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Beden Algı Bozukluğunun Bir Örneği: Kas Dismorfisi ve Beslenme İlişkisi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 62 - 71, 29.04.2025

Rabia Melda Karaağaç , Gülgün Ersoy

https://doi.org/10.71416/jhss.1585090

Öz

Kas dismorfisi; kişilerin kendilerini çok küçük vücut cüssesine sahip olarak görmeleri ile karakterize, sürekli kaslı olmaya yönelik yoğun çaba sarf ettikleri bir beden algı bozukluğu olarak tanımlanır. Kas dismorfisi olan kişilerin genel olarak protein ağırlıklı beslendikleri, spor salonlarında çok fazla vakit harcadıkları ve anabolik steroidler kullandıkları gözlemlenmiştir. Bu durumun ilerleyen dönemlerde kişide psikolojik açıdan birçok soruna neden olabileceği belirtilmektedir. Kas dismorfisi yaygın olarak erkeklerde, sporcularda ve üniversite öğrencilerinde görülmektedir. Etiyolojisi incelendiğinde kişide vücut memnuniyetsizliği duygusu ön plandadır. Kas dismorfisinin tedavisinde, psikoterapi ve farmakoterapi ile birlikte beslenme tedavisinin de önemi vurgulanmıştır. Önleme stratejilerine bakıldığında, erken teşhis ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, beden algısı bozukluğu olarak bilinen kas dismorfisini güncel literatür bilgileri ışığında tartışmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Beden algı bozukluğu Kas dismorfisi Beslenme

