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Biological evaluation and molecular docking of Indonesian Gracilaria salicornia as antioxidant agents

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1, 207 - 220, 28.06.2025

Bahrun Bahrun , Tatsufumi Okino Herlina Rasyid , Nunuk Hariani Soekamto

Öz

The antioxidant activity of Gracilaria salicornia extract was investigated to develop natural product-based chemotherapeutic agents using more efficient and straightforward methods. The efficacy was determined through free radical scavenging activity against DPPH, phytochemical assays, GC-MS analysis, and molecular docking analysis through NADPH Oxidase (NOX) protein (PDB ID: 2CDU). The best antioxidant activity of several extracts was shown by ethyl acetate extract with an IC50 value about 179.81±6.38 µg/mL, classified as moderate activity. Based on the phytochemical assay, the extract contains alkaloids, steroids, phenolics, flavonoids, and saponin compounds. Further analysis of the extract by GC-MS showed the presence of secondary metabolites that have been shown to have bioactivity as antioxidant and anticancer agents, such as L-(+)-ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate, cholest-5-en-3-ol (3.beta.), 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, and phytol. The activity was also supported by molecular docking analysis. Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3.beta.), 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, and phytol showed outstanding interaction with the target protein's active site (binding energy -10.90, -7.11, and -6.22 kcal/mol, respectively). The binding energy of cholest-5-en-3-ol (3.beta.) was significantly higher than the native ligand. The binding energy describes the potential of the compound to suppress ROS production by inhibiting NOX protein activity. These findings revealed that the phytochemicals of G. salicornia can be developed as a chemotherapeutic agent. This approach can be used as a guide in developing natural product-based chemotherapeutic agents.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gracilaria salicornia secondary metabolites chemotherapy antioxidant molecular docking

Kaynakça

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Yıl 2023, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1, 207 - 220, 28.06.2025

Bahrun Bahrun , Tatsufumi Okino Herlina Rasyid , Nunuk Hariani Soekamto

Öz

Kaynakça

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  • [20] Mubarak Z, Humaira A, Gani BA, Muchlisin ZA. Preliminary study on the ınhibitory effect of seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa extract on biofilm formation of Candida albicans cultured from the saliva of a smoker. F1000Research. 2018;7(684):1-15. [CrossRef]
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  • [22] Sumayya SS, Lubaina AS, Murugan K. Phytochemical, HPLC and FTIR Analysis of methanolic extract from Gracilaria dura (C Agardh) J Agardh. J Drug Deliv Ther. 2020;10(3):114-118. [CrossRef]
  • [23] Gunathilaka TL, Samarakoon KW, Ranasinghe P, Peiris LDC. In‐vitro antioxidant, hypoglycemic activity, and ıdentification of bioactive compounds in phenol‐rich extract from the marine red algae Gracilaria edulis (Gmelin) Silva. Molecules. 2019;24(3708):1-16. [CrossRef]
  • [24] Lu Y, Mei S, Wang P, Ouyang P, Liao X, Ye H, Wu K, Ma X. Protective effects of Gracilaria lemaneiformis extract against ultraviolet b-ınduced damage in HaCaT cells. Pharmacogn Mag. 2020;16:510-517. [CrossRef]
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  • [40] Mushtaq S, Uzair B, Hameed A, Khayam AU, Irum S, Shahzad K, Khan BA, Ismail M, Ahmad N, Abbas R. In vitro cytotoxicity of secondary metabolites extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa BS25 strain. Arab J Sci Eng. 2020;45(1):81-94. [CrossRef]
  • [41] Tomaz ACDA, Miranda GEC, Souza MDFV, Cunha EVL. Analysis and characterization of methyl esters of fatty acids of some Gracilaria species. Biochem Syst Ecol. 2012;44:303-306. [CrossRef]
  • [42] Tassakka ACMAR, Sumule O, Massi MN, Sulfahri, Manggau M, Iskandar IW, Alam JF, Permana AD,Liao LM. Potential bioactive compounds as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors from extracts of the marine red alga Halymenia durvillei (Rhodophyta) – A computational study. Arab J Chem.2021;14(11):103393. [CrossRef]
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Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eczacılık ve İlaç Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Bahrun Bahrun 0000-0001-5243-014X

Tatsufumi Okino 0000-0002-8363-0467

Herlina Rasyid 0000-0001-9136-9716

Nunuk Hariani Soekamto 0000-0001-8281-1752

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Bahrun, B., Okino, T., Rasyid, H., Soekamto, N. H. (2025). Biological evaluation and molecular docking of Indonesian Gracilaria salicornia as antioxidant agents. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 27(1), 207-220.
AMA Bahrun B, Okino T, Rasyid H, Soekamto NH. Biological evaluation and molecular docking of Indonesian Gracilaria salicornia as antioxidant agents. J. Res. Pharm. Haziran 2025;27(1):207-220.
Chicago Bahrun, Bahrun, Tatsufumi Okino, Herlina Rasyid, ve Nunuk Hariani Soekamto. “Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking of Indonesian Gracilaria Salicornia As Antioxidant Agents”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27, sy. 1 (Haziran 2025): 207-20.
EndNote Bahrun B, Okino T, Rasyid H, Soekamto NH (01 Haziran 2025) Biological evaluation and molecular docking of Indonesian Gracilaria salicornia as antioxidant agents. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27 1 207–220.
IEEE B. Bahrun, T. Okino, H. Rasyid, ve N. H. Soekamto, “Biological evaluation and molecular docking of Indonesian Gracilaria salicornia as antioxidant agents”, J. Res. Pharm., c. 27, sy. 1, ss. 207–220, 2025.
ISNAD Bahrun, Bahrun vd. “Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking of Indonesian Gracilaria Salicornia As Antioxidant Agents”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27/1 (Haziran 2025), 207-220.
JAMA Bahrun B, Okino T, Rasyid H, Soekamto NH. Biological evaluation and molecular docking of Indonesian Gracilaria salicornia as antioxidant agents. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27:207–220.
MLA Bahrun, Bahrun vd. “Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking of Indonesian Gracilaria Salicornia As Antioxidant Agents”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, c. 27, sy. 1, 2025, ss. 207-20.
Vancouver Bahrun B, Okino T, Rasyid H, Soekamto NH. Biological evaluation and molecular docking of Indonesian Gracilaria salicornia as antioxidant agents. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27(1):207-20.