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Investigation of total phenolic and flavonoid content of Salvia willeana (Holmboe) Hedge, an endemic plant of Cyprus, and screening of its antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory properties

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 2, 263 - 271, 28.06.2025

Tugba Ercetin , Maryam Safaei Hayrettin Ozan Gülcan

Öz

Salvia willeana (Holmboe) Hedge is an endemic plant of Cyprus island. There have been limited number of studies on the plant, beside some analytical studies on its chemical content. This study aimed to investigate total phenolic and flavonoid content of the plant concomitant to some pharmacological activity screening studies including antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibition. Following obtaining different organic solvent and aqueous extracts of the dried aerial parts of the plant, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), iron-chelation capacity assays, and modified Ellman’s method were employed for screening antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibition studies. S. willeana extracts displayed low to moderate activities in cholinesterase inhibition assays. The ethyl acetate extracts of the leaves and the methanol extracts of the stem part of the plant displayed the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential (i.e., 28.95 ± 0.035%, and 24.01 ± 0.007%, respectively), while the highest butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory potential was obtained in aqueous extracts of the stem at 0.5 mg/mL (i.e., 29.10 ± 0.005%). The methanol extracts of the leaves and flower of the plant provided the highest antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging activity (67.94 ± 0.003%, and 45.07 ± 0.001%, respectively) at 0.5 mg/mL concentration. Ferrous iron chelating activity of the extracts were found weak in general. The plant was found rich in terms of its flavonoid and phenolic contents as shown in the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the leaves (i.e., 547.55 ± 3.12 mg/g, and 300.24 ± 1.23 mg/g extract, respectively).

Anahtar Kelimeler

Salvia willeana antioxidant activity cholinesterase inhibitor Alzheimer’s Disease

Kaynakça

  • [1] Cragg GM, Newman DJ. Natural product drug discovery in the next millennium. Pharm Biol. 2001; 3: 8-17. [CrossRef]
  • [2] Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Da Fonseca GA, Kent J. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature. 2000; 403(6772): 853-858. [CrossRef]
  • [3] Francis PT, Palmer AM, Snape M, Wilcock GK. The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: a review of progress. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999; 66(2): 137-147. [CrossRef]
  • [4] Colović MB, Krstić DZ, Lazarević-Pašti TD, Bondžić AM, Vasić VM. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: pharmacology and toxicology. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2013; 11(3): 315-335. [CrossRef]
  • [5] Goh CW, Aw CC, Lee JH, Chen CP, Browne ER. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of cholinesterase inhibitors donepezil, tacrine, and galantamine in aged and young Lister hooded rats. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011; 39(3): 402-411. [CrossRef]
  • [6] Mehta M, Adem A, Sabbagh M. New acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis. 2012: 1-8. [CrossRef]
  • [7] Lin H, Bhatia R, Lal R. Amyloid β protein forms ion channels: implications for Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology. FASEB J. 2001; 15(13): 2433-2444. [CrossRef]
  • [8] Meikle RD. Flora of Cyprus. Volume One, Kew: The Bentham-Moxon Trust Royal Botanic Gardens. 1977. [9] Şenol FS, Orhan I, Celep F, Kahraman A, Doğan M, Yılmaz G, Şener B. Survey of 55 Salvia taxa for their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Food Chem. 2010; 120: 34-43. [CrossRef]
  • [10] Orhan I, Kartal M, Naz Q, Ejaz A, Yılmaz G, Kan Y, Konuklugil B, Şener B, Choudhary MI. Antioxidant and anticholinesterase evaluation of selected Turkish Salvia species. Food Chem. 2007; 103(4): 1247-1254.
  • [11] Orhan IE, Şenol FS, Erçetin T, Kahraman A, Celep F, Akaydın G, Bilge Şener, Doğan M. Assessment of anticholinesterase and antioxidant properties of selected sage (Salvia) species with their total phenol and flavonoid contents. Ind Crops Prod. 2013; 41: 21-30. [CrossRef]
  • [12] Demirezer LÖ, Gürbüz P, Kelicen Uğur EP, Bodur M, Özenver N, Uz A, Güvenalp Z. Molecular docking and ex vivo and in vitro anticholinesterase activity studies of Salvia sp. and highlighted rosmarinic acid. Turk J Med Sci. 2015; 45(5): 1141-1148. [CrossRef]
  • [13] Wu YB, Ni ZY, Shi QW, Dong M, Kiyota H, Gu YC, Cong B. Constituents from Salvia species and their biological activities. Chem Rev. 2012; 112(11): 5967-6026. [CrossRef]
  • [14] Lopresti AL. Salvia (Sage): A review of its potential cognitive-enhancing and protective effects. Drugs R D. 2017; 17(1): 53-64. [CrossRef]
  • [15] Yen GC, Duh PD, Tsai HL. Antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of ascorbic acid and gallic acid. Food Chem. 2002; 79(3): 307-313. [CrossRef]
  • [16] Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres V Jr, Feather-stone RM. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 1961; 7(2): 88–95. [CrossRef]
  • [17] Orhan I, Şenol FS, Koca U, Erçetin T, Toker G. Evaluation of the antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of Arnebia densiflora Ledeb. Turk J Biol. 2011; 35(1): 111-115. [CrossRef]
  • [18] Noshadi B, Erçetin T, Luise C, Yüksel MY, Sippl W, Şahin MF, Gazi M, Gülcan HO. Synthesis, Characterization, Molecular Docking, and Biological Activities of Some Natural and Synthetic Urolithin Analogs. Chem Biodivers. 2020; 17(8): e2000197. [CrossRef]
  • [19] Gürdal EE, Turgutalp B, Gülcan HO, Erçetin T, Şahin MF, Durmaz I, Yarım M. Synthesis of Novel Benzothiazole- Piperazine Derivatives and Their Biological Evaluation as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and Cytotoxic Agents. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2017; 17(13): 1837-1845. [CrossRef]
  • [20] Norouzbahari M, Burgaz EV, Erçetin T, Fallah A, Foroumadi A, Firoozpour L, Gülcan HO. Design, synthesis and characterization of novel urolithin derivatives as cholinesterase inhibitor agents. Lett Drug Des Discov. 2018; 15(11): 1131-1140. [CrossRef]
  • [21] Blois MS. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature. 1958; 181: 1199-1200. [CrossRef] [22] Sharopov F, Valiev A, Sobeh M, Arnold E, Winka M. Bioactivity of three Salvia species in relation to their total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Pharm Chem J. 2018; 52(7): 596-600. [CrossRef]
  • [23] Singleton VL, Rossi JA. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic. 1965; 16(3): 144-158.
  • [24] Woisky RG, Salatino A. Analysis of propolis: some parameters and procedures for chemical quality control. J Apic Res. 1998; 37(2): 99-105. [CrossRef]

