Araştırma Makalesi
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Ummah as an Imagined Community: How Islamic State Built a Nation?

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 492 - 514, 15.04.2025

Muhammet Emin Çifçi

https://doi.org/10.18094/josc.1584258

Öz

IS (Islamic State), which rose to the top of the global agenda with the capture of Mosul in 2014, maintained this position for a long time. The organisation's communication strategy and pragmatic policies were effective in its rapid rise in a short period of time. Foreign fighters from all over the world flocked to Iraq and Syria to join IS, which took over the leadership of the "Global Jihad" with its propaganda activities. After the declaration of the "caliphate", the organisation focused on the goal of statehood and had to create a nation out of its members with different languages, cultures and ethnic identities. In this context, the study focuses on the discourse of “ummah” in Konstantiniyye, a Turkish-language publication of IS. In this study, which employs Foucauldian Discourse Analysis, all occurrences of the word "ummah" in the issues of Konstantiniyye magazine were scanned. Direct quotations from religious texts such as the Qur'an and Hadith, as well as usages that do not involve a discursive construction, were excluded from the analysis. According to the findings of the study, IS constructed the "ummah" in two ways: a community limited to its own members and sympathizers, and a military unit fighting together against the enemy. By doing so, the organisation has created, albeit temporarily, a nation out of a mass that cannot be united on the basis of language, ethnic identity or culture; it has positioned itself as the protector of Islam; it has united and motivated its members, who have the potential to conflict with each other, against a common enemy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Islamic State propaganda ummah imagined communities nation building

