Evaluation of escitalopram induced reproductive toxicity in male Swiss albino mice

Karuna Agrawal; Lata Shahani; Pradeep Bhatnagar

Araştırma Makalesi

Evaluation of escitalopram induced reproductive toxicity in male Swiss albino mice

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1, 364 - 374, 28.06.2025

Karuna Agrawal Lata Shahani Pradeep Bhatnagar

Öz

Depression and anxiety are recognized as public health problems. For the treatment of major depressive disorder, antidepressant drugs are frequently prescribed worldwide. Antidepressants are a class of drugs that reduce the symptoms of depressive disorders by blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitter and by correcting chemical imbalances of neurotransmitters in the brain. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects caused by escitalopram oxalate (an SSRI antidepressant) on male reproductive parameters of mice. The antidepressant drug was administered to Swiss albino male mice orally at the dose level of 10 mg/kg b.w./d and 20 mg/kg b.w./d for duration of 30 and 60 days. Body weight, relative sex organ weight, sperm parameters, biochemical parameters and marker of steroidogenesis were used as parameters to evaluate the toxicity of escitalopram oxalate on treated mice. The results showed significant decrease in body weight, weight of testis and epididymis. Escitalopram oxalate treatment also brought about marked reduction in sperm count, sperm motility and viability in exposed males. Testicular protein and sialic acid content reduced significantly whereas a significant increase in the glycogen and cholesterol content of testis was observed. In addition, 3 β-HSD and 17 β-HSD activity decreased significantly. In conclusion, escitalopram oxalate exerts toxic effects on testis of mice after 60 days of treatment at dose of 20mg/kg b.w./d.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Escitalopram oxalate, reproductive toxicity, biochemical parameter, male Swiss albino mice

