Determination of Antioxidant Capacities of Some Dietary Supplements by Spectrophotometric and Chromatographic Methods

Aslı Demir; Kevser Sözgen Başkan; Sema Demirci Çekiç

doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1506003

Araştırma Makalesi

Determination of Antioxidant Capacities of Some Dietary Supplements by Spectrophotometric and Chromatographic Methods

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 129 - 140, 31.05.2025

Aslı Demir , Kevser Sözgen Başkan , Sema Demirci Çekiç

https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1506003

Öz

The main objective of this study is to propose standard analytical methods for the determination and comparison of plant-specific antioxidant components found in some herbal products (sold as dietary supplements). Numerous studies indicate that nutritional supplements can offer medical benefits due to their content of hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules as well as natural extracts or synthetic compounds with antioxidant properties. While these products are marketed as antioxidant boosters, there is a limited amount of data available on the antioxidant activity and bioactive compound content of commercially available formulations. Therefore, in our study, tablet and capsule forms of ground grape seed, rosemary, bitter melon, and ginkgo biloba plants containing polyphenol-type compounds known for their antioxidant properties were investigated. The total polyphenol contents (TPC) of these products were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and total antioxidant capacities (TACs) were determined by CUPRAC and ABTS methods. The HPLC system was used to detect and quantify the components responsible for antioxidant capacity, and the most appropriate chromatographic analysis methods were suggested for each sample. Total antioxidant capacity values as trolox (TR) equivalent (mmol TR/g) determined by CUPRAC and ABTS methods are 0.90 ± 0.07 and 0.72 ± 0.17 for grape seed, 0.79 ± 0.05 and 0.41 ± 0.09 for rosemary, 0.08 ± 0.006 and 0.11 ± 0.05 for bitter melon, 0.12 ± 0.01 and 0.14 ± 0.02 for ginkgo biloba, respectively. These findings were correlated with HPLC data, and components contributing to the antioxidant capacity were identified.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dietary supplements, grape seed, rosemary, bitter melon, ginkgo biloba.

