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Inconsistency between declared versus determined trans resveratrol and/or quercetin contents in food supplements

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 6, 2078 - 2091, 28.06.2025

Dicle Çevik , Elif Begüm Yıldırım , Etil Güzelmeriç , Erdem Yeşilada

Öz

The utilization of nutraceuticals consisting of (trans)-resveratrol or quercetin or combination of these two compounds or food supplements contain extracts rich with (trans)-resveratrol or quercetin have become very popular due to their protective and health-beneficial effects especially after the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. As the safety and quality control of the food supplements is very important in terms of well-being of consumers, the objective of this study was to qualitatively analyze commercially available (trans)-resveratrol and/or quercetin supplements sold in the Turkish market by using High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and to measure trans-resveratrol and quercetin quantitatively by using a newly developed and validated High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. The HPTLC analysis was performed on silica gel 60 F254 glass HPTLC plates using toluene-chloroform-ethyl acetate-formic acid (3:2:10:0.1, v/v/v/v) as a developing solvent system. Standard compounds trans-resveratrol and quercetin were parallelly analyzed with sample test solutions belong to different brands. The chemical fingerprintings of analyzed samples showed that 8 of the 33 of them did not exhibit the expected zones corresponding to reference compounds. According to quantitative analysis via HPLC, the determined contents of trans-resveratrol and quercetin were found to be different from the declared amounts in all of the investigated products. The deviation of determined trans-resveratrol content from the declared content was calculated as ± 10.0% in only four food supplements (R4, R5, R8, QR4; percent of declared trans-resveratrol contents ranged between 90.3% and 101.2 %), whereas deviation of quercetin levels was found higher in all quercetin containing products. To conclude, the majority of the marketed products containing (trans)-resveratrol and/or quercetin in Türkiye had lower levels of the active compounds indicating the inconsistency between the declared and the actual content of these substances. It should be highlighted that quality control of food supplements must be done by authorities before marketing.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Trans-resveratrol Quercetin Nutraceuticals Food supplements High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Quality control