Kaynakça

1. Patel V. Cultural factors and International epidemiology. Br Med Bull. 2001; 57: 33-45.[CrossRef]
2. The world health report. Mental health News understanding new hope WHO Geneva 2001. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42390
3. Avissar S, Scheriber G. Toward molecular diagnostics of mood disorders in psychiatry. Trends Mol Med. 2002; 8(6): 294-300.[CrossRef]
4. Avissar S, Scheriber G. The involvement of G-protein and regulators of receptor G-protein coupling in pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders. Clin Chim Acta. 2006; 336(1-2): 37-47. [CrossRef]
5. Ilgin S, Kilic G, Baysal M. Citalopram induces reproductive toxicity in male rats. Birth Defects Res. 2017; 109(7): 475–485. [CrossRef]
6. Reddy MS.Depression: The Disorder and the Burden. Indian J Psychol Med. 2010; 32(1): 1-2. [CrossRef]
7. Wiegner L,Hange D , Björkelund C, Ahlborg G. Prevalence of perceived stress and associations to symptoms of exhaustion, depression and anxiety in a working age population seeking primary care--an observational study. BMC Fam Pract. 2015; 16:38. [CrossRef]
8. Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bernert S, Bruffaerts R, Brugha TS, Bryson H. Psychotropic drug utilization in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004; 420: 55–64. [CrossRef]
9. Campanha AM, Siu ER, Milhorança IA, Viana MC, Wang YP, Andrade LH. Use of psychotropic medications in São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil: pattern of healthcare provision to general population. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2015; 24(11): 1207–1214. [CrossRef]
10. Carrasco JL, Sandner C. Clinical effects of pharmacological variations in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: an overview. Int J Clin Pract. 2005; 59(12): 1428-34.[CrossRef]
11. Pirraglia PA, Stafford RS, Singer DE. Trends in Prescribing of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Other Newer Antidepressant Agents in Adult.J Clin Psychiatry. 2003; 5(4): 153-157.
12. Atli O, Baysal M, Kilic G, Kilic V, Ucarcan S, Karaduman B, Ilgin S. Sertraline induced reproductive toxicity in male rats: evaluation of possible underlying mechanisms. Asian J Androl. 2017; 19(6): 672–679. [CrossRef]
13. Brambilla P,Cipriani A, Hotopf M, Barbui C. Side-effect profile of fluoxetine in comparison with other SSRIs, tricyclic and newer antidepressants: a meta-analysis of clinical trial data. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2005; 38(2): 69-77. [CrossRef]
14. Csoka AB, Shipko S. Persistent sexual side effects after SSRI discontinuation. Psychother Psychosom .2006; 75(3): 187-188.[CrossRef]
15. Attia SM, Bakheet SA. Citalopram at the recommended human doses after long-term treatment is genotoxic for male germ cell. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013; 53: 281-285.[CrossRef]
16. Garnock-Jones KP, McCormack PL. Escitalopram: A review of its use in the management of major depressive disorder in adults. CNS Drugs. 2010; 24(9):769–796. [CrossRef]
17. Fisher JS. Environmental antiandrogens and male reproductive health:focus on phthalates and testicular dysgenesis syndrome. Reprod. 2004; 127: 305-315. [CrossRef]
18. Akingbemi B.T. Estrogen regulation of testicular function. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005; 3(51): 1-13. [CrossRef]
19. Yousef MI, Salem MH, Ibrahim HZ, Helmi S, Seehy MA, Bertheussen K. Toxic effect of carbofuran and glyphosate on semen characteristics in rabbits. J Environ Sci Heal B. 1995; 30: 513-534. [CrossRef]
20. Khan KN, Andress JM, Smith PF. Toxicity of subacute intravenous manganese chloride administration in beagle dogs. Toxicol Pathol.1997; 25(4): 344-350. [CrossRef]
21. Sakr S, Nooh HZ. Effect of Ocimum basilicum extract on cadmium-induced testicular histomorphometric and immunohistochemical alterations in albino rats. Anat Cell Biol. 2013; 46(2):122-30. [CrossRef]
22. Rajawat NK, Soni I, Mathur P, Gupta D. Cyfluthrin-induced toxicity on testes of Swiss albino mice. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2014; 3(3): 334-343.
23. Chakraborty A. Excess iodine supplementation aggravates the toxic effects induced by perchlorate on the male reproductive system in rats. Asian Pac J Reprod. 2021; 10(5): 215-224. [CrossRef]
24. Adedara IA, Ojuade TJD, Olabiyi BF, Idris UF, Onibiyo EM, Ajeigbe OF, Farombi EO. Taurine ameliorates renal oxidative damage and thyroid dysfunction in rats chronically exposed to fluoride. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2017; 175 (2): 388-395.[CrossRef]
25. Morakinyo AO, Achema PU, Adegoke OA. Effect of Zingiberofficinale (Ginger) on sodium arsenite-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. Afr J Biomed Res. 2010; 13: 39-45.
26. Chapin RE, Haris MW, David SM. The effects of perinatal juvenile methoxychlor exposure on adult rat nervous, immune and reproductive system function. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1997; 40: 138-157. [CrossRef]
27. Zhai XW, Zhang YL, Qi Q, Bai Y, Chen XL. Effects of molybdenum on sperm quality and testis oxidative stress. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2013; 59: 251-255. [CrossRef]
28. Pandey G, Jain GC. Molybdenum induced histopathological and histomorphometric alterations in testis of male wistar rats. Int J Curr Microbiol Applied Sci. 2015; 4: 150-161.
29. Bataineh HN, Daradka T. Effects of long-term use of fluoxetine on fertility parameters in adult male rats. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2007; 28: 321–5.
30. Bellentani FF, Fernandes GS, Perobelli JE, Pacini ESA, Kiguti LRA, Pupo AS, Kempinas WDG. Acceleration of sperm transit time and reduction of sperm reserves in the epididymis of rats exposed to sibutramine. J Androl. 2011; 32: 718–24.[CrossRef]
31. Chakraborty A, Singh V, Singh K, Rajender S. Excess iodine impairs spermatogenesis by inducing oxidative stress and perturbing the blood testes barrier. Reprod Toxicol. 2020; 96: 128-140. [CrossRef]
32. Khattab FKI. Histological and ultrastructural studies on the testis of rat after treatment with aluminium chloride. Aust J Basic & Appl Sci. 2005;1: 63-72.
33. Alzahrani HAS. Sister chromatid exchanges and sperm abnormalities produced by antidepressant drug fluoxetine in mouse treated in vivo. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2012; 16: 2154–61.
34. Galal AA, Alam RT, Abd El-Aziz RM. Adverse effects of long-term administration of fluvoxamine on haematology, blood biochemistry and fertility in male albino rats: a possible effect of cessation. Andrologia. 2016; 48: 914– 22. [CrossRef]
35. Weinbauer GF, Luetjens CM, Simoni M, Nieschlag E. Physiology of testicular function. Andrology.2010;11-59. [CrossRef]
36. Patel T, Shahani L, Rathore N. Evaluation of oxidative stress parameters in male reproductive organs of Swiss albino mice exposed to sodium fluoride.Int j curr eng sci res.2018; 5(1).
37. Gupta RS, Chaudhary R, Yadav RK, Verma SK, Dobhal MP. Effect of Saponins of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth bark on the reproductive system of male albino rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 96: 31–36.[CrossRef]
38. Rajalakshmi M. Physiology of the epididymis and spermatozoa. J Biosci. 1985; 7 (2):191–195.
39. Resenberg A. Biochemistry and role of sialic acid. Biology of sialic acid. New York: Plenum Press; 1999. 7–67.
40. Riar SS, Setty BS, Kar, AB. Studies on the physiology and biochemistry of mammalian epididymis: biochemical composition of epididymis A comparative study. Fertil Steril. 1973; 24 (5): 355-363. [CrossRef]
41. Thomas, GT, Rebecca S, Andre BA. The Natural History of Symptomatic Androgen Deficiency in Men: Onset, Progression, and Spontaneous Remission. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008; 56 (5): 831-893. [CrossRef]
42. Gheri G, Vichi D, Thyrion GD, Bonaccini L, Vannelli GB, Marini M, Sgambati E. Sialic acid in human testis and changes with aging. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2009; 21(5): 25-33. [CrossRef]
43. Gupta RS, Sharma R, Sharma A, Bhatnager AK, Dobhal MP, Joshi YC, Sharma MC. Effect of Alstoniascholaris bark extracton testicular function of Wistar rats. Asian J Androl. 2002; 4: 175-8.
44. Pandey G, Jain GC. A review on toxic effects of aluminium exposure on male reproductive system and probable mechanisms of toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2013; 3(3): 48- 57.
45. Datta K, Misra J, Dasgupta T, Sengupta S, Sengupta D. Glycogen metabolism in human fetal testes. J Biosci. 1988; 13(2): 117–121. [CrossRef]
46. Ferrer JC, Favre C, Gomis RR, Fernandez-Novell JM, Rocha GM, DelaIglesia N, Cid E, Guinovart JJ. Control of glycogen deposition. FEBS Lett. 2003; 546:127-132.[CrossRef]
47. Das KK, Dasgupta S. Effect of nickel sulfate on testicular steroidogenesis in rats during protein restriction. Environ Health Perspect. 2002; 110: 923–926. [CrossRef]
48. Hu J, Zhang Z, Shen WJ, Azhar S. Cellular cholesterol delivery, intracellular processing and utilization for biosynthesis of steroid hormones. Nutr Metab. 2010; 7.[CrossRef]
49. Sèdes L, Thirouard L, Maqdasy S, Garcia M, Caira F, Lobaccaro JMA, Beaudoin C, VolleDH. Cholesterol: A Gatekeeper of Male Fertility?. Front Endocrinol. 2018; 9: 369 (1-13). [CrossRef]
50. Kaur R, Dhanju CK, Kaur K. Effects of dietary selenium on biochemical composition of rat testis. Indian J Exp Biol. 1999; 37(5): 509-11.
51. Chandel M, Jain GC. Effects of Manganese Exposure on Testicular Histomorphology, Serum Hormones Level and Biochemical Marker Parameters in Wistar Rats. J Biol Sci Med. 2017; 3 (3):1-14. 52. El-Desoky GE, Bashandy SA, Alhazza IM, Al-Othman ZA, Aboul-Soud MA, Yusuf K. Improvement of mercuric chloride-induced testis injuries and sperm quality deteriorations by spirulina platensis in rats. PLoS ONE; 8(3). [CrossRef]
53. Sanderson JT. The steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway as a target for endocrine disrupting chemicals. Toxicol Sci. 2006; 94: 3–21.[CrossRef]
54. Pant N, Srivastava SP. Testicular and spermatotoxic effects of quinalphos in rats. J Appl Toxicol. 2003; 23: 271–274. [CrossRef]
55. Chang S, Jin B , Youn P , Park C , Park J, Doug-Young Ryu D. Arsenic-induced toxicity and the protective role of ascorbic acid in mouse testis.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2007; 218: 196–203.[CrossRef]
56. Pogrmic K, Fa S, Dakic V, Kaisarevic S, Kovacevic R. Atrazine oral exposure of peri pubertal male rats down regulates steroidogenesis gene expression in Leydig cells. Toxicol Sci. 2009; 111: 189–197. [CrossRef]
57. Abarikwu SO, Farombi EO ,Kashyap MP, Pant AB. Atrazine induces transcriptional changes in marker genes associated with steroidogenesis in primary cultures of rat Leydig cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2011; 25:1588–1595.[CrossRef]
58. Dorman DC, McElveen AM, Marshall MW, Parkinson CU, James RA, Struve M F, Wong BA. Maternal-fetal distribution of manganese in the rat following inhalation exposure to manganese sulphate. Neurotoxicology. 2005; 26: 625-632.[CrossRef]
59. Waugh J, Goa KL. Escitalopram A Review of its Use in the Management of Major Depressive and Anxiety Disorders. CNS Drugs. 2002; 17 (5):343-362. [CrossRef]
60. Prasad M, Chinoy N, Kadam K. Changes in succinate dehydrogenase level in rat epididymis under normal and altered physiologic condition. Fertil Steril.1972; 23:180-190. [CrossRef]
61. Lowry OH, Rosebrough MJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin-Phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951; 193: 256-275.
62. Jourdian GW, Dean L, Roseman S. A Periodate resorcinol method for the quantitative estimation of free sialic acids and their glycosides. J Biol Chem. 1971; 246 (2): 430-435. [CrossRef]
63. Zlatkis A, Zak B, Boyle J. A new method for the direct determination of serum protocol. J lab clin Med. 1953; 41:486-492.
64. Montgomery R. Determination glycogen. Arch Biochem Biophys.1965; 67:378–381. [CrossRef]
65. Talalay P. Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: Hydroxysteroid + DPN + (TPN+) ⇄ Ketosteroid DPNH (TPNH) + H+. Methods Enzymol. 1962; 5: 512- -526.[CrossRef]

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1, 364 - 374, 28.06.2025

Karuna Agrawal Lata Shahani Pradeep Bhatnagar

Öz

Kaynakça

1. Patel V. Cultural factors and International epidemiology. Br Med Bull. 2001; 57: 33-45.[CrossRef]
2. The world health report. Mental health News understanding new hope WHO Geneva 2001. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42390
3. Avissar S, Scheriber G. Toward molecular diagnostics of mood disorders in psychiatry. Trends Mol Med. 2002; 8(6): 294-300.[CrossRef]
4. Avissar S, Scheriber G. The involvement of G-protein and regulators of receptor G-protein coupling in pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders. Clin Chim Acta. 2006; 336(1-2): 37-47. [CrossRef]
5. Ilgin S, Kilic G, Baysal M. Citalopram induces reproductive toxicity in male rats. Birth Defects Res. 2017; 109(7): 475–485. [CrossRef]
6. Reddy MS.Depression: The Disorder and the Burden. Indian J Psychol Med. 2010; 32(1): 1-2. [CrossRef]
7. Wiegner L,Hange D , Björkelund C, Ahlborg G. Prevalence of perceived stress and associations to symptoms of exhaustion, depression and anxiety in a working age population seeking primary care--an observational study. BMC Fam Pract. 2015; 16:38. [CrossRef]
8. Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bernert S, Bruffaerts R, Brugha TS, Bryson H. Psychotropic drug utilization in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004; 420: 55–64. [CrossRef]
9. Campanha AM, Siu ER, Milhorança IA, Viana MC, Wang YP, Andrade LH. Use of psychotropic medications in São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil: pattern of healthcare provision to general population. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2015; 24(11): 1207–1214. [CrossRef]
10. Carrasco JL, Sandner C. Clinical effects of pharmacological variations in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: an overview. Int J Clin Pract. 2005; 59(12): 1428-34.[CrossRef]
11. Pirraglia PA, Stafford RS, Singer DE. Trends in Prescribing of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Other Newer Antidepressant Agents in Adult.J Clin Psychiatry. 2003; 5(4): 153-157.
12. Atli O, Baysal M, Kilic G, Kilic V, Ucarcan S, Karaduman B, Ilgin S. Sertraline induced reproductive toxicity in male rats: evaluation of possible underlying mechanisms. Asian J Androl. 2017; 19(6): 672–679. [CrossRef]
13. Brambilla P,Cipriani A, Hotopf M, Barbui C. Side-effect profile of fluoxetine in comparison with other SSRIs, tricyclic and newer antidepressants: a meta-analysis of clinical trial data. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2005; 38(2): 69-77. [CrossRef]
14. Csoka AB, Shipko S. Persistent sexual side effects after SSRI discontinuation. Psychother Psychosom .2006; 75(3): 187-188.[CrossRef]
15. Attia SM, Bakheet SA. Citalopram at the recommended human doses after long-term treatment is genotoxic for male germ cell. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013; 53: 281-285.[CrossRef]
16. Garnock-Jones KP, McCormack PL. Escitalopram: A review of its use in the management of major depressive disorder in adults. CNS Drugs. 2010; 24(9):769–796. [CrossRef]
17. Fisher JS. Environmental antiandrogens and male reproductive health:focus on phthalates and testicular dysgenesis syndrome. Reprod. 2004; 127: 305-315. [CrossRef]
18. Akingbemi B.T. Estrogen regulation of testicular function. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005; 3(51): 1-13. [CrossRef]
19. Yousef MI, Salem MH, Ibrahim HZ, Helmi S, Seehy MA, Bertheussen K. Toxic effect of carbofuran and glyphosate on semen characteristics in rabbits. J Environ Sci Heal B. 1995; 30: 513-534. [CrossRef]
20. Khan KN, Andress JM, Smith PF. Toxicity of subacute intravenous manganese chloride administration in beagle dogs. Toxicol Pathol.1997; 25(4): 344-350. [CrossRef]
21. Sakr S, Nooh HZ. Effect of Ocimum basilicum extract on cadmium-induced testicular histomorphometric and immunohistochemical alterations in albino rats. Anat Cell Biol. 2013; 46(2):122-30. [CrossRef]
22. Rajawat NK, Soni I, Mathur P, Gupta D. Cyfluthrin-induced toxicity on testes of Swiss albino mice. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2014; 3(3): 334-343.
23. Chakraborty A. Excess iodine supplementation aggravates the toxic effects induced by perchlorate on the male reproductive system in rats. Asian Pac J Reprod. 2021; 10(5): 215-224. [CrossRef]
24. Adedara IA, Ojuade TJD, Olabiyi BF, Idris UF, Onibiyo EM, Ajeigbe OF, Farombi EO. Taurine ameliorates renal oxidative damage and thyroid dysfunction in rats chronically exposed to fluoride. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2017; 175 (2): 388-395.[CrossRef]
25. Morakinyo AO, Achema PU, Adegoke OA. Effect of Zingiberofficinale (Ginger) on sodium arsenite-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. Afr J Biomed Res. 2010; 13: 39-45.
26. Chapin RE, Haris MW, David SM. The effects of perinatal juvenile methoxychlor exposure on adult rat nervous, immune and reproductive system function. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1997; 40: 138-157. [CrossRef]
27. Zhai XW, Zhang YL, Qi Q, Bai Y, Chen XL. Effects of molybdenum on sperm quality and testis oxidative stress. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2013; 59: 251-255. [CrossRef]
28. Pandey G, Jain GC. Molybdenum induced histopathological and histomorphometric alterations in testis of male wistar rats. Int J Curr Microbiol Applied Sci. 2015; 4: 150-161.
29. Bataineh HN, Daradka T. Effects of long-term use of fluoxetine on fertility parameters in adult male rats. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2007; 28: 321–5.
30. Bellentani FF, Fernandes GS, Perobelli JE, Pacini ESA, Kiguti LRA, Pupo AS, Kempinas WDG. Acceleration of sperm transit time and reduction of sperm reserves in the epididymis of rats exposed to sibutramine. J Androl. 2011; 32: 718–24.[CrossRef]
31. Chakraborty A, Singh V, Singh K, Rajender S. Excess iodine impairs spermatogenesis by inducing oxidative stress and perturbing the blood testes barrier. Reprod Toxicol. 2020; 96: 128-140. [CrossRef]
32. Khattab FKI. Histological and ultrastructural studies on the testis of rat after treatment with aluminium chloride. Aust J Basic & Appl Sci. 2005;1: 63-72.
33. Alzahrani HAS. Sister chromatid exchanges and sperm abnormalities produced by antidepressant drug fluoxetine in mouse treated in vivo. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2012; 16: 2154–61.
34. Galal AA, Alam RT, Abd El-Aziz RM. Adverse effects of long-term administration of fluvoxamine on haematology, blood biochemistry and fertility in male albino rats: a possible effect of cessation. Andrologia. 2016; 48: 914– 22. [CrossRef]
35. Weinbauer GF, Luetjens CM, Simoni M, Nieschlag E. Physiology of testicular function. Andrology.2010;11-59. [CrossRef]
36. Patel T, Shahani L, Rathore N. Evaluation of oxidative stress parameters in male reproductive organs of Swiss albino mice exposed to sodium fluoride.Int j curr eng sci res.2018; 5(1).
37. Gupta RS, Chaudhary R, Yadav RK, Verma SK, Dobhal MP. Effect of Saponins of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth bark on the reproductive system of male albino rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 96: 31–36.[CrossRef]
38. Rajalakshmi M. Physiology of the epididymis and spermatozoa. J Biosci. 1985; 7 (2):191–195.
39. Resenberg A. Biochemistry and role of sialic acid. Biology of sialic acid. New York: Plenum Press; 1999. 7–67.
40. Riar SS, Setty BS, Kar, AB. Studies on the physiology and biochemistry of mammalian epididymis: biochemical composition of epididymis A comparative study. Fertil Steril. 1973; 24 (5): 355-363. [CrossRef]
41. Thomas, GT, Rebecca S, Andre BA. The Natural History of Symptomatic Androgen Deficiency in Men: Onset, Progression, and Spontaneous Remission. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008; 56 (5): 831-893. [CrossRef]
42. Gheri G, Vichi D, Thyrion GD, Bonaccini L, Vannelli GB, Marini M, Sgambati E. Sialic acid in human testis and changes with aging. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2009; 21(5): 25-33. [CrossRef]
