Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of five Vincetoxicum taxa growing in Turkey

Sevda Güzel Kara; Mahmut Ülger; Gönül Aslan; Gamze Kökdil

doi:10.12991/jrp.2018.76

Araştırma Makalesi

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3, 365 - 373, 27.06.2025

Sevda Güzel Kara , Mahmut Ülger , Gönül Aslan , Gamze Kökdil

https://doi.org/10.12991/jrp.2018.76

Cited By: 7

Öz

Kaynakça

[1] Ngezahayo J, Ribeiro SO, Fontaine V, Hari L, Stévigny C, Duez P. In vitro study of five herbs used against microbial infections in Burundi. Phytother Res. 2017; 31(10): 1571-1578.
[2] Shamsizadeh Z, Nikaeen M, Esfahani BN, Mirhoseini SH, Hatamzadeh M, Hassanzadeh A. Detection of antibiotic resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in various hospital environments: potential sources for transmission of Acinetobacter infections. Environ Health Prev Med. 2017; 22(44): 1-7.
[3] Pașca C, Màrghitaş L, Dezmirean D, Bobiş O, Bonta V, Chirilà F, Matei I, Fiţ N. Medicinal plants based products tested on pathogens isolated from Mastitis Milk. Molecules. 2017; 22(9): 1473-1489.
[4] Uma K, Xin H, Kumar BA. Antifungal effect of plant extract and essential oil. Chin J Integr Med. 2017; 23(3): 233-239.
[5] Ayoub IM, El-Shazly M, Lu MC, Singab ANB. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the crude extracts of Dietes bicolor leaves, flowers and rhizomes. S Afr J Bot. 2014; 95: 97-101.
[6] Siddiqui W, Sharangi AB, Singh JP, Thakur PK, Ayala-Zavala JF, Singh A, Dhua RS. Antimicrobial properties of teas and their extracts in vitro. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016; 56(9): 1428-1439.
[7] DiTommaso A, Lawlor FM, Darbyshire SJ. The biology of invasive alien plants in Canada 2. Cynanchum rossicum and Cynanchum louseae. Can J Plant Sci. 2004; 85(1): 243-263.
[8] Heywood VH, Brummitt RK, Culham A, Seberg O. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books, Oxford University Press, New York, USA 2007.
[9] Liede S. Cynanchum-Rhodostegiella-Vincetoxicum-Tylophora (Asclepiadaceae): New considerations on an old problem. Taxon. 1996; 45(2): 193-211.
[10] Leimu R. Variation in the mating system of Vincetoxicum hirundinaria (Asclepiadaceae) in peripheral island populations. Ann Bot. 2004; 93(1): 107-113.
[11] Sliumpaite I, Murkovic M, Zeb A, Venskutonis PR. Antioxidant properties and phenolic composition of swallowwort (Vincetoxicum lutea L.) leaves. Ind Crops Prod. 2013; 45: 74-82.
[12] Mansoor A, Ibrahim MA, Zaidi MA, Ahmed M. Antiprotozoal activities of Vincetoxicum stocksii and Carum copticum. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2011; 6(1): 51-54.
[13] Lavault M, Richomme P, Bruneton J. Acetophenones and new pregnane glycosides from the roots of Vincetoxicum hirundinaria. Fitoterapia. 1999; 70(2): 216-220.
[14] Pavela R. Antifeedant activity of plant extracts on Leptinotarsa decemlineata and Spodoptera littoralis larvae. Ind Crops Prod. 2010; 32(3): 213-219.
[15] Nowak R, Kisiel W. Hancokinol from Vincetoxicum officinale. Fitoterapia. 2000; 71(5): 584-586.
[16] Lavault M, Richomme P, Bruneton J. New phenanthroindolizidine N-oxides alkaloids isolated from Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medic. Pharm Acta Helv. 1994; 68(4): 225-227.
[17] Coassini-Lokar L, Poldini L. Herbal remedies in the traditional medicine of the Venezia Giulia Region (North East Italy). J Ethnopharmacol. 1988; 22(3): 231-279.
[18] Baytop T. Türkiye'de Bitkiler ile Tedavi Geçmişte ve Bugün. Nobel Tıp Kitap Evleri, İstanbul, Türkiye 1984.
[19] Altundağ E, Öztürk M. Ethnomedicinal studies on the plant resources of east Anatolia, Turkey. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2011; 19: 756-777.
[20] Tuzlacı E, Doğan A. Turkish folk medicinal plants, IX: Ovacık (Tunceli). Marmara Pharm J. 2010; 3(14): 136-143.
[21] Mogg C, Petit P, Cappuccino N, et al. Test of the antibiotic properties of the invasive vine Vincetoxicum rossicum against bacteria, fungi and insects. Biochem Syst Ecol. 2008; 36(5-6): 383-391.
[22] Gibson DM, Krasnoff SB, Biazzo J, Milbrath L. Phytotoxicity of antofine from invasive Swallow-Worts. J Chem Ecol. 2011; 37(8): 871-879.
[23] Zaidi MA, Crow JSA. Biologically active traditional medicinal herbs from Balochistan, Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 96(1-2): 331-334.
[24] Staerk D, Christensen J, Lemmich E, et al. Cytotoxic activity of some phenanthroindolizidine N-oxide alkaloids from Cynanchum vincetoxicum. J Nat Prod. 2000; 63(11): 1584-1586.
[25] Staerk D, Lykkeberg AL, Christensen J, et al. In vitro cytotoxic activity of phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids from Cynanchum vincetoxicum and Tylophora tanakae against drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant cancer cells. J Nat Prod. 2002; 65(9): 1299-1302.
[26] Pavela R, Sajfrtova M, Sovova H, Barnet M, Karban J. The insecticidal activity of Tanacetum parthenium extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction and hydrodistillation. Ind Crops Prod. 2010; 31(3): 449-454.
[27] Güzel S, Pavela R, Kökdil G. Phytochemistry and antifeedant activity of root extracts from some Vincetoxicum taxa against Leptinotarsa decemlineata and Spodoptera littoralis. J Biopest. 2015; 8(2): 128-140.
[28] Güzel S, Pavela R, İlçim A, Kökdil G. Phytochemical composition and antifeedant activity of five Vincetoxicum taxa against Spodoptera littoralis and Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Marmara Pharm J. 2017; 21(4): 872-880.
[29] Stöckel K, Stöcklin W, Reichstein T. Die Glucoside von Vincetoxicum hirundinaria. Helv Chim Acta. 1969; 52(5): 1175-1202.
[30] Tanker N, Koyuncu M, Coşkun M. Farmasötik Botanik. Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi, Ankara, Türkiye 2004.
[31] Browicz K. Vincetoxicum N.M. Wolf. In: Davis PH (Ed), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh, 1978, Vol. 6, pp. 163-173.
[32] Güzel S, Pavela R, Kökdil G. Evaluation of antifungal effect of different polarity extracts from five Vincetoxicum taxa against Aspergillus fumigatus. Int Anatolian Acad Online J Health Sci. 2015; 3(2): 1-9.
[33] Erşen D, Ülger M, Mangelinckx S, et al. Synthesis and anti(myco)bacterial activity of novel 5,5-diphenylpyrrolidine N-aroylthiourea derivatives. Med Chem Res. 2017; 26(9): 2152-2160.
[34] NCCLS. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Approved Standard-Second Edition. NCCLS document M27-A2. Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA: NCCLS, 2002.
[35] Sönmez M, Çelebi M, Berber I. Synthesis, spectroscopic and biological studies on a new symmetric Schiff base derived from 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol with N-aminopyrimidine. Eur J Med Chem. 2010; 45(5): 1935-1940.
[36] Güzeldemirci NU, Küçükbasmacı Ö. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity evaluation of new 1,2,4-triazoles and 1,3,4-thiadiazoles bearing imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole moiety. Eur J Med Chem. 2010; 45(1): 63-68.
[37] Nateche F, Martin A, Baraka S, Palomino JC, Khaled S, Portaels F. Application of the resazurin microtitre assay for detection of multidrug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Algiers. J Med Microbiol. 2006; 55: 857-860.
[38] Arif T, Mandal TK, Dabur R. Natural products: Anti-fungal agents derived from plants. In: Mishra BB (Ed). Opportunity, Challenge and Scope of Natural Products in Medicinal Chemistry. Research Signpost, Kerala, 2011, pp. 283-311.
[39] Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999; 12(4): 564-582.
[40] Bajpai VK. Antimicrobial bioactive compounds from marine algae: A mini review. Indian J Geomarine Sci. 2016; 45(9): 1076-1085.
[41] Kowalczyk D, Świeca M, Cichocka J, Gawlik-Dziki U. The phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of hops and their pellets. J Inst Brew. 2013; 119(3): 103-110.
[42] Bazzaz F, Haririzadeh G. Screening of Iranian plants for antimicrobial activity. Pharm Biol. 2003; 41(8): 573-583.
[43] Pirbalouti AG, Jahanbazı P, Enteshari S, Malekpoor F, Hamedi B. Antimicrobial activity of some Iranian medicinal plants. Arch Biol Sci. 2010; 62(3): 633-642.
[44] Alimpić A, Knežević A, Milutinović M, Stević T, Šavikin K, Stajić M, Marković S, Marin P, Matevski V, Duletić-Laušević S. Biological activities and chemical composition of Salvia amplexicaulis Lam. extracts. Ind Crops Prod. 2017; 105: 1-9.
[45] Lean SS, Yeo CC. Small, enigmatic plasmids of the nosocomial pathogen, Acinetobacter baumannii: good, bad, who knows? Front Microbiol. 2017; 8: 1547-1555.
[46] CLSI. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard-Ninth Edition. CLSI document M07-A9. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2012.

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of five Vincetoxicum taxa growing in Turkey

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3, 365 - 373, 27.06.2025

Sevda Güzel Kara , Mahmut Ülger , Gönül Aslan , Gamze Kökdil

https://doi.org/10.12991/jrp.2018.76

Cited By: 7

Öz

The antibacterial, antifungal and antimycobacterial effects of ethanolic extracts obtained from aerial parts and roots of five Vincetoxicum taxa (V. canescens subsp. canescens, V. canescens subsp. pedunculata, V. parviflorum, V. fuscatum subsp. fuscatum and V. fuscatum subsp. boissieri) were tested against two Gram (+) bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), three Gram (-) bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii and Aeromonas hydrophila), three fungal strains (Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis by using the broth dilution method. Ethambutol, Isoniazid, Ampicillin and Fluconazole were used as reference antimicrobial agents. All tested extracts showed significant antibacterial activity against A. baumannii with MIC values ranging from 31.25 to 62.5 µg/ml when compared to reference drug Ampicillin with 125 µg/ml MIC value. Moreover, the extracts obtained from aerial parts of V. fuscatum subsp. boissieri and roots of V. canescens subsp. pedunculata were found the most effective extracts against A. baumannii with 31.25 µg/ml MIC value.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Vincetoxicum, antimicrobial activity, plant extract, broth microdilution method, Acinetobacter baumannii

Kaynakça

[1] Ngezahayo J, Ribeiro SO, Fontaine V, Hari L, Stévigny C, Duez P. In vitro study of five herbs used against microbial infections in Burundi. Phytother Res. 2017; 31(10): 1571-1578.
[2] Shamsizadeh Z, Nikaeen M, Esfahani BN, Mirhoseini SH, Hatamzadeh M, Hassanzadeh A. Detection of antibiotic resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in various hospital environments: potential sources for transmission of Acinetobacter infections. Environ Health Prev Med. 2017; 22(44): 1-7.
[3] Pașca C, Màrghitaş L, Dezmirean D, Bobiş O, Bonta V, Chirilà F, Matei I, Fiţ N. Medicinal plants based products tested on pathogens isolated from Mastitis Milk. Molecules. 2017; 22(9): 1473-1489.
[4] Uma K, Xin H, Kumar BA. Antifungal effect of plant extract and essential oil. Chin J Integr Med. 2017; 23(3): 233-239.
[5] Ayoub IM, El-Shazly M, Lu MC, Singab ANB. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the crude extracts of Dietes bicolor leaves, flowers and rhizomes. S Afr J Bot. 2014; 95: 97-101.
[6] Siddiqui W, Sharangi AB, Singh JP, Thakur PK, Ayala-Zavala JF, Singh A, Dhua RS. Antimicrobial properties of teas and their extracts in vitro. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016; 56(9): 1428-1439.
[7] DiTommaso A, Lawlor FM, Darbyshire SJ. The biology of invasive alien plants in Canada 2. Cynanchum rossicum and Cynanchum louseae. Can J Plant Sci. 2004; 85(1): 243-263.
[8] Heywood VH, Brummitt RK, Culham A, Seberg O. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books, Oxford University Press, New York, USA 2007.
[9] Liede S. Cynanchum-Rhodostegiella-Vincetoxicum-Tylophora (Asclepiadaceae): New considerations on an old problem. Taxon. 1996; 45(2): 193-211.
[10] Leimu R. Variation in the mating system of Vincetoxicum hirundinaria (Asclepiadaceae) in peripheral island populations. Ann Bot. 2004; 93(1): 107-113.
[11] Sliumpaite I, Murkovic M, Zeb A, Venskutonis PR. Antioxidant properties and phenolic composition of swallowwort (Vincetoxicum lutea L.) leaves. Ind Crops Prod. 2013; 45: 74-82.
[12] Mansoor A, Ibrahim MA, Zaidi MA, Ahmed M. Antiprotozoal activities of Vincetoxicum stocksii and Carum copticum. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2011; 6(1): 51-54.
[13] Lavault M, Richomme P, Bruneton J. Acetophenones and new pregnane glycosides from the roots of Vincetoxicum hirundinaria. Fitoterapia. 1999; 70(2): 216-220.
[14] Pavela R. Antifeedant activity of plant extracts on Leptinotarsa decemlineata and Spodoptera littoralis larvae. Ind Crops Prod. 2010; 32(3): 213-219.
[15] Nowak R, Kisiel W. Hancokinol from Vincetoxicum officinale. Fitoterapia. 2000; 71(5): 584-586.
[16] Lavault M, Richomme P, Bruneton J. New phenanthroindolizidine N-oxides alkaloids isolated from Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medic. Pharm Acta Helv. 1994; 68(4): 225-227.
[17] Coassini-Lokar L, Poldini L. Herbal remedies in the traditional medicine of the Venezia Giulia Region (North East Italy). J Ethnopharmacol. 1988; 22(3): 231-279.
[18] Baytop T. Türkiye'de Bitkiler ile Tedavi Geçmişte ve Bugün. Nobel Tıp Kitap Evleri, İstanbul, Türkiye 1984.
[19] Altundağ E, Öztürk M. Ethnomedicinal studies on the plant resources of east Anatolia, Turkey. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2011; 19: 756-777.
[20] Tuzlacı E, Doğan A. Turkish folk medicinal plants, IX: Ovacık (Tunceli). Marmara Pharm J. 2010; 3(14): 136-143.
[21] Mogg C, Petit P, Cappuccino N, et al. Test of the antibiotic properties of the invasive vine Vincetoxicum rossicum against bacteria, fungi and insects. Biochem Syst Ecol. 2008; 36(5-6): 383-391.
[22] Gibson DM, Krasnoff SB, Biazzo J, Milbrath L. Phytotoxicity of antofine from invasive Swallow-Worts. J Chem Ecol. 2011; 37(8): 871-879.
[23] Zaidi MA, Crow JSA. Biologically active traditional medicinal herbs from Balochistan, Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 96(1-2): 331-334.
[24] Staerk D, Christensen J, Lemmich E, et al. Cytotoxic activity of some phenanthroindolizidine N-oxide alkaloids from Cynanchum vincetoxicum. J Nat Prod. 2000; 63(11): 1584-1586.
[25] Staerk D, Lykkeberg AL, Christensen J, et al. In vitro cytotoxic activity of phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids from Cynanchum vincetoxicum and Tylophora tanakae against drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant cancer cells. J Nat Prod. 2002; 65(9): 1299-1302.
[26] Pavela R, Sajfrtova M, Sovova H, Barnet M, Karban J. The insecticidal activity of Tanacetum parthenium extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction and hydrodistillation. Ind Crops Prod. 2010; 31(3): 449-454.
[27] Güzel S, Pavela R, Kökdil G. Phytochemistry and antifeedant activity of root extracts from some Vincetoxicum taxa against Leptinotarsa decemlineata and Spodoptera littoralis. J Biopest. 2015; 8(2): 128-140.
[28] Güzel S, Pavela R, İlçim A, Kökdil G. Phytochemical composition and antifeedant activity of five Vincetoxicum taxa against Spodoptera littoralis and Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Marmara Pharm J. 2017; 21(4): 872-880.
[29] Stöckel K, Stöcklin W, Reichstein T. Die Glucoside von Vincetoxicum hirundinaria. Helv Chim Acta. 1969; 52(5): 1175-1202.
[30] Tanker N, Koyuncu M, Coşkun M. Farmasötik Botanik. Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi, Ankara, Türkiye 2004.
[31] Browicz K. Vincetoxicum N.M. Wolf. In: Davis PH (Ed), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh, 1978, Vol. 6, pp. 163-173.
[32] Güzel S, Pavela R, Kökdil G. Evaluation of antifungal effect of different polarity extracts from five Vincetoxicum taxa against Aspergillus fumigatus. Int Anatolian Acad Online J Health Sci. 2015; 3(2): 1-9.
[33] Erşen D, Ülger M, Mangelinckx S, et al. Synthesis and anti(myco)bacterial activity of novel 5,5-diphenylpyrrolidine N-aroylthiourea derivatives. Med Chem Res. 2017; 26(9): 2152-2160.
[34] NCCLS. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Approved Standard-Second Edition. NCCLS document M27-A2. Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA: NCCLS, 2002.
[35] Sönmez M, Çelebi M, Berber I. Synthesis, spectroscopic and biological studies on a new symmetric Schiff base derived from 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol with N-aminopyrimidine. Eur J Med Chem. 2010; 45(5): 1935-1940.
[36] Güzeldemirci NU, Küçükbasmacı Ö. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity evaluation of new 1,2,4-triazoles and 1,3,4-thiadiazoles bearing imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole moiety. Eur J Med Chem. 2010; 45(1): 63-68.
[37] Nateche F, Martin A, Baraka S, Palomino JC, Khaled S, Portaels F. Application of the resazurin microtitre assay for detection of multidrug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Algiers. J Med Microbiol. 2006; 55: 857-860.
[38] Arif T, Mandal TK, Dabur R. Natural products: Anti-fungal agents derived from plants. In: Mishra BB (Ed). Opportunity, Challenge and Scope of Natural Products in Medicinal Chemistry. Research Signpost, Kerala, 2011, pp. 283-311.
[39] Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999; 12(4): 564-582.
[40] Bajpai VK. Antimicrobial bioactive compounds from marine algae: A mini review. Indian J Geomarine Sci. 2016; 45(9): 1076-1085.
[41] Kowalczyk D, Świeca M, Cichocka J, Gawlik-Dziki U. The phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of hops and their pellets. J Inst Brew. 2013; 119(3): 103-110.
[42] Bazzaz F, Haririzadeh G. Screening of Iranian plants for antimicrobial activity. Pharm Biol. 2003; 41(8): 573-583.
[43] Pirbalouti AG, Jahanbazı P, Enteshari S, Malekpoor F, Hamedi B. Antimicrobial activity of some Iranian medicinal plants. Arch Biol Sci. 2010; 62(3): 633-642.
[44] Alimpić A, Knežević A, Milutinović M, Stević T, Šavikin K, Stajić M, Marković S, Marin P, Matevski V, Duletić-Laušević S. Biological activities and chemical composition of Salvia amplexicaulis Lam. extracts. Ind Crops Prod. 2017; 105: 1-9.
[45] Lean SS, Yeo CC. Small, enigmatic plasmids of the nosocomial pathogen, Acinetobacter baumannii: good, bad, who knows? Front Microbiol. 2017; 8: 1547-1555.
[46] CLSI. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard-Ninth Edition. CLSI document M07-A9. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2012.

Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Farmakognozi
Bölüm	Articles
Yazarlar	Sevda Güzel Kara 0000-0002-6642-5824 Mahmut Ülger 0000-0002-2015-5435 Gönül Aslan 0000-0002-1221-7907 Gamze Kökdil 0000-0001-8832-4322
Yayımlanma Tarihi	27 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2018 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA	Güzel Kara, S., Ülger, M., Aslan, G., Kökdil, G. (2025). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of five Vincetoxicum taxa growing in Turkey. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 22(3), 365-373. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrp.2018.76
AMA	Güzel Kara S, Ülger M, Aslan G, Kökdil G. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of five Vincetoxicum taxa growing in Turkey. J. Res. Pharm. Haziran 2025;22(3):365-373. doi:10.12991/jrp.2018.76
Chicago	Güzel Kara, Sevda, Mahmut Ülger, Gönül Aslan, ve Gamze Kökdil. “Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Five Vincetoxicum Taxa Growing in Turkey”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 22, sy. 3 (Haziran 2025): 365-73. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrp.2018.76.
EndNote	Güzel Kara S, Ülger M, Aslan G, Kökdil G (01 Haziran 2025) Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of five Vincetoxicum taxa growing in Turkey. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 22 3 365–373.
IEEE	S. Güzel Kara, M. Ülger, G. Aslan, ve G. Kökdil, “Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of five Vincetoxicum taxa growing in Turkey”, J. Res. Pharm., c. 22, sy. 3, ss. 365–373, 2025, doi: 10.12991/jrp.2018.76.
ISNAD	Güzel Kara, Sevda vd. “Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Five Vincetoxicum Taxa Growing in Turkey”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 22/3 (Haziran 2025), 365-373. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrp.2018.76.
JAMA	Güzel Kara S, Ülger M, Aslan G, Kökdil G. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of five Vincetoxicum taxa growing in Turkey. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;22:365–373.
MLA	Güzel Kara, Sevda vd. “Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Five Vincetoxicum Taxa Growing in Turkey”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, c. 22, sy. 3, 2025, ss. 365-73, doi:10.12991/jrp.2018.76.
Vancouver	Güzel Kara S, Ülger M, Aslan G, Kökdil G. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of five Vincetoxicum taxa growing in Turkey. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;22(3):365-73.