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5 (R) (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association
  • Badenes-Ribera, L., Rubio-Aparicio, M., Sánchez-Meca, J., Fabris, M. A., & Longobardi, C. (2019). The association between muscle dysmorphia and eating disorder symptomatology: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(3), 351–371. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.8.2019.44
  • Baird, A. L., & Grieve, F. G. (2006). Exposure to male models in advertisements leads to a decrease in men’s body image. North American Journal of Psychology, 8, 1–6.
  • Baum A. (2006). Eating disorders in the male athlete. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 36(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200636010-00001
  • Bo, S., Zoccali, R., Ponzo, V., Soldati, L., De Carli, L., Benso, A., Fea, E., Rainoldi, A., Durazzo, M., Fassino, S., & Abbate-Daga, G. (2014). University courses, eating problems and muscle dysmorphia: are there any associations? Journal of Translational Medicine, 12, 221. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-014-0221-2
  • Brown, T.A., & Keel, P.K. (2023). Eating disorders in boys and men. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 19, 177–205. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080921-074125
  • Castle, D., Beilharz, F., Phillips, K. A., Brakoulias, V., Drummond, L. M., Hollander, E., Ioannidis, K., Pallanti, S., Chamberlain, S. R., Rossell, S. L., Veale, D., Wilhelm, S., Van Ameringen, M., Dell'Osso, B., Menchon, J. M., & Fineberg, N. A. (2021). Body dysmorphic disorder: a treatment synthesis and consensus on behalf of the International College of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders and the Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders Network of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 36(2), 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1097/YIC.0000000000000342
  • Chandler, C. G., Grieve, F. G., Derryberry, W. P., & Pegg, P. O. (2009). Are anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms related to muscle dysmorphia? International Journal of Men's Health, 8(2), 143–154.
  • Choi, P. Y., Pope, H. G., Jr, & Olivardia, R. (2002). Muscle dysmorphia: a new syndrome in weightlifters. British journal of sports medicine, 36(5), 375–377. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.36.5.375
  • Crocker, J. (2002). The costs of seeking self-esteem. The Journal of Social Issues, 58(3), 597–615. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00279
  • Devrim, A. ve Bilgiç, P. (2018). Bigoreksiya: Vücut dismorfik bozukluğu mu, yeme bozukluğu mu? Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 27 (1), 64-69.
  • Devrim, A., Bilgic, P., & Hongu, N. (2018). Is there any relationship between body image perception, eating disorders, and muscle dysmorphic disorders in male bodybuilders? American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(5), 1746–1758. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318786868
  • Edwards, S., & Launder, C. (2000). Investigating muscularity concerns in male body image: development of the Swansea Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28(1), 120–124. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(200007)28:1<120::aid-eat15>3.0.co;2-h
  • Ersoy, G. & Eskici, G. (2021). Spor beslenmesi pratik uygulamalar. 320-322, Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevi.
  • Fabris, M. A., Longobardi, C., Prino, L. E., & Settanni, M. (2018). Attachment style and risk of muscle dysmorphia in a sample of male bodybuilders. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 19(2), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000096
  • Food and Nutrition Board. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. (2005). Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrates, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids (macronutrients). The National Academies Press.
  • Furnham, A., & Calnan, A. (1998). Eating disturbance, self‐esteem, reasons for exercising and body weight dissatisfaction in adolescent males. European Eating Disorders Review: The Journal of the Eating Disorders Association, 6(1), 58–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0968(199803)6:1<58::aid-erv184>3.3.co;2-m
  • Grieve, F. G. (2007). A conceptual model of factors contributing to the development of muscle dysmorphia. Eating Disorders, 15(1), 63–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640260601044535
  • Grieve, F. G., Truba, N., & Bowersox, S. (2009). Etiology, assessment, and treatment of muscle dysmorphia. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(4), 306–314. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.23.4.306
  • Kuennen, M. R. (2007). Relationships between specific personality traits, fat free mass indices, and muscle dysmorphia inventory. Journal of Sport Behavior, 1, 453–470.
  • Malik, F., Ahmed, J., Nasim, S., Ali, A., & Khan, A. R. (2021). Body dysmorphic disorder: A comprehensive review. Turkish Medical Student Journal, 8(1), 2–7. https://doi.org/10.4274/tmsj.galenos.2021.08.01.02
  • Mitchison, D., Mond, J., Griffiths, S., Hay, P., Nagata, J. M., Bussey, K., Trompeter, N., Lonergan, A., & Murray, S. B. (2022). Prevalence of muscle dysmorphia in adolescents: findings from the EveryBODY study. Psychological Medicine, 52(14), 3142–3149. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720005206
  • Mosley, P. E. (2009). Bigorexia: bodybuilding and muscle dysmorphia. European Eating Disorders Review: The Journal of the Eating Disorders Association, 17(3), 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.897
  • Olivardia, R. (2001). Mirror, mirror on the wall, who’s the largest of them all? The features and phenomenology of muscle dysmorphia. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 9(5), 254–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/10673220127900
  • Olivardia, R. (2007). The muscular ideal: Psychological, social, and medical perspectives (J. K. Thompson & G. Cafri, Eds.). American Psychological Association.
  • Pope, H. G. Jr, Katz, D. L. Hudson, J. I. (1993). Anorexia nervosa and “reverse anorexia” among 108 male bodybuilders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34(6), 406–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-440x(93)90066-d
  • Pope, H.G., Jr, Gruber, A. J., Choi, P., Olivardia, R., Phillips, K. A. (1997). Muscle dysmorphia. An underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics, 38(6), 548–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(97)71400-2
  • Raj, R., Arashpreet, A., Devedi, D., Pantho, S., Bara, P., & Agnihotri, B. K. (2022). Body dysmorphia and social media impact. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S3), 3725–3735.
  • Sanchez-Castro, A. E., Cook-del Águila, L., Yacila Huaman, G. A., Tejada Caminiti, R. A., Reyes Bossio, M. A., & Mayta-Tristán, P. (2021). Prevalence of muscle dysmorphia symptomatology and related factors in male university students / Prevalencia de sintomatología de dismorfia muscular y factores asociados en estudiantes universitarios varones. Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios [Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders], 10(2), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.22201/fesi.20071523e.2019.2.558
  • Sandgren, S.S., Lavallee, D. (2018). Muscle dysmorphia research neglects DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 23(3), 211–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2018.1428484
  • Specter, S. E., & Wiss, D. A. (2014). Muscle dysmorphia: Where body image obsession, compulsive exercise, disordered eating, and substance abuse intersect in susceptible males. In Eating Disorders, Addictions and Substance Use Disorders (pp. 439–457). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  • Strobel, C., Kolbeck, D., Mayer, I., Perras, M., & Wunderer, E. (2020). Muscle dysmorphia: the compulsive pursuit of a muscular body. Characteristics, prevalence, causes, treatment, prevention and nutritional implications. Ernahraungs Umschau, 67(12), 214–221.
  • Tager, D., Good, G., & Morrison, J. (2004). Our bodies, ourselves revisited: Male body image and psychological well-being. International Journal of Men’s Health, 5(3), 228–237. https://doi.org/10.3149/jmh.0503.228