43. Gupta RS, Sharma R, Sharma A, Bhatnager AK, Dobhal MP, Joshi YC, Sharma MC. Effect of Alstoniascholaris bark extracton testicular function of Wistar rats. Asian J Androl. 2002; 4: 175-8.
44. Pandey G, Jain GC. A review on toxic effects of aluminium exposure on male reproductive system and probable mechanisms of toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2013; 3(3): 48- 57.
45. Datta K, Misra J, Dasgupta T, Sengupta S, Sengupta D. Glycogen metabolism in human fetal testes. J Biosci. 1988; 13(2): 117–121. [CrossRef]
46. Ferrer JC, Favre C, Gomis RR, Fernandez-Novell JM, Rocha GM, DelaIglesia N, Cid E, Guinovart JJ. Control of glycogen deposition. FEBS Lett. 2003; 546:127-132.[CrossRef]
47. Das KK, Dasgupta S. Effect of nickel sulfate on testicular steroidogenesis in rats during protein restriction. Environ Health Perspect. 2002; 110: 923–926. [CrossRef]
48. Hu J, Zhang Z, Shen WJ, Azhar S. Cellular cholesterol delivery, intracellular processing and utilization for biosynthesis of steroid hormones. Nutr Metab. 2010; 7.[CrossRef]
49. Sèdes L, Thirouard L, Maqdasy S, Garcia M, Caira F, Lobaccaro JMA, Beaudoin C, VolleDH. Cholesterol: A Gatekeeper of Male Fertility?. Front Endocrinol. 2018; 9: 369 (1-13). [CrossRef]
50. Kaur R, Dhanju CK, Kaur K. Effects of dietary selenium on biochemical composition of rat testis. Indian J Exp Biol. 1999; 37(5): 509-11.
51. Chandel M, Jain GC. Effects of Manganese Exposure on Testicular Histomorphology, Serum Hormones Level and Biochemical Marker Parameters in Wistar Rats. J Biol Sci Med. 2017; 3 (3):1-14. 52. El-Desoky GE, Bashandy SA, Alhazza IM, Al-Othman ZA, Aboul-Soud MA, Yusuf K. Improvement of mercuric chloride-induced testis injuries and sperm quality deteriorations by spirulina platensis in rats. PLoS ONE; 8(3). [CrossRef]
53. Sanderson JT. The steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway as a target for endocrine disrupting chemicals. Toxicol Sci. 2006; 94: 3–21.[CrossRef]
54. Pant N, Srivastava SP. Testicular and spermatotoxic effects of quinalphos in rats. J Appl Toxicol. 2003; 23: 271–274. [CrossRef]
55. Chang S, Jin B , Youn P , Park C , Park J, Doug-Young Ryu D. Arsenic-induced toxicity and the protective role of ascorbic acid in mouse testis.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2007; 218: 196–203.[CrossRef]
56. Pogrmic K, Fa S, Dakic V, Kaisarevic S, Kovacevic R. Atrazine oral exposure of peri pubertal male rats down regulates steroidogenesis gene expression in Leydig cells. Toxicol Sci. 2009; 111: 189–197. [CrossRef]
57. Abarikwu SO, Farombi EO ,Kashyap MP, Pant AB. Atrazine induces transcriptional changes in marker genes associated with steroidogenesis in primary cultures of rat Leydig cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2011; 25:1588–1595.[CrossRef]
58. Dorman DC, McElveen AM, Marshall MW, Parkinson CU, James RA, Struve M F, Wong BA. Maternal-fetal distribution of manganese in the rat following inhalation exposure to manganese sulphate. Neurotoxicology. 2005; 26: 625-632.[CrossRef]
59. Waugh J, Goa KL. Escitalopram A Review of its Use in the Management of Major Depressive and Anxiety Disorders. CNS Drugs. 2002; 17 (5):343-362. [CrossRef]
60. Prasad M, Chinoy N, Kadam K. Changes in succinate dehydrogenase level in rat epididymis under normal and altered physiologic condition. Fertil Steril.1972; 23:180-190. [CrossRef]
61. Lowry OH, Rosebrough MJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin-Phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951; 193: 256-275.
62. Jourdian GW, Dean L, Roseman S. A Periodate resorcinol method for the quantitative estimation of free sialic acids and their glycosides. J Biol Chem. 1971; 246 (2): 430-435. [CrossRef]
63. Zlatkis A, Zak B, Boyle J. A new method for the direct determination of serum protocol. J lab clin Med. 1953; 41:486-492.
64. Montgomery R. Determination glycogen. Arch Biochem Biophys.1965; 67:378–381. [CrossRef]
65. Talalay P. Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: Hydroxysteroid + DPN + (TPN+) ⇄ Ketosteroid DPNH (TPNH) + H+. Methods Enzymol. 1962; 5: 512- -526.[CrossRef]

Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Eczacılık ve İlaç Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm	Articles
Yazarlar	Karuna Agrawal 0000-0002-9002-9581 Lata Shahani 0000-0001-9113-9435 Pradeep Bhatnagar 0000-0002-7055-918X
Yayımlanma Tarihi	28 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2023 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA	Agrawal, K., Shahani, L., & Bhatnagar, P. (2025). Evaluation of escitalopram induced reproductive toxicity in male Swiss albino mice. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 27(1), 364-374.
AMA	Agrawal K, Shahani L, Bhatnagar P. Evaluation of escitalopram induced reproductive toxicity in male Swiss albino mice. J. Res. Pharm. Haziran 2025;27(1):364-374.
Chicago	Agrawal, Karuna, Lata Shahani, ve Pradeep Bhatnagar. “Evaluation of Escitalopram Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Male Swiss Albino Mice”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27, sy. 1 (Haziran 2025): 364-74.
EndNote	Agrawal K, Shahani L, Bhatnagar P (01 Haziran 2025) Evaluation of escitalopram induced reproductive toxicity in male Swiss albino mice. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27 1 364–374.
IEEE	K. Agrawal, L. Shahani, ve P. Bhatnagar, “Evaluation of escitalopram induced reproductive toxicity in male Swiss albino mice”, J. Res. Pharm., c. 27, sy. 1, ss. 364–374, 2025.
ISNAD	Agrawal, Karuna vd. “Evaluation of Escitalopram Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Male Swiss Albino Mice”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27/1 (Haziran 2025), 364-374.
JAMA	Agrawal K, Shahani L, Bhatnagar P. Evaluation of escitalopram induced reproductive toxicity in male Swiss albino mice. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27:364–374.
MLA	Agrawal, Karuna vd. “Evaluation of Escitalopram Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Male Swiss Albino Mice”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, c. 27, sy. 1, 2025, ss. 364-7.
Vancouver	Agrawal K, Shahani L, Bhatnagar P. Evaluation of escitalopram induced reproductive toxicity in male Swiss albino mice. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27(1):364-7.

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