Kaynakça

  • Acun, C. (2014). Neo el-Kaide: Irak ve Şam İslam Devleti (IŞİD). SETA Perspektif, 53.
  • Al-’Ubaydi, M., Lahoud, N., Milton, D., & Price, B. (2014). The group that calls itself a state: Understanding the evolution and challenges of the Islamic State. Combating Terrorism Centre at West Point.
  • Al-Hashimi, H. (2020). ISIS 2020: New structures and leaders in Iraq revealed. https://cgpolicy.org/articles/isis-2020-new-structures-and-leaders-in-iraq-revealed/ Date accessed: 28.06.2022
  • Al-Tamimi, A. J. (2014). The dawn of the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham. Current Trends in Islamic Ideology, (16), 5–15.
  • Anderson, B. (1995). Hayali cemaatler: Milliyetçiliğini kökenleri ve yayılması. Metis.
  • Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. Verso.
  • Arkonaç, S. A. (2017). Psikolojide söz ve anlam analizi: Niteliksel duruş. Hiperlink.
  • Atwan, A. B. (2015). Islamic State: The digital Caliphate. University of California Press.
  • Awan, I. (2017). Cyber-extremism: ISIS and the power of social media. Society, (54), 138–149.
  • Ayhan, B., & Çifçi, M. E. (2018). IŞİD, propaganda ve İslamofobi. Medya ve Din Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 17-32.
  • Benmelech, E., & Klor, E. F. (2020). What explains the flow of foreign fighters to ISIS? Terrorism and Political Violence, 32(7), 1458-1481. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1482214
  • Budds, K., Locke, A., & Burr, V. (2017). Using discourse analysis in social psychology. In J. Brooks & N. King (Eds.), Applied qualitative research in psychology. Palgrave Macmillan. https://bradscholars.brad.ac.uk/entities/publication/2f369ab7-fdae-4874-ba6f-1801a749534d Date accessed: 20.03.2025
  • Burch, M., & Pizzi, E. (2022). Strategic targeting: The Islamic State and use of violence in Iraq and Syria. Terrorism and Political Violence, 34(6), 1162–1184.
  • Byman, D. (2016). Understanding the Islamic State- A review essay. International Security, 40(4), 127–165.
  • Courty, A., Rane, H., & Ubayasiri, K. (2019). Blood and ink: The relationship between Islamic State propaganda and Western media. Journal of International Communication, 25(1), 69–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/13216597.2018.1544162
  • Demir Güneş, C. (2013). Michel Foucault’da söylem ve iktidar. Kaygı Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, (21), 55–69.
  • Farwell, J. P. (2014). The media strategy of ISIS. Survival, 56(6), 49–55.
  • Gartenstein-Ross, D., Barr, N., & Moreng, B. (2016). The Islamic State’s global propaganda strategy. The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague 7, no. 1.
  • Gellner, E. (1983). Nations and nationalism. Basil Blackwell.
  • Gerges, F. A. (2014). ISIS and the third wave of jihadism. Current History, 113(767), 339–343.
  • Gürler, R. T., & Özdemir, Ö. B. (2014). IŞİD: Irak’ta yerli Suriye’de yabancı. Ortadoğu Analiz, 6(63), 58–61.
  • Hashim, A. S. (2014). The Islamic State: From al-Qaeda affiliate to caliphate. Middle East Policy, 21(4), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12096
  • ISIS declares “caliphate.” (2014). https://www.dw.com/en/isis-declares-leader-al-baghdadi-caliph-of-the-muslims-changes-name/a-17745538 Date accessed: 13.01.2024
  • Karaduman, S. (2017). Eleştirel söylem çözümlemesinin eleştirel haber araştırmalarına katkısı ve sunduğu perspektif. Maltepe Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 31–46.
  • Karklis, L., & Meko, T. (2017). The rise and fall of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/world/rise-and-fall-of-isis/ Date accessed: 22.01.2024
  • Konstantiniyye (2015a). Issue: 1.
  • Konstantiniyye (2015b). Issue: 2.
  • Konstantiniyye (2016a). Issue: 5.
  • Konstantiniyye (2016b). Issue: 7.
  • Laub, Z. (2016). The Islamic State. Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Liang, C. S. (2015). Cyber jihad: Understanding and countering Islamic State propaganda. GCSP Policy Paper, 2(4).
  • Lister, C. (2014). Profiling the Islamic State. Brookings Doha Center.
  • Munoz, M. (2018). Selling the long war: Islamic State propaganda after the caliphate. CTC Sentinel, 11(10), 31–36.
  • Novenario, C. M. I. (2016). Differentiating al Qaeda and the Islamic state through strategies publicized in Jihadist magazines. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 39(11), 953–967.
  • Özdemir, Ö. B. (2019). Irak’ta IŞİD’in ayağa kalkma çabaları: Deği̇şen usul ve deği̇şmeyen Irak. Ortadoğu Analiz, 10(86), 48–51.
  • Şenol, D., Erdem, S., & Erdem, E. (2016). IŞİD terör örgütünün iletişim ve propaganda teknikleri. 2. Uluslararası Ortadoğu Sempozyumu, 191–202.
  • Türkdoğan, O., & Gökçe, O. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemi. Çizgi.
  • Türkoğlu, E. (2017). Küresel bir terör örgütü olarak IŞİD’in dijital dergi kullanımı: Konstantiniyye üzerine bir inceleme. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5(1), 162–180.
  • Wallerstein, I. (1987). The construction of peoplehood: Racism, nationalism, ethnicity. Sociological Forum, 2(2), 373–388.
  • Williams, L. (2016). Islamic State propaganda and the mainstream media. Lowy Institute for International Policy.
  • Willig, C. (1999). Introduction: making a difference. In C. Willig (Ed.), Applied discourse analysis: Social and psychological interventions (pp. 1-21) Open University Press.
  • Willig, C. (2013). Introducing qualitative research in psychology. Open University Press.
  • Winter, C. (2015). Documenting the virtual ‘caliphate’. Quilliam Foundation.
  • Winter, C. (2018). Apocalypse, later: A longitudinal study of the Islamic State brand. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 35(1), 103–121.
  • Zelin, A. Y. (2014). The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for supremacy of the global jihadist movement. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/war-between-isis-and-al-qaeda-supremacy-global-jihadist-movement Date accessed: 05.02.2024
  • Zelin, A. Y. (2015). Picture or it didn’t happen : A snapshot of the Islamic State’s official media output. Perspectives on Terrorism, 9(4), 85–97.

Hayali Bir Cemaat Olarak Ümmet: IŞİD Nasıl Ulus İnşa Etti?

