyen Kurum
TÜBİTAK
Proje Numarası
1139B412304239
Teşekkür
Bu akademik çalışma TÜBİTAK 2209-B - Üniversite Öğrencileri Sanayiye Yönelik Araştırma Projeleri Desteği Programı kapsamında desteklenmiştir. Ayrıca, makalemizin hazırlanmasında değerli zamanlarını ayırarak bilimsel titizlikle değerlendirme yapan saygıdeğer hakemlerimize en derin teşekkürlerimizi iletmek isteriz. Kıymetli yorumları, yapıcı eleştirileri ve önerileri ile çalışmamızın kalitesini ve bilimsel katkısını artırmamıza yardımcı oldular. Çalışmamızın alanımıza sağladığı katkılarda, onların rehberlik ve desteklerinin payı büyüktür. Teşekkür ederiz.
Kaynakça
- Balci, I., Bodur, H., & Gundogan, A. (2022). Investigation of Single-Phase Single-Stage Isolated Power Factor Correction Circuits. ELECO 2022 Electrical-Electronics and Biomedical Engineering Conference, Bursa, Turkey, 24-26 November 2022.
- Choi, W.Y., Kwon, J.M., Kim, E.H., Lee, J.J., & Kwon, B.H. (2007). Bridgeless Boost Rectifier With Low Conduction Losses and Reduced Diode Reverse-Recovery Problems. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 54(2), 769-780.
- Shuai, Z., Huang, W., Shen, C., Ge, J., & Shen, Z.J. (2017). Characteristics and Restraining Method of Fast Transient Inrush Fault Currents in Synchronverters. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 64(9), 7487-7497.
- Zobaa, A.F., & Abdel Aleem, S.H.E. (2014). A New Approach for Harmonic Distortion Minimization in Power Systems Supplying Nonlinear Loads. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 10(2), 1401-1412.
- Meng, F., Xu, X., & Gao, L. (2017). A Simple Harmonic Reduction Method in Multipulse Rectifier Using Passive Devices. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 13(5), 2680-2692.
- Guzman, J. I., Melin, P. E., Espinoza, J. R., Moran, L. A., Baier, C. R., Munoz, J. A., & Guinez, G. A. (2012). Digital implementation of selective harmonic elimination techniques in modular current source rectifiers. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 9(2), 1167-1177.
- Wen, H., Teng, Z., Wang, Y., & Hu, X. (2013). Spectral Correction Approach Based on Desirable Sidelobe Window for Harmonic Analysis of Industrial Power System. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 60(3), 1001-1010.
- Erickson, R.W., & Maksimovic, D. (2001). Fundamentals of Power Electronics. Kluwer Academic.
- Pan, C.T., & Chen, T.C. (1993). Modeling and Design of an AC to DC Converter. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 8(4), 501-508.
- Van Dijk, E., Spruijt, J.N., O'Sullivan, D.M., & Klaassens, J.B. (1995). PWM-Switch Modeling of DC-DC Converters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 10.
- Karamanakos, P., Liegmann, E., Geyer, T., & Kennel, R. (2020). Model Predictive Control of Power Electronic Systems: Methods, Results, and Challenges. IEEE Open Journal of Industry Applications, 1, 95-114.
- Wang, H., Li, G., Ma, Z., & Li, X. (2012). Application of Neural Networks to Image Recognition of Plant Diseases. International Conference on Systems and Informatics (ICSAI2012), Yantai, China, 2159-2164.
- Wu, B., Han, S., Shin, K.G., & Lu, W. (2018). Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Design of Lithium-ion Batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 128-136.
- Simões, M.G., & Bose, B.K. (1996). Fuzzy Neural Network Based Estimation of Power Electronic Waveforms. Eletrônica de Potência, 1(1), 64-70.
- Manitsas, E., Singh, R., Pal, B.C., & Strbac, G. (2012). Distribution System State Estimation Using an Artificial Neural Network Approach for Pseudo Measurement Modeling. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 27(4), 1888-1896.
- Texas Instruments. (2024). 4-kW, Single-Phase Totem Pole PFC Reference Design With C2000 and GaN. Technical Document.
- Indalkar, S.S., & Sabnis, A. (2019). Comparison of AC-DC Converter Topologies Used for Battery Charging in Electric Vehicle. 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT), Kannur, India, 1624-1627.
- Musavi, F., Edington, M., Eberle, W., & Dunford, W.G. (2012). Evaluation and Efficiency Comparison of Front End AC-DC Plug-in Hybrid Charger Topologies. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 3(1), 413-421.
- Jimoh, B.A., & Roşu, Ş.G. (2023). Single-Phase AC-DC PFC Converters for EV Chargers: An Overview. 15th International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence (ECAI), Bucharest, Romania, 1-6.
- Ortiz-Castrillón, J.R., Mejía-Ruíz, G.E., Muñoz-Galeano, N., López-Lezama, J.M., & Saldarriaga-Zuluaga, S.D. (2021). PFC Single-Phase AC/DC Boost Converters: Bridge, Semi-Bridgeless, and Bridgeless Topologies. Applied Sciences, 11, 7651.
- Zhu, H., Hu, S., Fujishima, N., & Onishi, Y. (2021). Design Method of Totem-Pole PFC and CLLC Resonant Converter Based on SiC MOSFET. 6th International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy (ICPRE), Shanghai, China, 383-389.
- Yan, Z., Zhong, S., Lin, L., & Cui, Z. (2021). Adaptive Levenberg–Marquardt Algorithm: A New Optimization Strategy for Levenberg–Marquardt Neural Networks. Mathematics, 9, 2176.
- Zhao, L., & Otoo, C.O.A. (2019). Stability and Complexity of a Novel Three-Dimensional Environmental Quality Dynamic Evolution System. Complexity, 2019, 3941920.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Derin Öğrenme, Elektrik Mühendisliği (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | 1139B412304239 |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 16 Haziran 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 25 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 5 Ekim 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 28 Mart 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 37 Sayı: 2 |