Kaynakça

1. Binns CW, Lee MK, Lee AH. Problems and prospects: Public health regulation of dietary supplements. Annu Rev Public Health [Internet]. 2018 Apr 1;39(1):403–20. Available from: <URL>.
2. Gul K, Singh AK, Jabeen R. Nutraceuticals and functional foods: The foods for the future World. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr [Internet]. 2016 Dec 9;56(16):2617–27. Available from: <URL>.
3. Valavanidis A. Dietary supplements: Beneficial to human health or just peace of mind? A critical review on the issue of benefit/ risk of dietary supplements. Pharmakeftiki [Internet]. 2016;28(2):60–83. Available from: <URL>.
4. Hassan S, Egbuna C, Tijjani H, Ifemeje JC, Olisah MC, Patrick-Iwuanyanwu KC, et al. Dietary supplements: Types, health benefits, industry and regulation. In: Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020. p. 23–38. Available from: <URL>.
5. Liu Z, Ren Z, Zhang J, Chuang CC, Kandaswamy E, Zhou T, et al. Role of ROS and nutritional antioxidants in human diseases. Front Physiol [Internet]. 2018 May 17;9. Available from: <URL>.
6. Yahia EM, García-Solís P, Celis MEM. Contribution of fruits and vegetables to human nutrition and health. In: Postharvest Physiology and Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables [Internet]. Elsevier; 2019. p. 19–45. Available from: <URL>.
7. Jideani AIO, Silungwe H, Takalani T, Omolola AO, Udeh HO, Anyasi TA. Antioxidant-rich natural fruit and vegetable products and human health. Int J Food Prop [Internet]. 2021 Jan 1;24(1):41–67. Available from: <URL>.
8. Rudrapal M, Khairnar SJ, Khan J, Dukhyil A Bin, Ansari MA, Alomary MN, et al. Dietary polyphenols and their role in oxidative stress-induced human diseases: Insights into protective effects, antioxidant potentials and mechanism(s) of action. Front Pharmacol [Internet]. 2022 Feb 14;13:806470. Available from: <URL>.
9. Rahaman MM, Hossain R, Herrera‐Bravo J, Islam MT, Atolani O, Adeyemi OS, et al. Natural antioxidants from some fruits, seeds, foods, natural products, and associated health benefits: An update. Food Sci Nutr [Internet]. 2023 Apr 13;11(4):1657–70. Available from: <URL>.
10. Shaik MI, Hamdi IH, Sarbon NM. A comprehensive review on traditional herbal drinks: Physicochemical, phytochemicals and pharmacology properties. Food Chem Adv [Internet]. 2023 Dec;3:100460. Available from: <URL>.
11. Chibuye B, Singh I Sen, Ramasamy S, Maseka KK. Natural antioxidants: A comprehensive elucidation of their sources, mechanisms, and applications in health. Next Res [Internet]. 2024 Dec;1(2):100086. Available from: <URL>.
12. Guo M. Antioxidants and antioxidant-rich foods. In: Functional Foods [Internet]. Elsevier; 2025. p. 7–53. Available from: <URL>.
13. El Guiche R, Tahrouch S, Amri O, Mehrach K, Hatimie A. Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of 30 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Located in the South of Morocco. Int J New Technol Res [Internet]. 2015;1(3):7–11. Available from: <URL>.
14. Embuscado ME. Spices and herbs: Natural sources of antioxidants – A mini review. J Funct Foods [Internet]. 2015 Oct;18:811–9. Available from: <URL>.
15. Stagos D. Antioxidant activity of polyphenolic plant extracts. Antioxidants [Internet]. 2019 Dec 24;9(1):19. Available from: <URL>.
16. Siddiqui RA, Moghadasian MH. Nutraceuticals and nutrition supplements: Challenges and opportunities. Nutrients [Internet]. 2020 May 29;12(6):1593. Available from: <URL>.
17. Puri V, Nagpal M, Singh I, Singh M, Dhingra GA, Huanbutta K, et al. A comprehensive review on nutraceuticals: Therapy support and formulation challenges. Nutrients [Internet]. 2022 Nov 3;14(21):4637. Available from: <URL>.
18. Dwyer J, Coates P, Smith M. Dietary supplements: Regulatory challenges and research resources. Nutrients [Internet]. 2018 Jan 4;10(1):41. Available from: <URL>.
19. Sarma N, Giancaspro G, Venema J. Dietary supplements quality analysis tools from the United States Pharmacopeia. Drug Test Anal [Internet]. 2016 Mar 9;8(3–4):418–23. Available from: <URL>.
20. Carvalho AV, Ferreira Ferreira da Silveira T, Mattietto R de A, Padilha de Oliveira M do S, Godoy HT. Chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of açaí (Euterpe oleracea) genotypes and commercial pulps. J Sci Food Agric [Internet]. 2017 Mar 5;97(5):1467–74. Available from: <URL>.
21. Santiago-Saenzcésar YO, López-Palestinajorge CU, Gutiérrez-Tlahque J, Monroy-Torres R, Pinedo-Espinoza JM, Hernandez-Fuentes AD. Nutritional and functional evaluation of three powder mixtures based on mexican quelites: alternative ingredients to formulate food supplements. Food Sci Technol [Internet]. 2020 Dec;40(4):1029–37. Available from: <URL>.
22. Akyıldız İE, Raday S, Erdem Ö, Acar S, Coşkun İ, Damarlı E. Analytical investigation of active compound contents of Panax ginseng C.A. meyer and Ginkgo biloba L. supplements fortified with apitherapy products. Int J Second Metab [Internet]. 2021 Jun 15;8(2):70–93. Available from: <URL>.
23. Gupta M, Dey S, Marbaniang D, Pal P, Ray S, Mazumder B. Grape seed extract: Having a potential health benefits. J Food Sci Technol [Internet]. 2020 Apr 30;57(4):1205–15. Available from: <URL>.
24. Nieto G, Ros G, Castillo J. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.): A review. Medicines [Internet]. 2018 Sep 4;5(3):98. Available from: <URL>.
25. Tan HF, Gan CY. Polysaccharide with antioxidant, α-amylase inhibitory and ACE inhibitory activities from Momordica charantia. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2016 Apr;85:487–96. Available from: <URL>.
26. Belwal T, Giri L, Bahukhandi A, Tariq M, Kewlani P, Bhatt ID, et al. Ginkgo biloba. In: Nonvitamin and Nonmineral Nutritional Supplements [Internet]. Elsevier; 2019. p. 241–50. Available from: <URL>.
27. Brown AC. An overview of herb and dietary supplement efficacy, safety and government regulations in the United States with suggested improvements. Part 1 of 5 series. Food Chem Toxicol [Internet]. 2017 Sep;107:449–71. Available from: <URL>.
28. Fibigr J, Šatínský D, Solich P. Current trends in the analysis and quality control of food supplements based on plant extracts. Anal Chim Acta [Internet]. 2018 Dec;1036:1–15. Available from: <URL>.
29. Shipkowski KA, Betz JM, Birnbaum LS, Bucher JR, Coates PM, Hopp DC, et al. Naturally complex: Perspectives and challenges associated with Botanical Dietary Supplement Safety assessment. Food Chem Toxicol [Internet]. 2018 Aug;118:963–71. Available from: <URL>.
30. Hertog MGL, Hollman PCH, Venema DP. Optimization of a quantitative HPLC determination of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids in vegetables and fruits. J Agric Food Chem [Internet]. 1992 Sep 1;40(9):1591–8. Available from: <URL>.
31. Apak R, Güçlü K, Özyürek M, Karademir SE. Novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols and vitamins C and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC method. J Agric Food Chem [Internet]. 2004 Dec 1;52(26):7970–81. Available from: <URL>.
32. Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med [Internet]. 1999 May 1;26(9–10):1231–7. Available from: <URL>.
33. Singleton VL, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Raventós RM. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent. In 1999. p. 152–78. Available from: <URL>.
34. Yıldız L, Başkan KS, Tütem E, Apak R. Combined HPLC-CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) assay of parsley, celery leaves, and nettle. Talanta [Internet]. 2008 Oct;77(1):304–13. Available from: <URL>.
35. Karaman Ş, Tütem E, Sözgen Başkan K, Apak R. Comparison of total antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of some apple juices with combined HPLC–CUPRAC assay. Food Chem [Internet]. 2010 Jun;120(4):1201–9. Available from: <URL>.
36. Karaman Ş, Tütem E, Başkan KS, Apak R. Comparison of antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of peel and flesh of some apple varieties. J Sci Food Agric [Internet]. 2013 Mar 15;93(4):867–75. Available from: <URL>.
37. Gengaihi S El, Baker DHA. Grape seeds extract as brain food: A review. Int J Pharm Clin Res [Internet]. 2017 Mar 24;9(1):77–85. Available from: <URL>.
38. Gad AS, Sayd AF. Antioxidant properties of rosemary and its potential uses as natural antioxidant in dairy products—A review. Food Nutr Sci [Internet]. 2015;06(01):179–93. Available from: <URL>.
39. Lee SH, Jeong YS, Song J, Hwang KA, Noh GM, Hwang IG. Phenolic acid, carotenoid composition, and antioxidant activity of bitter melon (Momordica charantiaL.) at different maturation stages. Int J Food Prop [Internet]. 2017 Dec 31;20(sup3):S3078–87. Available from: <URL>.
40. Wang L, Clardy A, Hui D, Gao A, Wu Y. Antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Chinese and Indian bitter melons (Momordica charantia L.). Food Biosci [Internet]. 2019 Jun;29:73–80. Available from: <URL>.
41. López-Gutiérrez N, Romero-González R, Vidal JLM, Frenich AG. Quality control evaluation of nutraceutical products from Ginkgo biloba using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal [Internet]. 2016 Mar;121:151–60. Available from: <URL>.
42. Rimkiene L, Kubiliene A, Zevzikovas A, Kazlauskiene D, Jakstas V. Variation in flavonoid composition and radical-scavenging activity in Ginkgo biloba L. due to the growth location and time of harvest. J Food Qual [Internet]. 2017;2017:6840397. Available from: <URL>.
43. Apak R, Güçlü K, Özyürek M, Çelik SE. Mechanism of antioxidant capacity assays and the CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) assay. Microchim Acta [Internet]. 2008 Apr 21;160(4):413–9. Available from: <URL>.
44. Özcan MM, Al Juhaimi F, Gülcü M, Uslu N, Geçgel Ü. Determination of bioactive compounds and mineral contents of seedless parts and seeds of grapes. South African J Enol Vitic [Internet]. 2017 Oct;38(2). Available from: <URL>.
45. Krasteva D, Ivanov Y, Chengolova Z, Godjevargova T. Antimicrobial potential, antioxidant activity, and phenolic content of grape seed extracts from four grape varieties. Microorganisms [Internet]. 2023 Feb 3;11(2):395. Available from: <URL>.
46. Amorati R, Valgimigli L. Advantages and limitations of common testing methods for antioxidants. Free Radic Res [Internet]. 2015 May 4;49(5):633–49. Available from: <URL>.
47. Olah NK, Osser G, Câmpean RF, Furtuna FR, Benedec D, Filip L, et al. The study of polyphenolic compounds profile of some Rosmarinus officinalis L. extracts. Pak J Pharm Sci [Internet]. 2016;29(6):2355–61. Available from: <URL>.
48. Saeed F, Afzaal M, Niaz B, Arshad MU, Tufail T, Hussain MB, et al. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia): A natural healthy vegetable. Int J Food Prop [Internet]. 2018 Jan 1;21(1):1270–90. Available from: <URL>.
49. Alper M, Özay C. Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of ethanol extracts of Momordica charantia and Datura stramonium. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Derg [Internet]. 2022 Feb 28;25(1):1–9. Available from: <URL>.
50. Anilakumar K. Nutritional, pharmacological and medicinal properties of Momordica charantia. Int J Nutr Food Sci [Internet]. 2015;4(1):75-83 Available from: <URL>.
51. Akyüz E, Türkoğlu S, Sözgen Başkan K, Tütem E, Apak MR. Comparison of antioxidant capacities and antioxidant components of commercial bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) products. Turkish J Chem [Internet]. 2020 Dec 16;44(6):1663–73. Available from: <URL>.
52. Savsatli Y, Seyis F. Determination of suitable solvents for extraction of different fruit parts of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L. Int J Agric Nat Sci [Internet]. 2016;9(1):18–22. Available from: <URL>.
53. Hussain A, Fatima H, Komal M, Kauser S, Yaqub S, Akram S, et al. Evaluation of peel, flesh and seeds of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) for biologically active components, through development of powders and ethanolic extracts. Discov Appl Sci [Internet]. 2024 Aug 6;6(8):432. Available from: <URL>.
54. Gayathry KS, John JA. A comprehensive review on bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) as a gold mine of functional bioactive components for therapeutic foods. Food Prod Process Nutr [Internet]. 2022 Dec 25;4(1):10. Available from: <URL>.
55. Koczka N, Ombódi A, Móczár Z, Stefanovits-Bányai E. Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of ginkgo teas. Acta Aliment [Internet]. 2016 Mar;45(1):77–84. Available from: <URL>.
56. Aybastier Ö. Determination of antioxidant properties of Ginkgo biloba in different forms. Eur J Sci Technol [Internet]. 2020 Apr 1;18:206–12. Available from: <URL>.
57. Xiao J. Dietary flavonoid aglycones and their glycosides: Which show better biological significance? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr [Internet]. 2017 Jul 15;57(9):1874–905. Available from: <URL>.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 129 - 140, 31.05.2025

Aslı Demir , Kevser Sözgen Başkan , Sema Demirci Çekiç

https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1506003

Öz

Kaynakça

1. Binns CW, Lee MK, Lee AH. Problems and prospects: Public health regulation of dietary supplements. Annu Rev Public Health [Internet]. 2018 Apr 1;39(1):403–20. Available from: <URL>.
2. Gul K, Singh AK, Jabeen R. Nutraceuticals and functional foods: The foods for the future World. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr [Internet]. 2016 Dec 9;56(16):2617–27. Available from: <URL>.
3. Valavanidis A. Dietary supplements: Beneficial to human health or just peace of mind? A critical review on the issue of benefit/ risk of dietary supplements. Pharmakeftiki [Internet]. 2016;28(2):60–83. Available from: <URL>.
4. Hassan S, Egbuna C, Tijjani H, Ifemeje JC, Olisah MC, Patrick-Iwuanyanwu KC, et al. Dietary supplements: Types, health benefits, industry and regulation. In: Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020. p. 23–38. Available from: <URL>.
5. Liu Z, Ren Z, Zhang J, Chuang CC, Kandaswamy E, Zhou T, et al. Role of ROS and nutritional antioxidants in human diseases. Front Physiol [Internet]. 2018 May 17;9. Available from: <URL>.
6. Yahia EM, García-Solís P, Celis MEM. Contribution of fruits and vegetables to human nutrition and health. In: Postharvest Physiology and Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables [Internet]. Elsevier; 2019. p. 19–45. Available from: <URL>.
7. Jideani AIO, Silungwe H, Takalani T, Omolola AO, Udeh HO, Anyasi TA. Antioxidant-rich natural fruit and vegetable products and human health. Int J Food Prop [Internet]. 2021 Jan 1;24(1):41–67. Available from: <URL>.
8. Rudrapal M, Khairnar SJ, Khan J, Dukhyil A Bin, Ansari MA, Alomary MN, et al. Dietary polyphenols and their role in oxidative stress-induced human diseases: Insights into protective effects, antioxidant potentials and mechanism(s) of action. Front Pharmacol [Internet]. 2022 Feb 14;13:806470. Available from: <URL>.
9. Rahaman MM, Hossain R, Herrera‐Bravo J, Islam MT, Atolani O, Adeyemi OS, et al. Natural antioxidants from some fruits, seeds, foods, natural products, and associated health benefits: An update. Food Sci Nutr [Internet]. 2023 Apr 13;11(4):1657–70. Available from: <URL>.
10. Shaik MI, Hamdi IH, Sarbon NM. A comprehensive review on traditional herbal drinks: Physicochemical, phytochemicals and pharmacology properties. Food Chem Adv [Internet]. 2023 Dec;3:100460. Available from: <URL>.
11. Chibuye B, Singh I Sen, Ramasamy S, Maseka KK. Natural antioxidants: A comprehensive elucidation of their sources, mechanisms, and applications in health. Next Res [Internet]. 2024 Dec;1(2):100086. Available from: <URL>.
12. Guo M. Antioxidants and antioxidant-rich foods. In: Functional Foods [Internet]. Elsevier; 2025. p. 7–53. Available from: <URL>.
13. El Guiche R, Tahrouch S, Amri O, Mehrach K, Hatimie A. Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of 30 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Located in the South of Morocco. Int J New Technol Res [Internet]. 2015;1(3):7–11. Available from: <URL>.
14. Embuscado ME. Spices and herbs: Natural sources of antioxidants – A mini review. J Funct Foods [Internet]. 2015 Oct;18:811–9. Available from: <URL>.
15. Stagos D. Antioxidant activity of polyphenolic plant extracts. Antioxidants [Internet]. 2019 Dec 24;9(1):19. Available from: <URL>.
16. Siddiqui RA, Moghadasian MH. Nutraceuticals and nutrition supplements: Challenges and opportunities. Nutrients [Internet]. 2020 May 29;12(6):1593. Available from: <URL>.
17. Puri V, Nagpal M, Singh I, Singh M, Dhingra GA, Huanbutta K, et al. A comprehensive review on nutraceuticals: Therapy support and formulation challenges. Nutrients [Internet]. 2022 Nov 3;14(21):4637. Available from: <URL>.
18. Dwyer J, Coates P, Smith M. Dietary supplements: Regulatory challenges and research resources. Nutrients [Internet]. 2018 Jan 4;10(1):41. Available from: <URL>.
19. Sarma N, Giancaspro G, Venema J. Dietary supplements quality analysis tools from the United States Pharmacopeia. Drug Test Anal [Internet]. 2016 Mar 9;8(3–4):418–23. Available from: <URL>.
20. Carvalho AV, Ferreira Ferreira da Silveira T, Mattietto R de A, Padilha de Oliveira M do S, Godoy HT. Chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of açaí (Euterpe oleracea) genotypes and commercial pulps. J Sci Food Agric [Internet]. 2017 Mar 5;97(5):1467–74. Available from: <URL>.
21. Santiago-Saenzcésar YO, López-Palestinajorge CU, Gutiérrez-Tlahque J, Monroy-Torres R, Pinedo-Espinoza JM, Hernandez-Fuentes AD. Nutritional and functional evaluation of three powder mixtures based on mexican quelites: alternative ingredients to formulate food supplements. Food Sci Technol [Internet]. 2020 Dec;40(4):1029–37. Available from: <URL>.
22. Akyıldız İE, Raday S, Erdem Ö, Acar S, Coşkun İ, Damarlı E. Analytical investigation of active compound contents of Panax ginseng C.A. meyer and Ginkgo biloba L. supplements fortified with apitherapy products. Int J Second Metab [Internet]. 2021 Jun 15;8(2):70–93. Available from: <URL>.
23. Gupta M, Dey S, Marbaniang D, Pal P, Ray S, Mazumder B. Grape seed extract: Having a potential health benefits. J Food Sci Technol [Internet]. 2020 Apr 30;57(4):1205–15. Available from: <URL>.
24. Nieto G, Ros G, Castillo J. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.): A review. Medicines [Internet]. 2018 Sep 4;5(3):98. Available from: <URL>.
25. Tan HF, Gan CY. Polysaccharide with antioxidant, α-amylase inhibitory and ACE inhibitory activities from Momordica charantia. Int J Biol Macromol [Internet]. 2016 Apr;85:487–96. Available from: <URL>.
26. Belwal T, Giri L, Bahukhandi A, Tariq M, Kewlani P, Bhatt ID, et al. Ginkgo biloba. In: Nonvitamin and Nonmineral Nutritional Supplements [Internet]. Elsevier; 2019. p. 241–50. Available from: <URL>.
27. Brown AC. An overview of herb and dietary supplement efficacy, safety and government regulations in the United States with suggested improvements. Part 1 of 5 series. Food Chem Toxicol [Internet]. 2017 Sep;107:449–71. Available from: <URL>.
28. Fibigr J, Šatínský D, Solich P. Current trends in the analysis and quality control of food supplements based on plant extracts. Anal Chim Acta [Internet]. 2018 Dec;1036:1–15. Available from: <URL>.
29. Shipkowski KA, Betz JM, Birnbaum LS, Bucher JR, Coates PM, Hopp DC, et al. Naturally complex: Perspectives and challenges associated with Botanical Dietary Supplement Safety assessment. Food Chem Toxicol [Internet]. 2018 Aug;118:963–71. Available from: <URL>.
30. Hertog MGL, Hollman PCH, Venema DP. Optimization of a quantitative HPLC determination of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids in vegetables and fruits. J Agric Food Chem [Internet]. 1992 Sep 1;40(9):1591–8. Available from: <URL>.
31. Apak R, Güçlü K, Özyürek M, Karademir SE. Novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols and vitamins C and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC method. J Agric Food Chem [Internet]. 2004 Dec 1;52(26):7970–81. Available from: <URL>.
32. Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med [Internet]. 1999 May 1;26(9–10):1231–7. Available from: <URL>.
33. Singleton VL, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Raventós RM. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent. In 1999. p. 152–78. Available from: <URL>.
34. Yıldız L, Başkan KS, Tütem E, Apak R. Combined HPLC-CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) assay of parsley, celery leaves, and nettle. Talanta [Internet]. 2008 Oct;77(1):304–13. Available from: <URL>.
35. Karaman Ş, Tütem E, Sözgen Başkan K, Apak R. Comparison of total antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of some apple juices with combined HPLC–CUPRAC assay. Food Chem [Internet]. 2010 Jun;120(4):1201–9. Available from: <URL>.
36. Karaman Ş, Tütem E, Başkan KS, Apak R. Comparison of antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of peel and flesh of some apple varieties. J Sci Food Agric [Internet]. 2013 Mar 15;93(4):867–75. Available from: <URL>.
37. Gengaihi S El, Baker DHA. Grape seeds extract as brain food: A review. Int J Pharm Clin Res [Internet]. 2017 Mar 24;9(1):77–85. Available from: <URL>.
38. Gad AS, Sayd AF. Antioxidant properties of rosemary and its potential uses as natural antioxidant in dairy products—A review. Food Nutr Sci [Internet]. 2015;06(01):179–93. Available from: <URL>.
39. Lee SH, Jeong YS, Song J, Hwang KA, Noh GM, Hwang IG. Phenolic acid, carotenoid composition, and antioxidant activity of bitter melon (Momordica charantiaL.) at different maturation stages. Int J Food Prop [Internet]. 2017 Dec 31;20(sup3):S3078–87. Available from: <URL>.
40. Wang L, Clardy A, Hui D, Gao A, Wu Y. Antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Chinese and Indian bitter melons (Momordica charantia L.). Food Biosci [Internet]. 2019 Jun;29:73–80. Available from: <URL>.
41. López-Gutiérrez N, Romero-González R, Vidal JLM, Frenich AG. Quality control evaluation of nutraceutical products from Ginkgo biloba using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal [Internet]. 2016 Mar;121:151–60. Available from: <URL>.
42. Rimkiene L, Kubiliene A, Zevzikovas A, Kazlauskiene D, Jakstas V. Variation in flavonoid composition and radical-scavenging activity in Ginkgo biloba L. due to the growth location and time of harvest. J Food Qual [Internet]. 2017;2017:6840397. Available from: <URL>.
43. Apak R, Güçlü K, Özyürek M, Çelik SE. Mechanism of antioxidant capacity assays and the CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) assay. Microchim Acta [Internet]. 2008 Apr 21;160(4):413–9. Available from: <URL>.
44. Özcan MM, Al Juhaimi F, Gülcü M, Uslu N, Geçgel Ü. Determination of bioactive compounds and mineral contents of seedless parts and seeds of grapes. South African J Enol Vitic [Internet]. 2017 Oct;38(2). Available from: <URL>.
45. Krasteva D, Ivanov Y, Chengolova Z, Godjevargova T. Antimicrobial potential, antioxidant activity, and phenolic content of grape seed extracts from four grape varieties. Microorganisms [Internet]. 2023 Feb 3;11(2):395. Available from: <URL>.
46. Amorati R, Valgimigli L. Advantages and limitations of common testing methods for antioxidants. Free Radic Res [Internet]. 2015 May 4;49(5):633–49. Available from: <URL>.
47. Olah NK, Osser G, Câmpean RF, Furtuna FR, Benedec D, Filip L, et al. The study of polyphenolic compounds profile of some Rosmarinus officinalis L. extracts. Pak J Pharm Sci [Internet]. 2016;29(6):2355–61. Available from: <URL>.
48. Saeed F, Afzaal M, Niaz B, Arshad MU, Tufail T, Hussain MB, et al. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia): A natural healthy vegetable. Int J Food Prop [Internet]. 2018 Jan 1;21(1):1270–90. Available from: <URL>.
49. Alper M, Özay C. Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of ethanol extracts of Momordica charantia and Datura stramonium. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Derg [Internet]. 2022 Feb 28;25(1):1–9. Available from: <URL>.
50. Anilakumar K. Nutritional, pharmacological and medicinal properties of Momordica charantia. Int J Nutr Food Sci [Internet]. 2015;4(1):75-83 Available from: <URL>.
51. Akyüz E, Türkoğlu S, Sözgen Başkan K, Tütem E, Apak MR. Comparison of antioxidant capacities and antioxidant components of commercial bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) products. Turkish J Chem [Internet]. 2020 Dec 16;44(6):1663–73. Available from: <URL>.
52. Savsatli Y, Seyis F. Determination of suitable solvents for extraction of different fruit parts of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L. Int J Agric Nat Sci [Internet]. 2016;9(1):18–22. Available from: <URL>.
53. Hussain A, Fatima H, Komal M, Kauser S, Yaqub S, Akram S, et al. Evaluation of peel, flesh and seeds of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) for biologically active components, through development of powders and ethanolic extracts. Discov Appl Sci [Internet]. 2024 Aug 6;6(8):432. Available from: <URL>.
54. Gayathry KS, John JA. A comprehensive review on bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) as a gold mine of functional bioactive components for therapeutic foods. Food Prod Process Nutr [Internet]. 2022 Dec 25;4(1):10. Available from: <URL>.
55. Koczka N, Ombódi A, Móczár Z, Stefanovits-Bányai E. Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of ginkgo teas. Acta Aliment [Internet]. 2016 Mar;45(1):77–84. Available from: <URL>.
56. Aybastier Ö. Determination of antioxidant properties of Ginkgo biloba in different forms. Eur J Sci Technol [Internet]. 2020 Apr 1;18:206–12. Available from: <URL>.
57. Xiao J. Dietary flavonoid aglycones and their glycosides: Which show better biological significance? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr [Internet]. 2017 Jul 15;57(9):1874–905. Available from: <URL>.

Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Analitik Spektrometri, Analitik Kimya (Diğer)
Bölüm	ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ
Yazarlar	Aslı Demir 0009-0003-7821-4973 Kevser Sözgen Başkan 0000-0002-3486-0231 Sema Demirci Çekiç 0000-0003-1703-3389
Yayımlanma Tarihi	31 Mayıs 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi	3 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi	15 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2025 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver	Demir A, Sözgen Başkan K, Demirci Çekiç S. Determination of Antioxidant Capacities of Some Dietary Supplements by Spectrophotometric and Chromatographic Methods. JOTCSA. 2025;12(2):129-40.

Kapak Resmi İndir

Makale Dosyaları

Tam Metin

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.