Kaynakça

  • [1] Omar JM, Yang H, Li S, Marquardt RR, Jones PJH. Development of an improved reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous analyses of trans -/ cis -resveratrol, quercetin, and emodin in commercial resveratrol supplements. J Agric Food Chem. 2014; 62: 5812–5817. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf5001277
  • [2] Burns J, Yokota T, Ashihara H, Lean MEJ, Crozier Alan. Plant foods and herbal sources of resveratrol. J Agric Food Chem. 2002; 50: 3337–3340. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0112973
  • [3] Ke J, Li M-T, Xu S, Ma, Jianpeng M, Liu M-Y, Han Y. Advances for pharmacological activities of Polygonum cuspidatum - A review. Pharm Biol. 2023; 61: 177–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2022.2158349
  • [4] Filardo S, Di Pietro M, Mastromarino P, Sessa R. Therapeutic potential of resveratrol against emerging respiratory viral infections. Pharmacol Ther. 2020; 214: 107613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107613
  • [5] Wiciński M, Socha M, Walczak M, Wódkiewicz E, Malinowski B, Rewerski S, Górski K, Pawlak-Osińska, K. Beneficial effects of resveratrol administration—Focus on potential biochemical mechanisms in cardiovascular conditions. Nutrients. 2018; 10(11): 1813. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111813
  • [6] Ćućuz V, Cvejić J, Gojković-Bukarica L. Clinical trials of resveratrol efficacy and safety. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2022; 79: 613–618. https://doi.org/10.2298/VSP201126006C
  • [7] Chen L, Musa AE. Boosting immune system against cancer by resveratrol. Phyther Res. 2021; 35: 5514–5526. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7189
  • [8] Shahcheraghi SH, Salemi F, Small S, Syed S, Salari F, Alam W, Cheang WS, Saso L, Khan H. Resveratrol regulates inflammation and improves oxidative stress via Nrf2 signaling pathway: Therapeutic and biotechnological prospects. Phyther Res. 2023; 1590–1605. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7754
  • [9] Batiha GES, Beshbishy AM, Ikram M, Mulla ZS, El-Hack MEA, Taha AE, Algammal AM, Elewa YHA. The pharmacological activity, biochemical properties, and pharmacokinetics of the major natural polyphenolic flavonoid: Quercetin. Foods. 2020; 9: 374. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030374
  • [10] David AVA, Arulmoli R, Parasuraman S. Overviews of biological importance of quercetin: A bioactive flavonoid. Pharmacogn Rev. 2016; 10: 84–89. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.194044
  • [11] Dabeek WM, Marra MV. Dietary quercetin and kaempferol: Bioavailability and potential cardiovascular-related bioactivity in humans. Nutrients. 2019; 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102288
  • [12] Careri M, Corradini C, Elviri L, Nicoletti I, Zagnoni I. Direct HPLC analysis of quercetin and trans-resveratrol in red wine, grape, and winemaking byproducts. J Agric Food Chem. 2003; 51: 5226–5231. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf034149g
  • [13] Directive 2023/32169/Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency of 20 April 2023 on Health Declaration In Food And Supplementary Foods Regulations About The Use. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2023/04/20230420-5.htm (accessed on 25 August 2023).
  • [14] Zeisel SH. Regulation of nutraceuticals. Science. 1999; 285:1853–1855. https://10.1126/science.285.5435.1853
  • [15] Frémont L, Belguendouz L, Delpal S. Antioxidant activity of resveratrol and alcohol-free wine polyphenols related to LDL oxidation and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Life Sci. 1999; 64: 2511–2521. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024 3205(99)00209-X
  • [16] Coballase-Urrutia E, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Cárdenas-Rodríguez N, Huerta-Gertrudis B, García-Cruz ME, Montesinos-Correa H, Sánchez-González DJ, Camacho-Carranza R, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ. Acetonic and methanolic extracts of Heterotheca inuloides, and quercetin, decrease CCl4-oxidative stress in several rat tissues. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med. 2013; 2013: 659165. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/659165
  • [17] Xu D, Hu MJ, Wang YQ, Cui YL. Antioxidant activities of quercetin and its complexes for medicinal application. Molecules. 2019; 24: 1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061123
  • [18] Murugesan N, Damodaran C, Krishnamoorthy S, Raja M. In-vitro evaluation of synergism in antioxidant efficiency of quercetin and resveratrol. Chem Biol Lett. 2023; 10(2): 534. https://pubs.thesciencein.org/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/534
  • [19] Murugesan N, Damodaran CP. Antioxidant activity of synergistic quercetin resveratrol. J Mol Chem. 2023; 3(1): 581. https://www.pubs.thesciencein.org/journal/index.php/jmc/article/view/a581
  • [20] Quiles J, Rivas-García L, Varela-López A, Llopis J, Battino M, Sánchez-González C. Do nutrients and other bioactive molecules from foods have anything to say in the treatment against COVID-19? Environ Res J. 2020; 191: 110053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110053
  • [21] Hurcan M, Irkin R. A review of natural foods consumed during the COVID-19 pandemic life. Postepy Hig Med Dosw. 2022; 76: 188–198. https://doi.org/10.2478/ahem-2022-0020
  • [22] Bijelić K, Hitl M, Kladar N. Phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2—Clinical evidence. Antibiotics. 2022; 11: 1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111614
  • [23] Smith T, Majid F, Eckl V, Reynolds CM. Herbal supplement sales in US increase by record-breaking 17.3% in 2020. HerbalGram. 2021; 131: 52-65.
  • [24] Sargiacomo C, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. COVID-19 and chronological aging: Senolytics and other anti-aging drugs for the treatment or prevention of corona virus infection? Aging. 2020; 12: 6511–6517. https://doi.org/10.18632/AGING.103001
  • [25] Derosa G, Maffioli P, D’Angelo A, Di Pierro F. A role for quercetin in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Phyther Res. 2021; 35: 1230–1236. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6887
  • [26] Shohan M, Nashibi R, Mahmoudian-Sani MR, Abolnezhadian F, Ghafourian M, Alavi SM, Sharhani A, Khodadadi A. The therapeutic efficacy of quercetin in combination with antiviral drugs in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A randomized controlled trial. Eur J Pharmacol. 2022; 914: 174615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174615
  • [27] Di Pierro F, Derosa G, Maffioli P, Bertuccioli A, Togni S, Riva A, Allegrini P, Khan A, Khan S, Khan BA, Altaf N, Zahid M, Ujjan ID, Nigar R, Khushk MI, Phulpoto M, Lail A, Devrajani BR. Ahmed S. Possible therapeutic effects of adjuvant quercetin supplementation against early-stage covid-19 infection: A prospective, randomized, controlled, and open-label study. Int J Gen Med. 2021; 14: 2359–2366. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S318720
  • [28] Horne JR, Vohl MC. Biological plausibility for interactions between dietary fat, resveratrol, ACE2, and SARS-CoV illness severity. Am J Physiol - Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318: E830–E833. https://doi.org/10.1152/AJPENDO.00150.2020
  • [29] Mittra I, Souza R de, Bhadade R, Madke T, Shankpal PD, Joshi M, Qayyumi B, Bhattacharjee A, Gota V, Gupta S, Chaturvedi P, Badwe R. Resveratrol and Copper for treatment of severe COVID-19: an observational study (RESCU 002). MedRxiv. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.21.20151423
  • [30] Bensa M, Vovk I, Glavnik V. Resveratrol food supplement products and the challenges of accurate label information to ensure food safety for consumers. Nutrients. 2023; 15: 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020474
  • [31] Güzelmeriç E, Çevik D, Yeşilada E. Quality assessment of marketed food supplements and herbal tea products of olive leaf in Turkey. J Res Pharm. 2020; 24: 159–169. https://doi.org/10.35333/jrp.2020.123
  • [32] Çevik D, Güzelmeriç E, Şen NB, Yeşilada E. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the marketing Passiflora incarnata L. formulations in Turkey. J Res Pharm. 2023; 27: 609–619. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.343
  • [33] Calahan J, Howard D, Almalki AJ, Gupta MP, Calderón AI. Chemical adulterants in herbal medicinal products: A review. Planta Med. 2016; 82: 505–515. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-103495
  • [34] Imran M, Kashif Iqubal M, Ahmad S, Ali J, Baboota S. Stability-indicating high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of quercetin and resveratrol in the lipid-based nanoformulation. JPC-Modern TLC. 32: 393–400. https://doi.org/10.1556/1006.2019.32.5.7
  • [35] Sethuraman V, Janakiraman K, Krishnaswami V, Natesan S, Kandasamy R. Combinatorial analysis of quercetin and resveratrol by HPTLC in Sesbania grandiflora/phyto-based nanoformulations. Nat Prod Res. 2021; 35(13): 2243-2248. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2019.1662012
  • [36] ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2 (R1). https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q2%28R1%29%20Guideline.pdf (accessed on 25 August 2023).
  • [37] General Guidance Document For Competent Authorities For The Control Of Compliance with EU Legislation. December 2012. European Commission. Health and Consumers https://food.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2016-10/labelling_nutrition-vitamins_minerals guidance_tolerances_1212_en.pdf (accessed on 27 August 2023).

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 6, 2078 - 2091, 28.06.2025

Dicle Çevik , Elif Begüm Yıldırım , Etil Güzelmeriç , Erdem Yeşilada

Öz

Kaynakça

  • [1] Omar JM, Yang H, Li S, Marquardt RR, Jones PJH. Development of an improved reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous analyses of trans -/ cis -resveratrol, quercetin, and emodin in commercial resveratrol supplements. J Agric Food Chem. 2014; 62: 5812–5817. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf5001277
  • [2] Burns J, Yokota T, Ashihara H, Lean MEJ, Crozier Alan. Plant foods and herbal sources of resveratrol. J Agric Food Chem. 2002; 50: 3337–3340. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0112973
  • [3] Ke J, Li M-T, Xu S, Ma, Jianpeng M, Liu M-Y, Han Y. Advances for pharmacological activities of Polygonum cuspidatum - A review. Pharm Biol. 2023; 61: 177–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2022.2158349
  • [4] Filardo S, Di Pietro M, Mastromarino P, Sessa R. Therapeutic potential of resveratrol against emerging respiratory viral infections. Pharmacol Ther. 2020; 214: 107613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107613
  • [5] Wiciński M, Socha M, Walczak M, Wódkiewicz E, Malinowski B, Rewerski S, Górski K, Pawlak-Osińska, K. Beneficial effects of resveratrol administration—Focus on potential biochemical mechanisms in cardiovascular conditions. Nutrients. 2018; 10(11): 1813. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111813
  • [6] Ćućuz V, Cvejić J, Gojković-Bukarica L. Clinical trials of resveratrol efficacy and safety. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2022; 79: 613–618. https://doi.org/10.2298/VSP201126006C
  • [7] Chen L, Musa AE. Boosting immune system against cancer by resveratrol. Phyther Res. 2021; 35: 5514–5526. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7189
  • [8] Shahcheraghi SH, Salemi F, Small S, Syed S, Salari F, Alam W, Cheang WS, Saso L, Khan H. Resveratrol regulates inflammation and improves oxidative stress via Nrf2 signaling pathway: Therapeutic and biotechnological prospects. Phyther Res. 2023; 1590–1605. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7754
  • [9] Batiha GES, Beshbishy AM, Ikram M, Mulla ZS, El-Hack MEA, Taha AE, Algammal AM, Elewa YHA. The pharmacological activity, biochemical properties, and pharmacokinetics of the major natural polyphenolic flavonoid: Quercetin. Foods. 2020; 9: 374. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030374
  • [10] David AVA, Arulmoli R, Parasuraman S. Overviews of biological importance of quercetin: A bioactive flavonoid. Pharmacogn Rev. 2016; 10: 84–89. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.194044
  • [11] Dabeek WM, Marra MV. Dietary quercetin and kaempferol: Bioavailability and potential cardiovascular-related bioactivity in humans. Nutrients. 2019; 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102288
  • [12] Careri M, Corradini C, Elviri L, Nicoletti I, Zagnoni I. Direct HPLC analysis of quercetin and trans-resveratrol in red wine, grape, and winemaking byproducts. J Agric Food Chem. 2003; 51: 5226–5231. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf034149g
  • [13] Directive 2023/32169/Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency of 20 April 2023 on Health Declaration In Food And Supplementary Foods Regulations About The Use. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2023/04/20230420-5.htm (accessed on 25 August 2023).
  • [14] Zeisel SH. Regulation of nutraceuticals. Science. 1999; 285:1853–1855. https://10.1126/science.285.5435.1853
  • [15] Frémont L, Belguendouz L, Delpal S. Antioxidant activity of resveratrol and alcohol-free wine polyphenols related to LDL oxidation and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Life Sci. 1999; 64: 2511–2521. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024 3205(99)00209-X
  • [16] Coballase-Urrutia E, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Cárdenas-Rodríguez N, Huerta-Gertrudis B, García-Cruz ME, Montesinos-Correa H, Sánchez-González DJ, Camacho-Carranza R, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ. Acetonic and methanolic extracts of Heterotheca inuloides, and quercetin, decrease CCl4-oxidative stress in several rat tissues. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med. 2013; 2013: 659165. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/659165
  • [17] Xu D, Hu MJ, Wang YQ, Cui YL. Antioxidant activities of quercetin and its complexes for medicinal application. Molecules. 2019; 24: 1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061123
  • [18] Murugesan N, Damodaran C, Krishnamoorthy S, Raja M. In-vitro evaluation of synergism in antioxidant efficiency of quercetin and resveratrol. Chem Biol Lett. 2023; 10(2): 534. https://pubs.thesciencein.org/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/534
  • [19] Murugesan N, Damodaran CP. Antioxidant activity of synergistic quercetin resveratrol. J Mol Chem. 2023; 3(1): 581. https://www.pubs.thesciencein.org/journal/index.php/jmc/article/view/a581
  • [20] Quiles J, Rivas-García L, Varela-López A, Llopis J, Battino M, Sánchez-González C. Do nutrients and other bioactive molecules from foods have anything to say in the treatment against COVID-19? Environ Res J. 2020; 191: 110053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110053
  • [21] Hurcan M, Irkin R. A review of natural foods consumed during the COVID-19 pandemic life. Postepy Hig Med Dosw. 2022; 76: 188–198. https://doi.org/10.2478/ahem-2022-0020
  • [22] Bijelić K, Hitl M, Kladar N. Phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2—Clinical evidence. Antibiotics. 2022; 11: 1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111614
  • [23] Smith T, Majid F, Eckl V, Reynolds CM. Herbal supplement sales in US increase by record-breaking 17.3% in 2020. HerbalGram. 2021; 131: 52-65.
  • [24] Sargiacomo C, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. COVID-19 and chronological aging: Senolytics and other anti-aging drugs for the treatment or prevention of corona virus infection? Aging. 2020; 12: 6511–6517. https://doi.org/10.18632/AGING.103001
  • [25] Derosa G, Maffioli P, D’Angelo A, Di Pierro F. A role for quercetin in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Phyther Res. 2021; 35: 1230–1236. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6887
  • [26] Shohan M, Nashibi R, Mahmoudian-Sani MR, Abolnezhadian F, Ghafourian M, Alavi SM, Sharhani A, Khodadadi A. The therapeutic efficacy of quercetin in combination with antiviral drugs in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A randomized controlled trial. Eur J Pharmacol. 2022; 914: 174615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174615
  • [27] Di Pierro F, Derosa G, Maffioli P, Bertuccioli A, Togni S, Riva A, Allegrini P, Khan A, Khan S, Khan BA, Altaf N, Zahid M, Ujjan ID, Nigar R, Khushk MI, Phulpoto M, Lail A, Devrajani BR. Ahmed S. Possible therapeutic effects of adjuvant quercetin supplementation against early-stage covid-19 infection: A prospective, randomized, controlled, and open-label study. Int J Gen Med. 2021; 14: 2359–2366. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S318720
  • [28] Horne JR, Vohl MC. Biological plausibility for interactions between dietary fat, resveratrol, ACE2, and SARS-CoV illness severity. Am J Physiol - Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318: E830–E833. https://doi.org/10.1152/AJPENDO.00150.2020
  • [29] Mittra I, Souza R de, Bhadade R, Madke T, Shankpal PD, Joshi M, Qayyumi B, Bhattacharjee A, Gota V, Gupta S, Chaturvedi P, Badwe R. Resveratrol and Copper for treatment of severe COVID-19: an observational study (RESCU 002). MedRxiv. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.21.20151423
  • [30] Bensa M, Vovk I, Glavnik V. Resveratrol food supplement products and the challenges of accurate label information to ensure food safety for consumers. Nutrients. 2023; 15: 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020474
  • [31] Güzelmeriç E, Çevik D, Yeşilada E. Quality assessment of marketed food supplements and herbal tea products of olive leaf in Turkey. J Res Pharm. 2020; 24: 159–169. https://doi.org/10.35333/jrp.2020.123
  • [32] Çevik D, Güzelmeriç E, Şen NB, Yeşilada E. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the marketing Passiflora incarnata L. formulations in Turkey. J Res Pharm. 2023; 27: 609–619. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.343
  • [33] Calahan J, Howard D, Almalki AJ, Gupta MP, Calderón AI. Chemical adulterants in herbal medicinal products: A review. Planta Med. 2016; 82: 505–515. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-103495
  • [34] Imran M, Kashif Iqubal M, Ahmad S, Ali J, Baboota S. Stability-indicating high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of quercetin and resveratrol in the lipid-based nanoformulation. JPC-Modern TLC. 32: 393–400. https://doi.org/10.1556/1006.2019.32.5.7
  • [35] Sethuraman V, Janakiraman K, Krishnaswami V, Natesan S, Kandasamy R. Combinatorial analysis of quercetin and resveratrol by HPTLC in Sesbania grandiflora/phyto-based nanoformulations. Nat Prod Res. 2021; 35(13): 2243-2248. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2019.1662012
  • [36] ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2 (R1). https://database.ich.org/sites/default/files/Q2%28R1%29%20Guideline.pdf (accessed on 25 August 2023).
  • [37] General Guidance Document For Competent Authorities For The Control Of Compliance with EU Legislation. December 2012. European Commission. Health and Consumers https://food.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2016-10/labelling_nutrition-vitamins_minerals guidance_tolerances_1212_en.pdf (accessed on 27 August 2023).
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Farmakognozi
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Dicle Çevik 0000-0001-9257-5765

Elif Begüm Yıldırım 0000-0003-4754-8121

Etil Güzelmeriç 0000-0001-9696-3271

Erdem Yeşilada 0000-0002-1348-6033

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Çevik, D., Yıldırım, E. B., Güzelmeriç, E., Yeşilada, E. (2025). Inconsistency between declared versus determined trans resveratrol and/or quercetin contents in food supplements. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 28(6), 2078-2091. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.883
AMA Çevik D, Yıldırım EB, Güzelmeriç E, Yeşilada E. Inconsistency between declared versus determined trans resveratrol and/or quercetin contents in food supplements. J. Res. Pharm. Temmuz 2025;28(6):2078-2091. doi:10.29228/jrp.883
Chicago Çevik, Dicle, Elif Begüm Yıldırım, Etil Güzelmeriç, ve Erdem Yeşilada. “Inconsistency Between Declared Versus Determined Trans Resveratrol and/Or Quercetin Contents in Food Supplements”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28, sy. 6 (Temmuz 2025): 2078-91. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.883.
EndNote Çevik D, Yıldırım EB, Güzelmeriç E, Yeşilada E (01 Temmuz 2025) Inconsistency between declared versus determined trans resveratrol and/or quercetin contents in food supplements. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28 6 2078–2091.
IEEE D. Çevik, E. B. Yıldırım, E. Güzelmeriç, ve E. Yeşilada, “Inconsistency between declared versus determined trans resveratrol and/or quercetin contents in food supplements”, J. Res. Pharm., c. 28, sy. 6, ss. 2078–2091, 2025, doi: 10.29228/jrp.883.
ISNAD Çevik, Dicle vd. “Inconsistency Between Declared Versus Determined Trans Resveratrol and/Or Quercetin Contents in Food Supplements”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28/6 (Temmuz 2025), 2078-2091. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.883.
JAMA Çevik D, Yıldırım EB, Güzelmeriç E, Yeşilada E. Inconsistency between declared versus determined trans resveratrol and/or quercetin contents in food supplements. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28:2078–2091.
MLA Çevik, Dicle vd. “Inconsistency Between Declared Versus Determined Trans Resveratrol and/Or Quercetin Contents in Food Supplements”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, c. 28, sy. 6, 2025, ss. 2078-91, doi:10.29228/jrp.883.
Vancouver Çevik D, Yıldırım EB, Güzelmeriç E, Yeşilada E. Inconsistency between declared versus determined trans resveratrol and/or quercetin contents in food supplements. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28(6):2078-91.