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 492 - 514, 15.04.2025

Muhammet Emin Çifçi

https://doi.org/10.18094/josc.1584258

Öz

2014 yılında Musul’u ele geçirerek dünya gündeminin zirvesine oturan IŞİD (Irak Şam İslam Devleti), uzunca bir süre bu konumunu korumuştur. Örgütün kısa sürede hızla yükselişinde izlediği pragmatist siyaset kadar yürüttüğü iletişim stratejisi de etkili olmuştur. Yürüttüğü propaganda faaliyetleriyle “küresel cihat”ın liderliğini ele geçiren IŞİD’e katılmak için dünyanın dört bir yanından yabancı savaşçı Irak ve Suriye’ye akın etmiştir. Hilafet ilanı sonrası devletleşme hedefine giderek daha fazla odaklanan örgüt için farklı dil, kültür ve etnik kimliklere sahip üyelerinden ortak bir ulus yaratma zorunluluğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma IŞİD’e ait Türkçe bir yayın olan Konstantiniyye dergisindeki “ümmet” söylemine odaklanmaktadır. Foucaultcu söylem analizinin kullanıldığı bu çalışmada Konstantiniyye dergisinin tüm sayılarındaki “ümmet” kelimeleri taranmış, ayet ve hadis gibi doğrudan alıntılar ve söylemsel bir inşa içermeyen kullanımlar analizin dışında bırakılmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen bulgulara göre IŞİD, incelenen metinlerde “ümmet”i kendi üye ve sempatizanlarıyla sınırlı bir topluluk ve düşmana karşı birlikte mücadele eden askeri bir birlik olmak üzere iki biçimde inşa etmiştir. “Ümmet”in bu şekilde inşa edilmesiyle örgüt, bir dil, etnik kimlik yahut kültür üzerinden birleştirilmesi mümkün olmayan bir kitleden geçici de olsa bir ulus meydana getirmiş, kendisini İslam’ın koruyucusu pozisyonuna yerleştirmiş, birbiriyle çatışma potansiyeli barındıran üyelerini ortak bir düşmana karşı birleştirmiş ve onları motive etmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

IŞİD propaganda ümmet hayali cemaatler ulus inşası

Kaynakça

  • Acun, C. (2014). Neo el-Kaide: Irak ve Şam İslam Devleti (IŞİD). SETA Perspektif, 53.
  • Al-’Ubaydi, M., Lahoud, N., Milton, D., & Price, B. (2014). The group that calls itself a state: Understanding the evolution and challenges of the Islamic State. Combating Terrorism Centre at West Point.
  • Al-Hashimi, H. (2020). ISIS 2020: New structures and leaders in Iraq revealed. https://cgpolicy.org/articles/isis-2020-new-structures-and-leaders-in-iraq-revealed/ Date accessed: 28.06.2022
  • Al-Tamimi, A. J. (2014). The dawn of the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham. Current Trends in Islamic Ideology, (16), 5–15.
  • Anderson, B. (1995). Hayali cemaatler: Milliyetçiliğini kökenleri ve yayılması. Metis.
  • Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. Verso.
  • Arkonaç, S. A. (2017). Psikolojide söz ve anlam analizi: Niteliksel duruş. Hiperlink.
  • Atwan, A. B. (2015). Islamic State: The digital Caliphate. University of California Press.
  • Awan, I. (2017). Cyber-extremism: ISIS and the power of social media. Society, (54), 138–149.
  • Ayhan, B., & Çifçi, M. E. (2018). IŞİD, propaganda ve İslamofobi. Medya ve Din Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 17-32.
  • Benmelech, E., & Klor, E. F. (2020). What explains the flow of foreign fighters to ISIS? Terrorism and Political Violence, 32(7), 1458-1481. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1482214
  • Budds, K., Locke, A., & Burr, V. (2017). Using discourse analysis in social psychology. In J. Brooks & N. King (Eds.), Applied qualitative research in psychology. Palgrave Macmillan. https://bradscholars.brad.ac.uk/entities/publication/2f369ab7-fdae-4874-ba6f-1801a749534d Date accessed: 20.03.2025
  • Burch, M., & Pizzi, E. (2022). Strategic targeting: The Islamic State and use of violence in Iraq and Syria. Terrorism and Political Violence, 34(6), 1162–1184.
  • Byman, D. (2016). Understanding the Islamic State- A review essay. International Security, 40(4), 127–165.
  • Courty, A., Rane, H., & Ubayasiri, K. (2019). Blood and ink: The relationship between Islamic State propaganda and Western media. Journal of International Communication, 25(1), 69–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/13216597.2018.1544162
  • Demir Güneş, C. (2013). Michel Foucault’da söylem ve iktidar. Kaygı Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, (21), 55–69.
  • Farwell, J. P. (2014). The media strategy of ISIS. Survival, 56(6), 49–55.
  • Gartenstein-Ross, D., Barr, N., & Moreng, B. (2016). The Islamic State’s global propaganda strategy. The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague 7, no. 1.
  • Gellner, E. (1983). Nations and nationalism. Basil Blackwell.
  • Gerges, F. A. (2014). ISIS and the third wave of jihadism. Current History, 113(767), 339–343.
  • Gürler, R. T., & Özdemir, Ö. B. (2014). IŞİD: Irak’ta yerli Suriye’de yabancı. Ortadoğu Analiz, 6(63), 58–61.
  • Hashim, A. S. (2014). The Islamic State: From al-Qaeda affiliate to caliphate. Middle East Policy, 21(4), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12096
  • ISIS declares “caliphate.” (2014). https://www.dw.com/en/isis-declares-leader-al-baghdadi-caliph-of-the-muslims-changes-name/a-17745538 Date accessed: 13.01.2024
  • Karaduman, S. (2017). Eleştirel söylem çözümlemesinin eleştirel haber araştırmalarına katkısı ve sunduğu perspektif. Maltepe Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 31–46.
  • Karklis, L., & Meko, T. (2017). The rise and fall of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/world/rise-and-fall-of-isis/ Date accessed: 22.01.2024
  • Konstantiniyye (2015a). Issue: 1.
  • Konstantiniyye (2015b). Issue: 2.
  • Konstantiniyye (2016a). Issue: 5.
  • Konstantiniyye (2016b). Issue: 7.
  • Laub, Z. (2016). The Islamic State. Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Liang, C. S. (2015). Cyber jihad: Understanding and countering Islamic State propaganda. GCSP Policy Paper, 2(4).
  • Lister, C. (2014). Profiling the Islamic State. Brookings Doha Center.
  • Munoz, M. (2018). Selling the long war: Islamic State propaganda after the caliphate. CTC Sentinel, 11(10), 31–36.
  • Novenario, C. M. I. (2016). Differentiating al Qaeda and the Islamic state through strategies publicized in Jihadist magazines. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 39(11), 953–967.
  • Özdemir, Ö. B. (2019). Irak’ta IŞİD’in ayağa kalkma çabaları: Deği̇şen usul ve deği̇şmeyen Irak. Ortadoğu Analiz, 10(86), 48–51.
  • Şenol, D., Erdem, S., & Erdem, E. (2016). IŞİD terör örgütünün iletişim ve propaganda teknikleri. 2. Uluslararası Ortadoğu Sempozyumu, 191–202.
  • Türkdoğan, O., & Gökçe, O. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemi. Çizgi.
  • Türkoğlu, E. (2017). Küresel bir terör örgütü olarak IŞİD’in dijital dergi kullanımı: Konstantiniyye üzerine bir inceleme. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5(1), 162–180.
  • Wallerstein, I. (1987). The construction of peoplehood: Racism, nationalism, ethnicity. Sociological Forum, 2(2), 373–388.
  • Williams, L. (2016). Islamic State propaganda and the mainstream media. Lowy Institute for International Policy.
  • Willig, C. (1999). Introduction: making a difference. In C. Willig (Ed.), Applied discourse analysis: Social and psychological interventions (pp. 1-21) Open University Press.
  • Willig, C. (2013). Introducing qualitative research in psychology. Open University Press.
  • Winter, C. (2015). Documenting the virtual ‘caliphate’. Quilliam Foundation.
  • Winter, C. (2018). Apocalypse, later: A longitudinal study of the Islamic State brand. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 35(1), 103–121.
  • Zelin, A. Y. (2014). The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for supremacy of the global jihadist movement. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/war-between-isis-and-al-qaeda-supremacy-global-jihadist-movement Date accessed: 05.02.2024
  • Zelin, A. Y. (2015). Picture or it didn’t happen : A snapshot of the Islamic State’s official media output. Perspectives on Terrorism, 9(4), 85–97.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Muhammet Emin Çifçi 0000-0003-2696-2569

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Nisan 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi 11 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çifçi, M. E. (2025). Ummah as an Imagined Community: How Islamic State Built a Nation?. Selçuk İletişim, 18(1), 492-514. https://doi.org/10.18094/josc.1584258
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