An Example Of Body Perception Disorder: The Relationship of Muscle Dysmorphia and Nutrition

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 62 - 71, 29.04.2025

Rabia Melda Karaağaç , Gülgün Ersoy

https://doi.org/10.71416/jhss.1585090

Öz

Muscle dysmorphia is defined as a body perception disorder characterized by individuals seeing themselves as very small and making intense efforts to be muscular all the time. It is observed that individuals with muscle dysmorphia generally eat protein-based diets, spend a lot of time in gyms and use anabolic steroids. It is stated that this situation causes many psychological problems in the individual in the future. Muscle dysmorphia is commonly seen in men, athletes and university students. When the etiology is examined, it is stated that the feeling of body dissatisfaction is at the forefront. In the treatment of muscle dysmorphia, the importance of nutrition therapy is emphasized along with psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Considering the prevention strategies, early diagnosis comes to the fore. The purpose of this review; To discuss muscle dysmorphia, known as body image disorder, in the light of current literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Body perception disorder Muscle dysmorphia Nutrition

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5 (R) (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association
  • Badenes-Ribera, L., Rubio-Aparicio, M., Sánchez-Meca, J., Fabris, M. A., & Longobardi, C. (2019). The association between muscle dysmorphia and eating disorder symptomatology: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(3), 351–371. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.8.2019.44
  • Baird, A. L., & Grieve, F. G. (2006). Exposure to male models in advertisements leads to a decrease in men’s body image. North American Journal of Psychology, 8, 1–6.
  • Baum A. (2006). Eating disorders in the male athlete. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 36(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200636010-00001
  • Bo, S., Zoccali, R., Ponzo, V., Soldati, L., De Carli, L., Benso, A., Fea, E., Rainoldi, A., Durazzo, M., Fassino, S., & Abbate-Daga, G. (2014). University courses, eating problems and muscle dysmorphia: are there any associations? Journal of Translational Medicine, 12, 221. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-014-0221-2
  • Brown, T.A., & Keel, P.K. (2023). Eating disorders in boys and men. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 19, 177–205. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-080921-074125
  • Castle, D., Beilharz, F., Phillips, K. A., Brakoulias, V., Drummond, L. M., Hollander, E., Ioannidis, K., Pallanti, S., Chamberlain, S. R., Rossell, S. L., Veale, D., Wilhelm, S., Van Ameringen, M., Dell'Osso, B., Menchon, J. M., & Fineberg, N. A. (2021). Body dysmorphic disorder: a treatment synthesis and consensus on behalf of the International College of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders and the Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders Network of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 36(2), 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1097/YIC.0000000000000342
  • Chandler, C. G., Grieve, F. G., Derryberry, W. P., & Pegg, P. O. (2009). Are anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms related to muscle dysmorphia? International Journal of Men's Health, 8(2), 143–154.
  • Choi, P. Y., Pope, H. G., Jr, & Olivardia, R. (2002). Muscle dysmorphia: a new syndrome in weightlifters. British journal of sports medicine, 36(5), 375–377. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.36.5.375
  • Crocker, J. (2002). The costs of seeking self-esteem. The Journal of Social Issues, 58(3), 597–615. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00279
  • Devrim, A. ve Bilgiç, P. (2018). Bigoreksiya: Vücut dismorfik bozukluğu mu, yeme bozukluğu mu? Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 27 (1), 64-69.
  • Devrim, A., Bilgic, P., & Hongu, N. (2018). Is there any relationship between body image perception, eating disorders, and muscle dysmorphic disorders in male bodybuilders? American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(5), 1746–1758. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318786868
  • Edwards, S., & Launder, C. (2000). Investigating muscularity concerns in male body image: development of the Swansea Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28(1), 120–124. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(200007)28:1<120::aid-eat15>3.0.co;2-h
  • Ersoy, G. & Eskici, G. (2021). Spor beslenmesi pratik uygulamalar. 320-322, Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevi.
  • Fabris, M. A., Longobardi, C., Prino, L. E., & Settanni, M. (2018). Attachment style and risk of muscle dysmorphia in a sample of male bodybuilders. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 19(2), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000096
