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Electroanalytical investigation and voltametric quantification of emtricitabine in the biological sample using boron-doped diamond and glassy carbon electrodes

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 5, 2017 - 2025, 28.06.2025

Leyla Karadurmus Sibel A. Ozkan

Öz

Emtricitabine (EMT) was electrochemically investigated in detail by using boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE) and glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The measurements were performed via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. EMT exhibited one irreversible oxidation peak on the BDDE by CV, with dependence of the pH values. It also showed one irreversible oxidation peak on the GCE via CV from pH 0.3 until pH 6.0. Two irreversible peaks were observed at pH 6.0 with phosphate buffer (PB). The aim of this work is to develop a system able to detect EMT in synthetic serum samples using the aforementioned electrochemical techniques. All required validation parameters were examined and computed. The developed sensors were successfully used to analyze EMT in synthetic serum samples. The standard addition technique was applied in the recovery studies with both electrodes. At 1.0x10-3 M EMT, the highest voltametric peak response was achieved in Britton-Robinson Buffer (BRB) at pH 11.0 by BDEE, and 0.5 M H2SO4 by GCE. Good linearity was observed for a concentration range between 1x10-3 to 4x10-5 M and 1x10-3 to 6x10-5 M, with limits of detection of 1.66 µM and 2.91 µM, for BDDE and GCE, respectively.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Emtricitabine boron-doped diamond electrode glassy carbon electrode drug assay differential pulse voltammetry.

Kaynakça

  • [1] HIV and AIDS. WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids (accessed on 14 August 2023).
  • [2] Valade E, Tréluyer JM, Bouazza N, Ghosn J, Foissac F, Benaboud S, Fauchet F, Viard JP, Urien S, Hirt D. Population pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine in HIV-1-infected adult patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014; 58(4): 2256-61. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.02058-13
  • [3] Mulik BB, Dhumal ST, Harale RR, Kharat KR, Sathe BR. Electrochemical Studies of Anti-HIV Drug Emtricitabine: Oxidative Determination and Improved Antimicrobial Activity. Chem Electro Chem. 2018; 5(24): 3926-31. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201801228
  • [4] Choudhari VP, Parekar SR, Chate SG, Bharande PD, Singh RR, Kuchekar BS. Development and validation of UV-visible spectrophotometric baseline manipulation method for simultaneous quantitation of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine in pharmaceutical dosage form. J Spectrosc. 2013; 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/146580
  • [5] Ghorpade SA, Sali MS, Kategaonkar AH, Patel DM, Choudhari VP, Kuchekar BS. Simultaneous determination of emtricitabine and tenofovir by area under curve and dual wavelength spectrophotometric method. J Chil Chem Soc. 2010; 55(1): 115-7. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072010000100027
  • [6] Nagaraju PT, Channabasavaraj KP, Shantha Kumar PT. Development and validation of spectrophotometric method for estimation of emtricitabine in tablet dosage form. International Journal of ChemTech Research. 2011; 3(1): 23-8.
  • [7] Harini U, Akm P. Development and valıdatıon of stabılıty ındıcatıng sımultaneous uvspectrophotometrıc method for determınatıon of emtrıcıtabıne, tenofovır dısoproxıl fumarate, cobıcıstat, and elvıtegravır ın pure and pharmaceutıcal dosage form. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2018; 11(4): 177-84. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i4.22897
  • [8] Vinutha K, Kunderu RS. Kinetic spectrophotometric determination of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Int J Pharm Res. 2020; 12(3): 1142-9. https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2020.12.03.172
  • [9] Abdelhay MH, Gazy AA, Shaalan RA, Ashour HK. Simple spectrophotometric methods for determination of tenofovir fumarate and emtricitabine in bulk powder and in tablets. J Spectrosc. 2013; 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/937409
  • [10] Gummaluri RK, Parthasarathi TVN, Anjanamadhulika G. Simultaneous Method for Determination of Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, Elvitegravir and Cobicistat in Tablets By HPLC. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2016; 78(4): 532-7. https://doi.org/10.4172/pharmaceutical-sciences.1000148
  • [11] Konidala SK, Samineni R, Rao YV, Chimakurthy J, Kolakaluri CS, Korrapati V. Novel RP-UPLC Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Quantification of Emtricitabine, Tenofovir and Efavirenz in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Forms. Res J Pharm Technol. 2022; 15(7): 3141-6. https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2022.00525
  • [12] Kumar VK, Raju NA. Estimation of Emtricitabine in Tablet Dosage Form by RP-HPLC. Asian J Chem. 2009; 21(8): 5979-83.
  • [13] Raju NA, Rao JV, Prakash KV, Mukkanti K, Srinivasu K. Simultaneous estimation of tenofovir disoproxil, emtricitabine and efavirenz in tablet dosage form by RP-HPLC. Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 2008; 24(2): 645.
  • [14] Rao JR, Vidyapeeth B, Gondkar SA, Yadav SS. Simultaneous HPTLC-Densitometric analysis of Tenofovir and Emtricitabine in Tablet dosage form. Artic Int J PharmTech Res. 2011; 3(3): 1430-4.
  • [15] Kokkirala TK, Suryakala D. RP-HPLC method development and validation for the estimation of Emtricitabine, Bictegravir and Tenofovir alafenamide in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. J Taibah Univ Sci. 2019; 13(1): 1137-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/16583655.2019.1689601
  • [16] Prasad Panigrahy U, Sunil A, Reddy K. A novel validated RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate and Rilpivirine in bulk and pharmaceutical tablet dosage forms. Sch Res Libr Der Pharm Lett. 2015; 7(1): 303-14.
  • [17] Alam P, Haq N, Alqarni MH, Shakeel F. Quantitative Analysis of Emtricitabine in Dosage Forms Using Green RP-HPTLC and Routine NP-HPTLC Methods - A Contrast of Validation Parameters. ACS Omega. 2020; 5(51): 33470-7. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c05537
  • [18] Illamola SM, Valade E, Hirt D, Dulioust E, Zheng Y, Wolf JP, et al. Development and validation of a LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of tenofovir and emtricitabine in seminal plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2016; 1033-1034: 234-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.011
  • [19] Srivastava B, Sheeja VK, Haribabu Y, Ebin CJ. Method Development and Validation of Simultaneous Estimation of Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Alafenamide in Bulk and tablet Dosage form using LC-MS/MS. Res J Pharm Technol. 2021; 14(5): 2493-6. https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00439
  • [20] Al-Johar HI, Maher HM, Al-Zoman NZ, Al-Shammary DJ, Al-Showiman H. A stability-indicating capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pharmaceutical tablets. Acta Chromatogr. 2017; 29(4): 469-76. https://doi.org/10.1556/1326.2017.00057
  • [21] Ganesh Kumar TNV, Vidyadhara S, Kumar TD, Jaswanth D, Vijetha K, Priyadarshini BG. Development and Validation of a Novel Colorimetric Method for the Estimation of Emtricitabine in Bulk and Tablet Formulation. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2017; 78(6):775-9. https://doi.org/10.4172/pharmaceutical-sciences.1000183
  • [22] Karadurmuz L, Kurbanoglu S, Uslu B, A. Ozkan S. Electrochemical DNA Biosensors in Drug Analysis. Curr Pharm Anal. 2016; 13(3): 195-207. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573412912666160422152634
  • [23] Chailapakul O, Siangproh W, Tryk DA. Boron-doped diamond-based sensors: A review. Sens Lett. 2006; 4(2): 99-119. https://doi.org/10.1166/sl.2006.008
  • [24] Pecková K, Musilová J, Barek J. Boron-Doped Diamond Film Electrodes-New Tool for Voltammetric Determination of Organic Substances. Crit Rev Anal Chem. 2009; 39(3): 148-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408340903011812
  • [25] Luong JHT, Male KB, Glennon JD. Boron-doped diamond electrode: synthesis, characterization, functionalization and analytical applications. Analyst. 2009; 134(10): 1965-79. https://doi.org/10.1039/b910206j
  • [26] Dekanski A, Stevanović J, Stevanović R, Nikolić BŽ, Jovanović VM. Glassy carbon electrodes: I. Characterization and electrochemical activation. Carbon N Y. 2001; 39(8): 1195-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00228-1
  • [27] Zittel HE, Miller FJ. A Glassy-Carbon Electrode for Voltammetry. Anal Chem. 1965; 37(2): 200-3. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60221a006
  • [28] Nicholson RS, Shain I. Theory of Stationary Electrode Polarography: Single Scan and Cyclic Methods Applied to Reversible, Irreversible, and Kinetic Systems. Anal Chem. 1964; 36(4): 706-23. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60210a007
  • [29] Urcuk A, Karadurmus L, Bakirhan NK, Ozkan SA. Enhancement of graphene oxide through β-cyclodextrin composite to sensitive analysis of an antidepressant: Sulpiride. Open Chem. 2021; 19(1): 228-36. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0030
  • [30] Zahid A, Karadurmuş L, Bakirhan NK, Altay Unal M, Nazır H, Shah A, et al. An electrochemical and theoretical approach for the development of a sensitive flower-like nanosensor as serotonin receptor antagonist tropisetron. Microchem J. 2022; 172:106888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.106888
  • [31] Karadurmus L, Kurbanoglu S, Uslu B, Ozkan SA. An Efficient, Simultaneous Electrochemical Assay of Rosuvastatin and Ezetimibe from Human Urine and Serum Samples. Methods Protoc 2022; 5: 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/mps5060090
  • [32] Gumustas M, Caglayan MG, Onur F, Ozkan SA. Simultaneous determination and validation of emtricitabine, rilpivirine and tenofovir from biological samples using LC and CE methods. Biomedical Chromatography. 2018 Apr;32(4):e4158. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.4158

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 5, 2017 - 2025, 28.06.2025

Leyla Karadurmus Sibel A. Ozkan

Öz

Kaynakça

  • [1] HIV and AIDS. WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids (accessed on 14 August 2023).
  • [2] Valade E, Tréluyer JM, Bouazza N, Ghosn J, Foissac F, Benaboud S, Fauchet F, Viard JP, Urien S, Hirt D. Population pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine in HIV-1-infected adult patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014; 58(4): 2256-61. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.02058-13
  • [3] Mulik BB, Dhumal ST, Harale RR, Kharat KR, Sathe BR. Electrochemical Studies of Anti-HIV Drug Emtricitabine: Oxidative Determination and Improved Antimicrobial Activity. Chem Electro Chem. 2018; 5(24): 3926-31. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201801228
  • [4] Choudhari VP, Parekar SR, Chate SG, Bharande PD, Singh RR, Kuchekar BS. Development and validation of UV-visible spectrophotometric baseline manipulation method for simultaneous quantitation of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine in pharmaceutical dosage form. J Spectrosc. 2013; 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/146580
  • [5] Ghorpade SA, Sali MS, Kategaonkar AH, Patel DM, Choudhari VP, Kuchekar BS. Simultaneous determination of emtricitabine and tenofovir by area under curve and dual wavelength spectrophotometric method. J Chil Chem Soc. 2010; 55(1): 115-7. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072010000100027
  • [6] Nagaraju PT, Channabasavaraj KP, Shantha Kumar PT. Development and validation of spectrophotometric method for estimation of emtricitabine in tablet dosage form. International Journal of ChemTech Research. 2011; 3(1): 23-8.
  • [7] Harini U, Akm P. Development and valıdatıon of stabılıty ındıcatıng sımultaneous uvspectrophotometrıc method for determınatıon of emtrıcıtabıne, tenofovır dısoproxıl fumarate, cobıcıstat, and elvıtegravır ın pure and pharmaceutıcal dosage form. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2018; 11(4): 177-84. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i4.22897
  • [8] Vinutha K, Kunderu RS. Kinetic spectrophotometric determination of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Int J Pharm Res. 2020; 12(3): 1142-9. https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2020.12.03.172
  • [9] Abdelhay MH, Gazy AA, Shaalan RA, Ashour HK. Simple spectrophotometric methods for determination of tenofovir fumarate and emtricitabine in bulk powder and in tablets. J Spectrosc. 2013; 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/937409
  • [10] Gummaluri RK, Parthasarathi TVN, Anjanamadhulika G. Simultaneous Method for Determination of Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, Elvitegravir and Cobicistat in Tablets By HPLC. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2016; 78(4): 532-7. https://doi.org/10.4172/pharmaceutical-sciences.1000148
  • [11] Konidala SK, Samineni R, Rao YV, Chimakurthy J, Kolakaluri CS, Korrapati V. Novel RP-UPLC Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Quantification of Emtricitabine, Tenofovir and Efavirenz in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Forms. Res J Pharm Technol. 2022; 15(7): 3141-6. https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2022.00525
  • [12] Kumar VK, Raju NA. Estimation of Emtricitabine in Tablet Dosage Form by RP-HPLC. Asian J Chem. 2009; 21(8): 5979-83.
  • [13] Raju NA, Rao JV, Prakash KV, Mukkanti K, Srinivasu K. Simultaneous estimation of tenofovir disoproxil, emtricitabine and efavirenz in tablet dosage form by RP-HPLC. Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 2008; 24(2): 645.
  • [14] Rao JR, Vidyapeeth B, Gondkar SA, Yadav SS. Simultaneous HPTLC-Densitometric analysis of Tenofovir and Emtricitabine in Tablet dosage form. Artic Int J PharmTech Res. 2011; 3(3): 1430-4.
  • [15] Kokkirala TK, Suryakala D. RP-HPLC method development and validation for the estimation of Emtricitabine, Bictegravir and Tenofovir alafenamide in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. J Taibah Univ Sci. 2019; 13(1): 1137-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/16583655.2019.1689601
  • [16] Prasad Panigrahy U, Sunil A, Reddy K. A novel validated RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate and Rilpivirine in bulk and pharmaceutical tablet dosage forms. Sch Res Libr Der Pharm Lett. 2015; 7(1): 303-14.
  • [17] Alam P, Haq N, Alqarni MH, Shakeel F. Quantitative Analysis of Emtricitabine in Dosage Forms Using Green RP-HPTLC and Routine NP-HPTLC Methods - A Contrast of Validation Parameters. ACS Omega. 2020; 5(51): 33470-7. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c05537
  • [18] Illamola SM, Valade E, Hirt D, Dulioust E, Zheng Y, Wolf JP, et al. Development and validation of a LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of tenofovir and emtricitabine in seminal plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2016; 1033-1034: 234-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.011
  • [19] Srivastava B, Sheeja VK, Haribabu Y, