Screening of Primary and Secondary Metabolites Profile of Different Extracts of Cassia fistula Flowers and its Perspectives on the Antimicrobial and Antidiabetic Potential of Active Extract

Nivetha Arunprakash; Christina Ruby Stella P; Angel Praba A; Sangeetha Vs

doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1436181

Araştırma Makalesi

Screening of Primary and Secondary Metabolites Profile of Different Extracts of Cassia fistula Flowers and its Perspectives on the Antimicrobial and Antidiabetic Potential of Active Extract

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 77 - 84, 31.05.2025

Nivetha Arunprakash , Christina Ruby Stella P Angel Praba A Sangeetha Vs

https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1436181

Öz

This article provides an overview of the pharmacological activity and phytochemical constituents found in Cassia fistula flower extract. Some phytonutrients and antioxidants of plant extract may be compromised due to the relatively high concentration of organic solvents. The main goal of this study was to find out how well an aqueous extract from Cassia fistula flowers fights diabetes and germs in a lab setting. The maceration extract yielded the best results among others. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was evaluated using bacterial and fungal strains, while the anti-diabetic activity was assessed at different concentrations, ranging from 10 to 50 μg/mL. The maximum inhibition of 54.07% was observed at a concentration of 50 μg/mL, compared to the standard acarbose, which showed an inhibition of approximately 62.23%. The IC50 value of the flower extract was 49.3494 μg/mL, while that of the standard acarbose was 42.1726 μg/mL. The presence of phytochemicals in the extract was determined using UV and FTIR spectral studies, which are effective methods for extracting a broad range of chemical constituents. The results show that Cassia fistula flower extract has promising anti-diabetic and antimicrobial activity. It can be concluded that Cassia fistula has high alpha-amylase inhibitory activity, and these extracts have the potential to be effective antimicrobial agents against pathogenic microorganisms.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Phytochemicals, Cassia fistula, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, FTIR.

Teşekkür

The authors are thankful to the Holy Cross College management for providing facilities to conduct this research work.

Kaynakça

1. Abubakar A, Haque M. Preparation of medicinal plants: Basic extraction and fractionation procedures for experimental purposes. J Pharm Bioallied Sci [Internet]. 2020 Jan 1;12(1):1–10. Available from: <URL>.
2. Ambadiang MMM, Atontsa BCK, Tankeo SB, Nayim P, Wamba BEN, Bitchagno GTM, et al. Bark extract of Cassia sieberiana DC. (Caesalpiniaceae) displayed good antibacterial activity against MDR gram-negative phenotypes in the presence of phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide. BMC Complement Med Ther [Internet]. 2020 Dec 12;20(1):342. Available from: <URL>.
3. Capetti F, Cagliero C, Marengo A, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Bio-Guided Fractionation Driven by In Vitro α-Amylase Inhibition Assays of Essential Oils Bearing Specialized Metabolites with Potential Hypoglycemic Activity. Plants [Internet]. 2020 Sep 21;9(9):1242. Available from: <URL>.
4. Chinnathambi A, Alharbi SA, Joshi D, V S, Jhanani GK, On-uma R, et al. Synthesis of AgNPs from leaf extract of Naringi crenulata and evaluation of its antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant bacteria. Environ Res [Internet]. 2023 Jan 1;216:114455. Available from: <URL>.
5. Daisy P, Saipriya. Biochemical analysis of Cassia fistula aqueous extract and phytochemically synthesized gold nanoparticles as hypoglycemic treatment for diabetes mellitus. Int J Nanomedicine [Internet]. 2012 Mar 7;7:1189–202. Available from: <URL>.
6. Dedvisitsakul P, Watla-iad K. Antioxidant activity and antidiabetic activities of Northern Thai indigenous edible plant extracts and their phytochemical constituents. Heliyon [Internet]. 2022 Sep 1;8(9):e10740. Available from: <URL>.
7. Duraipandiyan V, Ignacimuthu S. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Cassia fistula L.: An ethnomedicinal plant. J Ethnopharmacol [Internet]. 2007 Jul 25;112(3):590–4. Available from: <URL>.
8. Grover M, Behl T, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Virmani T, et al. In vitro phytochemical screening, cytotoxicity studies of Curcuma longa extracts with isolation and characterisation of their isolated compounds. Molecules [Internet]. 2021 Dec 11;26(24):7509. Available from: <URL>.
9. Gutiérrez-Grijalva E, Picos-Salas M, Leyva-López N, Criollo-Mendoza M, Vazquez-Olivo G, Heredia J. Flavonoids and phenolic acids from oregano: Occurrence, biological activity and health benefits. Plants [Internet]. 2017 Dec 26;7(1):2. Available from: <URL>.
10. Hameed B, Ali Q, Hafeez MM, Malik A. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of fruit, seed and root extracts of Citrullus colocynthis plant. Biol Clin Sci Res J [Internet]. 2020;2020(1):33. Available from: <URL>.
11. Jain PK, Soni A, Jain P, Bhawsar J. Phytochemical analysis of Mentha spicata plant extract using UV-VIS, FTIR and GC/MS technique. AvailableJournal Chem Pharm Res [Internet]. 2016;8(2):1–6. Available from: <URL>.
12. Jangir RN, Jain GC. Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Cassia fistula Linn. pod in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Rats. Pharmacogn J [Internet]. 2017 Jul 15;9(5):599–606. Available from: <URL>.
13. Jani DK, Goswami S. Antidiabetic activity of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. and Raphanus sativus Linn. leaf extracts. J Tradit Complement Med [Internet]. 2020 Mar 1;10(2):124–31. Available from: <URL>.
14. Karpagasundari C, Kulothungan Sjj. Analysis of bioactive compounds in Physalis minima leaves using GC MS, HPLC, UV-VIS and FTIR techniques. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2014;3(4):196–201.
15. Kifle ZD, Abdelwuhab M, Melak AD, Genet G, Meseret T, Adugna M. Pharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants with antidiabetic activities in Ethiopia: A review. Metab Open [Internet]. 2022 Mar 1;13:100174. Available from: <URL>.
16. Mechchate H, Es-safi I, Louba A, Alqahtani AS, Nasr FA, Noman OM, et al. In vitro alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity and in vivo antidiabetic activity of Withania frutescens L. foliar extract. Molecules [Internet]. 2021 Jan 8;26(2):293. Available from: <URL>.
17. Moteriya P, Padalia H, Chanda S. Characterization, synergistic antibacterial and free radical scavenging efficacy of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Cassia roxburghii leaf extract. J Genet Eng Biotechnol [Internet]. 2017 Dec 1;15(2):505–13. Available from: <URL>.
18. Nandhini S, Geethalakshmi S, Selvam S, Radha R, Muthusamy P. Preliminary phytochemical and anti-diabetic activity of Cassia sophera Linn. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2016;5(1):87–91.
19. Oirere EK, Anusooriya P, Raj CA, Gopalakrishnan VK. Phytochemical analysis of N-hexane leaf extract of Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum using Uv-Vis, FTIR and GC-MS. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci [Internet]. 2015;7(8):387–9. Available from: <URL>.
20. Oliveira ESC, Acho LDR, Morales-Gamba RD, do Rosário AS, Barcellos JFM, Lima ES, et al. Hypoglycemic effect of the dry leaf extract of Myrcia multiflora in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. J Ethnopharmacol [Internet]. 2023 May 10;307:116241. Available from: <URL>.
21. Pham DQ, Pham HT, Han JW, Nguyen TH, Nguyen HT, Nguyen TD, et al. Extracts and metabolites derived from the leaves of Cassia alata L. exhibit in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities against fungal and bacterial plant pathogens. Ind Crops Prod [Internet]. 2021 Aug 1;166:113465. Available from: <URL>.
22. Rehana D, Mahendiran D, Kumar RS, Rahiman AK. In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using different plant extracts. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng [Internet]. 2017 Jun 30;40(6):943–57. Available from: <URL>.
23. Paulraj MS, Rajkumar RJ, Thanapaul S. Phytochemicals as a potential source for anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and wound healing - a review. MOJ Bioorganic Org Chem [Internet]. 2018;2(2):61–70. Available from: <URL>.
24. Tanveer S, Latif A, Ashiq K, Qayyum M, Bajwa MA. A comprehensive review on pharmacological and phytochemical potential of Cassia fistula Linn: A Magical Herb. IJBPAS [Internet]. 2019;8(6):1134–57. Available from: <URL>.
25. Solikhah TI, Setiawan B, Ismukada R. Antidiabetic Activity of Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica Papaya L.) Isolated with Maceration Method in Alloxan-Induces Diabetic Mice. Syst Rev Pharm [Internet]. 2020;11(9):774–8. Available from: <URL>.
26. Stevens-Barrón JC, de la Rosa LA, Wall-Medrano A, Álvarez-Parrilla E, Rodríguez-Ramirez R, Robles-Zepeda RE, et al. Chemical composition and in vitro bioaccessibility of antioxidant phytochemicals from selected edible nuts. Nutrients [Internet]. 2019 Sep 27;11(10):2303. Available from: <URL>.
27. Mwalimu RJ, Packirisamy ASB. Phytochemical assessment and evaluation of the anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-cholesterol, and anti-diabetic activities of Triumphetta Pentandra methanol based green leaf extract. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater [Internet]. 2023 Dec 30;33(12):3779–93. Available from: <URL>.
28. Jangid R, Jain S, Sharma MK, Chatterjee S. In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of Prosopis species growing in Rajasthan, India. Vegetos [Internet]. 2022 Sep 28;36(1):62–9. Available from: <URL>.
29. Deepthi K, Renjith PK, Shameem K, Habeeb Rahman K, Chandramohanakumar N. Phytochemical screening of leaves and flower extracts of Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. and its antimicrobial activity against fish pathogens. Vegetos [Internet]. 2022 Aug 4;36(2):626–33. Available from: <URL>.
30. Shekwa W, Maliehe TS, Masoko P. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the leaf and stem extracts of Carissa bispinosa used for dental health care. BMC Complement Med Ther [Internet]. 2023 Dec 15;23(1):462. Available from: <URL>.
31. Oloya B, Namukobe J, Ssengooba W, Afayoa M, Byamukama R. Phytochemical screening, antimycobacterial activity and acute toxicity of crude extracts of selected medicinal plant species used locally in the treatment of tuberculosis in Uganda. Trop Med Health [Internet]. 2022 Dec 17;50(1):16. Available from: <URL>.
32. KC BM, Gauchan DP, Khanal SN, Lamichhane J. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of bamboo leaf collected from agroecosystem of the Central Siwalik region, Nepal. Vegetos [Internet]. 2023 Nov 28;37(6):2600–6. Available from: <URL>.
33. Sousa BCM de, Gomes D do A, Viana AF da S, Silva BA da, Barata LES, Sartoratto A, et al. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts from different parts of Dipteryx punctata (S. F. Blake) amshoff. Appl Sci [Internet]. 2023 Aug 24;13(17):9600. Available from: <URL>.
34. Tavanappanavar AN, Mulla SI, Shekhar Seth C, Bagewadi ZK, Rahamathulla M, Muqtader Ahmed M, et al. Phytochemical analysis, GC–MS profile and determination of antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activities of peel and seeds extracts (chloroform and ethyl acetate) of Tamarindus indica L. Saudi J Biol Sci [Internet]. 2024 Jan 1;31(1):103878. Available from: <URL>.
35. Kattil A, Hamid, Dash KK, Shams R, Sharma S. Nutritional composition, phytochemical extraction, and pharmacological potential of mulberry: A comprehensive review. Futur Foods [Internet]. 2024 Jun 1;9:100295. Available from: <URL>.
36. Azmat F, Safdar M, Ahmad H, Khan MRJ, Abid J, Naseer MS, et al. Phytochemical profile, nutritional composition of pomegranate peel and peel extract as a potential source of nutraceutical: A comprehensive review. Food Sci Nutr [Internet]. 2024 Feb 8;12(2):661–74. Available from: <URL>.
37. Kasali FM, Kadima JN, Peter EL, Mtewa AG, Ajayi CO, Tusiimire J, et al. Antidiabetic medicinal plants used in Democratic Republic of Congo: A critical review of ethnopharmacology and bioactivity data. Front Pharmacol [Internet]. 2021 Oct 27;12:757090. Available from: <URL>.
38. Shahzad N, Alzahrani AR, Aziz Ibrahim IA, Shahid I, Alanazi IM, Falemban AH, et al. Therapeutic strategy of biological macromolecules based natural bioactive compounds of diabetes mellitus and future perspectives: A systematic review. Heliyon [Internet]. 2024 Jan 30;10(2):e24207. Available from: <URL>.
39. Iglesias-Guevara D, Sánchez-Torres P. Characterization of antifungal properties of avocado leaves and majagua flowers extracts and their potential application to control Alternaria alternata. Int J Food Microbiol [Internet]. 2024 Mar 2;413:110579. Available from: <URL>.
40. Chau TP, Devanesan S, Ayub R, Perumal K. Identification and characterization of major bioactive compounds from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) extracts showed multi-biomedical applications. Environ Res [Internet]. 2024 Feb 1;242:117763. Available from: <URL>.
41. Oke-Altuntas F, Ipekcioglu S, Sahin Yaglioglu A, Behcet L, Demirtas I. Phytochemical analysis, antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of Chrozophora tinctoria: A natural dye plant. Pharm Biol [Internet]. 2017 Jan 5;55(1):966–73. Available from: <URL>.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 77 - 84, 31.05.2025

Nivetha Arunprakash , Christina Ruby Stella P Angel Praba A Sangeetha Vs

https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1436181

Öz

Kaynakça

1. Abubakar A, Haque M. Preparation of medicinal plants: Basic extraction and fractionation procedures for experimental purposes. J Pharm Bioallied Sci [Internet]. 2020 Jan 1;12(1):1–10. Available from: <URL>.
2. Ambadiang MMM, Atontsa BCK, Tankeo SB, Nayim P, Wamba BEN, Bitchagno GTM, et al. Bark extract of Cassia sieberiana DC. (Caesalpiniaceae) displayed good antibacterial activity against MDR gram-negative phenotypes in the presence of phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide. BMC Complement Med Ther [Internet]. 2020 Dec 12;20(1):342. Available from: <URL>.
3. Capetti F, Cagliero C, Marengo A, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Bio-Guided Fractionation Driven by In Vitro α-Amylase Inhibition Assays of Essential Oils Bearing Specialized Metabolites with Potential Hypoglycemic Activity. Plants [Internet]. 2020 Sep 21;9(9):1242. Available from: <URL>.
4. Chinnathambi A, Alharbi SA, Joshi D, V S, Jhanani GK, On-uma R, et al. Synthesis of AgNPs from leaf extract of Naringi crenulata and evaluation of its antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant bacteria. Environ Res [Internet]. 2023 Jan 1;216:114455. Available from: <URL>.
5. Daisy P, Saipriya. Biochemical analysis of Cassia fistula aqueous extract and phytochemically synthesized gold nanoparticles as hypoglycemic treatment for diabetes mellitus. Int J Nanomedicine [Internet]. 2012 Mar 7;7:1189–202. Available from: <URL>.
6. Dedvisitsakul P, Watla-iad K. Antioxidant activity and antidiabetic activities of Northern Thai indigenous edible plant extracts and their phytochemical constituents. Heliyon [Internet]. 2022 Sep 1;8(9):e10740. Available from: <URL>.
7. Duraipandiyan V, Ignacimuthu S. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Cassia fistula L.: An ethnomedicinal plant. J Ethnopharmacol [Internet]. 2007 Jul 25;112(3):590–4. Available from: <URL>.
8. Grover M, Behl T, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Virmani T, et al. In vitro phytochemical screening, cytotoxicity studies of Curcuma longa extracts with isolation and characterisation of their isolated compounds. Molecules [Internet]. 2021 Dec 11;26(24):7509. Available from: <URL>.
9. Gutiérrez-Grijalva E, Picos-Salas M, Leyva-López N, Criollo-Mendoza M, Vazquez-Olivo G, Heredia J. Flavonoids and phenolic acids from oregano: Occurrence, biological activity and health benefits. Plants [Internet]. 2017 Dec 26;7(1):2. Available from: <URL>.
10. Hameed B, Ali Q, Hafeez MM, Malik A. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of fruit, seed and root extracts of Citrullus colocynthis plant. Biol Clin Sci Res J [Internet]. 2020;2020(1):33. Available from: <URL>.
11. Jain PK, Soni A, Jain P, Bhawsar J. Phytochemical analysis of Mentha spicata plant extract using UV-VIS, FTIR and GC/MS technique. AvailableJournal Chem Pharm Res [Internet]. 2016;8(2):1–6. Available from: <URL>.
12. Jangir RN, Jain GC. Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Cassia fistula Linn. pod in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Rats. Pharmacogn J [Internet]. 2017 Jul 15;9(5):599–606. Available from: <URL>.
13. Jani DK, Goswami S. Antidiabetic activity of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. and Raphanus sativus Linn. leaf extracts. J Tradit Complement Med [Internet]. 2020 Mar 1;10(2):124–31. Available from: <URL>.
14. Karpagasundari C, Kulothungan Sjj. Analysis of bioactive compounds in Physalis minima leaves using GC MS, HPLC, UV-VIS and FTIR techniques. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2014;3(4):196–201.
15. Kifle ZD, Abdelwuhab M, Melak AD, Genet G, Meseret T, Adugna M. Pharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants with antidiabetic activities in Ethiopia: A review. Metab Open [Internet]. 2022 Mar 1;13:100174. Available from: <URL>.
16. Mechchate H, Es-safi I, Louba A, Alqahtani AS, Nasr FA, Noman OM, et al. In vitro alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity and in vivo antidiabetic activity of Withania frutescens L. foliar extract. Molecules [Internet]. 2021 Jan 8;26(2):293. Available from: <URL>.
17. Moteriya P, Padalia H, Chanda S. Characterization, synergistic antibacterial and free radical scavenging efficacy of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Cassia roxburghii leaf extract. J Genet Eng Biotechnol [Internet]. 2017 Dec 1;15(2):505–13. Available from: <URL>.
18. Nandhini S, Geethalakshmi S, Selvam S, Radha R, Muthusamy P. Preliminary phytochemical and anti-diabetic activity of Cassia sophera Linn. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2016;5(1):87–91.
19. Oirere EK, Anusooriya P, Raj CA, Gopalakrishnan VK. Phytochemical analysis of N-hexane leaf extract of Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum using Uv-Vis, FTIR and GC-MS. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci [Internet]. 2015;7(8):387–9. Available from: <URL>.
20. Oliveira ESC, Acho LDR, Morales-Gamba RD, do Rosário AS, Barcellos JFM, Lima ES, et al. Hypoglycemic effect of the dry leaf extract of Myrcia multiflora in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. J Ethnopharmacol [Internet]. 2023 May 10;307:116241. Available from: <URL>.
21. Pham DQ, Pham HT, Han JW, Nguyen TH, Nguyen HT, Nguyen TD, et al. Extracts and metabolites derived from the leaves of Cassia alata L. exhibit in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities against fungal and bacterial plant pathogens. Ind Crops Prod [Internet]. 2021 Aug 1;166:113465. Available from: <URL>.
22. Rehana D, Mahendiran D, Kumar RS, Rahiman AK. In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using different plant extracts. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng [Internet]. 2017 Jun 30;40(6):943–57. Available from: <URL>.
23. Paulraj MS, Rajkumar RJ, Thanapaul S. Phytochemicals as a potential source for anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and wound healing - a review. MOJ Bioorganic Org Chem [Internet]. 2018;2(2):61–70. Available from: <URL>.
24. Tanveer S, Latif A, Ashiq K, Qayyum M, Bajwa MA. A comprehensive review on pharmacological and phytochemical potential of Cassia fistula Linn: A Magical Herb. IJBPAS [Internet]. 2019;8(6):1134–57. Available from: <URL>.
25. Solikhah TI, Setiawan B, Ismukada R. Antidiabetic Activity of Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica Papaya L.) Isolated with Maceration Method in Alloxan-Induces Diabetic Mice. Syst Rev Pharm [Internet]. 2020;11(9):774–8. Available from: <URL>.
26. Stevens-Barrón JC, de la Rosa LA, Wall-Medrano A, Álvarez-Parrilla E, Rodríguez-Ramirez R, Robles-Zepeda RE, et al. Chemical composition and in vitro bioaccessibility of antioxidant phytochemicals from selected edible nuts. Nutrients [Internet]. 2019 Sep 27;11(10):2303. Available from: <URL>.
27. Mwalimu RJ, Packirisamy ASB. Phytochemical assessment and evaluation of the anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-cholesterol, and anti-diabetic activities of Triumphetta Pentandra methanol based green leaf extract. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater [Internet]. 2023 Dec 30;33(12):3779–93. Available from: <URL>.
28. Jangid R, Jain S, Sharma MK, Chatterjee S. In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of Prosopis species growing in Rajasthan, India. Vegetos [Internet]. 2022 Sep 28;36(1):62–9. Available from: <URL>.
29. Deepthi K, Renjith PK, Shameem K, Habeeb Rahman K, Chandramohanakumar N. Phytochemical screening of leaves and flower extracts of Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. and its antimicrobial activity against fish pathogens. Vegetos [Internet]. 2022 Aug 4;36(2):626–33. Available from: <URL>.
30. Shekwa W, Maliehe TS, Masoko P. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the leaf and stem extracts of Carissa bispinosa used for dental health care. BMC Complement Med Ther [Internet]. 2023 Dec 15;23(1):462. Available from: <URL>.
31. Oloya B, Namukobe J, Ssengooba W, Afayoa M, Byamukama R. Phytochemical screening, antimycobacterial activity and acute toxicity of crude extracts of selected medicinal plant species used locally in the treatment of tuberculosis in Uganda. Trop Med Health [Internet]. 2022 Dec 17;50(1):16. Available from: <URL>.
32. KC BM, Gauchan DP, Khanal SN, Lamichhane J. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of bamboo leaf collected from agroecosystem of the Central Siwalik region, Nepal. Vegetos [Internet]. 2023 Nov 28;37(6):2600–6. Available from: <URL>.
33. Sousa BCM de, Gomes D do A, Viana AF da S, Silva BA da, Barata LES, Sartoratto A, et al. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts from different parts of Dipteryx punctata (S. F. Blake) amshoff. Appl Sci [Internet]. 2023 Aug 24;13(17):9600. Available from: <URL>.
34. Tavanappanavar AN, Mulla SI, Shekhar Seth C, Bagewadi ZK, Rahamathulla M, Muqtader Ahmed M, et al. Phytochemical analysis, GC–MS profile and determination of antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activities of peel and seeds extracts (chloroform and ethyl acetate) of Tamarindus indica L. Saudi J Biol Sci [Internet]. 2024 Jan 1;31(1):103878. Available from: <URL>.
35. Kattil A, Hamid, Dash KK, Shams R, Sharma S. Nutritional composition, phytochemical extraction, and pharmacological potential of mulberry: A comprehensive review. Futur Foods [Internet]. 2024 Jun 1;9:100295. Available from: <URL>.
36. Azmat F, Safdar M, Ahmad H, Khan MRJ, Abid J, Naseer MS, et al. Phytochemical profile, nutritional composition of pomegranate peel and peel extract as a potential source of nutraceutical: A comprehensive review. Food Sci Nutr [Internet]. 2024 Feb 8;12(2):661–74. Available from: <URL>.
37. Kasali FM, Kadima JN, Peter EL, Mtewa AG, Ajayi CO, Tusiimire J, et al. Antidiabetic medicinal plants used in Democratic Republic of Congo: A critical review of ethnopharmacology and bioactivity data. Front Pharmacol [Internet]. 2021 Oct 27;12:757090. Available from: <URL>.
38. Shahzad N, Alzahrani AR, Aziz Ibrahim IA, Shahid I, Alanazi IM, Falemban AH, et al. Therapeutic strategy of biological macromolecules based natural bioactive compounds of diabetes mellitus and future perspectives: A systematic review. Heliyon [Internet]. 2024 Jan 30;10(2):e24207. Available from: <URL>.
39. Iglesias-Guevara D, Sánchez-Torres P. Characterization of antifungal properties of avocado leaves and majagua flowers extracts and their potential application to control Alternaria alternata. Int J Food Microbiol [Internet]. 2024 Mar 2;413:110579. Available from: <URL>.
40. Chau TP, Devanesan S, Ayub R, Perumal K. Identification and characterization of major bioactive compounds from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) extracts showed multi-biomedical applications. Environ Res [Internet]. 2024 Feb 1;242:117763. Available from: <URL>.
41. Oke-Altuntas F, Ipekcioglu S, Sahin Yaglioglu A, Behcet L, Demirtas I. Phytochemical analysis, antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of Chrozophora tinctoria: A natural dye plant. Pharm Biol [Internet]. 2017 Jan 5;55(1):966–73. Available from: <URL>.

Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Doğal Ürünler ve Biyoaktif Bileşikler
Bölüm	ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ
Yazarlar	Nivetha Arunprakash 0009-0005-7047-5823 Christina Ruby Stella P 0009-0001-4157-0400 Angel Praba A 0009-0002-1333-5195 Sangeetha Vs 0000-0001-5413-3376
Yayımlanma Tarihi	31 Mayıs 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi	14 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi	18 Ocak 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2025 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver	Arunprakash N, P CRS, A AP, Vs S. Screening of Primary and Secondary Metabolites Profile of Different Extracts of Cassia fistula Flowers and its Perspectives on the Antimicrobial and Antidiabetic Potential of Active Extract. JOTCSA. 2025;12(2):77-84.

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