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 2, 263 - 271, 28.06.2025

Tugba Ercetin , Maryam Safaei Hayrettin Ozan Gülcan

Öz

Kaynakça

  • [1] Cragg GM, Newman DJ. Natural product drug discovery in the next millennium. Pharm Biol. 2001; 3: 8-17. [CrossRef]
  • [2] Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Da Fonseca GA, Kent J. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature. 2000; 403(6772): 853-858. [CrossRef]
  • [3] Francis PT, Palmer AM, Snape M, Wilcock GK. The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: a review of progress. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999; 66(2): 137-147. [CrossRef]
  • [4] Colović MB, Krstić DZ, Lazarević-Pašti TD, Bondžić AM, Vasić VM. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: pharmacology and toxicology. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2013; 11(3): 315-335. [CrossRef]
  • [5] Goh CW, Aw CC, Lee JH, Chen CP, Browne ER. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of cholinesterase inhibitors donepezil, tacrine, and galantamine in aged and young Lister hooded rats. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011; 39(3): 402-411. [CrossRef]
  • [6] Mehta M, Adem A, Sabbagh M. New acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis. 2012: 1-8. [CrossRef]
  • [7] Lin H, Bhatia R, Lal R. Amyloid β protein forms ion channels: implications for Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology. FASEB J. 2001; 15(13): 2433-2444. [CrossRef]
  • [8] Meikle RD. Flora of Cyprus. Volume One, Kew: The Bentham-Moxon Trust Royal Botanic Gardens. 1977. [9] Şenol FS, Orhan I, Celep F, Kahraman A, Doğan M, Yılmaz G, Şener B. Survey of 55 Salvia taxa for their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Food Chem. 2010; 120: 34-43. [CrossRef]
  • [10] Orhan I, Kartal M, Naz Q, Ejaz A, Yılmaz G, Kan Y, Konuklugil B, Şener B, Choudhary MI. Antioxidant and anticholinesterase evaluation of selected Turkish Salvia species. Food Chem. 2007; 103(4): 1247-1254.
  • [11] Orhan IE, Şenol FS, Erçetin T, Kahraman A, Celep F, Akaydın G, Bilge Şener, Doğan M. Assessment of anticholinesterase and antioxidant properties of selected sage (Salvia) species with their total phenol and flavonoid contents. Ind Crops Prod. 2013; 41: 21-30. [CrossRef]
  • [12] Demirezer LÖ, Gürbüz P, Kelicen Uğur EP, Bodur M, Özenver N, Uz A, Güvenalp Z. Molecular docking and ex vivo and in vitro anticholinesterase activity studies of Salvia sp. and highlighted rosmarinic acid. Turk J Med Sci. 2015; 45(5): 1141-1148. [CrossRef]
  • [13] Wu YB, Ni ZY, Shi QW, Dong M, Kiyota H, Gu YC, Cong B. Constituents from Salvia species and their biological activities. Chem Rev. 2012; 112(11): 5967-6026. [CrossRef]
  • [14] Lopresti AL. Salvia (Sage): A review of its potential cognitive-enhancing and protective effects. Drugs R D. 2017; 17(1): 53-64. [CrossRef]
  • [15] Yen GC, Duh PD, Tsai HL. Antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of ascorbic acid and gallic acid. Food Chem. 2002; 79(3): 307-313. [CrossRef]
  • [16] Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres V Jr, Feather-stone RM. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 1961; 7(2): 88–95. [CrossRef]
  • [17] Orhan I, Şenol FS, Koca U, Erçetin T, Toker G. Evaluation of the antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of Arnebia densiflora Ledeb. Turk J Biol. 2011; 35(1): 111-115. [CrossRef]
  • [18] Noshadi B, Erçetin T, Luise C, Yüksel MY, Sippl W, Şahin MF, Gazi M, Gülcan HO. Synthesis, Characterization, Molecular Docking, and Biological Activities of Some Natural and Synthetic Urolithin Analogs. Chem Biodivers. 2020; 17(8): e2000197. [CrossRef]
  • [19] Gürdal EE, Turgutalp B, Gülcan HO, Erçetin T, Şahin MF, Durmaz I, Yarım M. Synthesis of Novel Benzothiazole- Piperazine Derivatives and Their Biological Evaluation as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and Cytotoxic Agents. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2017; 17(13): 1837-1845. [CrossRef]
  • [20] Norouzbahari M, Burgaz EV, Erçetin T, Fallah A, Foroumadi A, Firoozpour L, Gülcan HO. Design, synthesis and characterization of novel urolithin derivatives as cholinesterase inhibitor agents. Lett Drug Des Discov. 2018; 15(11): 1131-1140. [CrossRef]
  • [21] Blois MS. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature. 1958; 181: 1199-1200. [CrossRef] [22] Sharopov F, Valiev A, Sobeh M, Arnold E, Winka M. Bioactivity of three Salvia species in relation to their total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Pharm Chem J. 2018; 52(7): 596-600. [CrossRef]
  • [23] Singleton VL, Rossi JA. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic. 1965; 16(3): 144-158.
  • [24] Woisky RG, Salatino A. Analysis of propolis: some parameters and procedures for chemical quality control. J Apic Res. 1998; 37(2): 99-105. [CrossRef]
Toplam 22 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Farmakognozi, Farmasotik Kimya
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Tugba Ercetin 0000-0001-7774-7266

Maryam Safaei 0000-0001-8102-284X

Hayrettin Ozan Gülcan 0000-0002-9503-5841

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ercetin, T., Safaei, M., & Gülcan, H. O. (2025). Investigation of total phenolic and flavonoid content of Salvia willeana (Holmboe) Hedge, an endemic plant of Cyprus, and screening of its antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory properties. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 26(2), 263-271.
AMA Ercetin T, Safaei M, Gülcan HO. Investigation of total phenolic and flavonoid content of Salvia willeana (Holmboe) Hedge, an endemic plant of Cyprus, and screening of its antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory properties. J. Res. Pharm. Haziran 2025;26(2):263-271.
Chicago Ercetin, Tugba, Maryam Safaei, ve Hayrettin Ozan Gülcan. “Investigation of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Salvia Willeana (Holmboe) Hedge, an Endemic Plant of Cyprus, and Screening of Its Antioxidant and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Properties”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 26, sy. 2 (Haziran 2025): 263-71.
EndNote Ercetin T, Safaei M, Gülcan HO (01 Haziran 2025) Investigation of total phenolic and flavonoid content of Salvia willeana (Holmboe) Hedge, an endemic plant of Cyprus, and screening of its antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory properties. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 26 2 263–271.
IEEE T. Ercetin, M. Safaei, ve H. O. Gülcan, “Investigation of total phenolic and flavonoid content of Salvia willeana (Holmboe) Hedge, an endemic plant of Cyprus, and screening of its antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory properties”, J. Res. Pharm., c. 26, sy. 2, ss. 263–271, 2025.
ISNAD Ercetin, Tugba vd. “Investigation of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Salvia Willeana (Holmboe) Hedge, an Endemic Plant of Cyprus, and Screening of Its Antioxidant and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Properties”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 26/2 (Haziran 2025), 263-271.
JAMA Ercetin T, Safaei M, Gülcan HO. Investigation of total phenolic and flavonoid content of Salvia willeana (Holmboe) Hedge, an endemic plant of Cyprus, and screening of its antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory properties. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;26:263–271.
MLA Ercetin, Tugba vd. “Investigation of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Salvia Willeana (Holmboe) Hedge, an Endemic Plant of Cyprus, and Screening of Its Antioxidant and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Properties”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, c. 26, sy. 2, 2025, ss. 263-71.
Vancouver Ercetin T, Safaei M, Gülcan HO. Investigation of total phenolic and flavonoid content of Salvia willeana (Holmboe) Hedge, an endemic plant of Cyprus, and screening of its antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory properties. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;26(2):263-71.