  • Food and Nutrition Board. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. (2005). Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrates, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids (macronutrients). The National Academies Press.
  • Furnham, A., & Calnan, A. (1998). Eating disturbance, self‐esteem, reasons for exercising and body weight dissatisfaction in adolescent males. European Eating Disorders Review: The Journal of the Eating Disorders Association, 6(1), 58–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0968(199803)6:1<58::aid-erv184>3.3.co;2-m
  • Grieve, F. G. (2007). A conceptual model of factors contributing to the development of muscle dysmorphia. Eating Disorders, 15(1), 63–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640260601044535
  • Grieve, F. G., Truba, N., & Bowersox, S. (2009). Etiology, assessment, and treatment of muscle dysmorphia. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(4), 306–314. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.23.4.306
  • Kuennen, M. R. (2007). Relationships between specific personality traits, fat free mass indices, and muscle dysmorphia inventory. Journal of Sport Behavior, 1, 453–470.
  • Malik, F., Ahmed, J., Nasim, S., Ali, A., & Khan, A. R. (2021). Body dysmorphic disorder: A comprehensive review. Turkish Medical Student Journal, 8(1), 2–7. https://doi.org/10.4274/tmsj.galenos.2021.08.01.02
  • Mitchison, D., Mond, J., Griffiths, S., Hay, P., Nagata, J. M., Bussey, K., Trompeter, N., Lonergan, A., & Murray, S. B. (2022). Prevalence of muscle dysmorphia in adolescents: findings from the EveryBODY study. Psychological Medicine, 52(14), 3142–3149. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720005206
  • Mosley, P. E. (2009). Bigorexia: bodybuilding and muscle dysmorphia. European Eating Disorders Review: The Journal of the Eating Disorders Association, 17(3), 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.897
  • Olivardia, R. (2001). Mirror, mirror on the wall, who’s the largest of them all? The features and phenomenology of muscle dysmorphia. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 9(5), 254–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/10673220127900
  • Olivardia, R. (2007). The muscular ideal: Psychological, social, and medical perspectives (J. K. Thompson & G. Cafri, Eds.). American Psychological Association.
  • Pope, H. G. Jr, Katz, D. L. Hudson, J. I. (1993). Anorexia nervosa and “reverse anorexia” among 108 male bodybuilders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34(6), 406–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-440x(93)90066-d
  • Pope, H.G., Jr, Gruber, A. J., Choi, P., Olivardia, R., Phillips, K. A. (1997). Muscle dysmorphia. An underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics, 38(6), 548–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(97)71400-2
  • Raj, R., Arashpreet, A., Devedi, D., Pantho, S., Bara, P., & Agnihotri, B. K. (2022). Body dysmorphia and social media impact. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S3), 3725–3735.
  • Sanchez-Castro, A. E., Cook-del Águila, L., Yacila Huaman, G. A., Tejada Caminiti, R. A., Reyes Bossio, M. A., & Mayta-Tristán, P. (2021). Prevalence of muscle dysmorphia symptomatology and related factors in male university students / Prevalencia de sintomatología de dismorfia muscular y factores asociados en estudiantes universitarios varones. Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios [Mexican Journal of Eating Disorders], 10(2), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.22201/fesi.20071523e.2019.2.558
  • Sandgren, S.S., Lavallee, D. (2018). Muscle dysmorphia research neglects DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 23(3), 211–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2018.1428484
  • Specter, S. E., & Wiss, D. A. (2014). Muscle dysmorphia: Where body image obsession, compulsive exercise, disordered eating, and substance abuse intersect in susceptible males. In Eating Disorders, Addictions and Substance Use Disorders (pp. 439–457). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  • Strobel, C., Kolbeck, D., Mayer, I., Perras, M., & Wunderer, E. (2020). Muscle dysmorphia: the compulsive pursuit of a muscular body. Characteristics, prevalence, causes, treatment, prevention and nutritional implications. Ernahraungs Umschau, 67(12), 214–221.
  • Tager, D., Good, G., & Morrison, J. (2004). Our bodies, ourselves revisited: Male body image and psychological well-being. International Journal of Men’s Health, 5(3), 228–237. https://doi.org/10.3149/jmh.0503.228
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Spor ve Beslenme
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Rabia Melda Karaağaç 0000-0003-2022-2404

Gülgün Ersoy 0000-0001-8345-5489

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Nisan 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi 12 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Karaağaç, R. M., & Ersoy, G. (2025). Beden Algı Bozukluğunun Bir Örneği: Kas Dismorfisi ve Beslenme İlişkisi. Sağlık Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 62-71. https://doi.org/10.71416/jhss.1585090
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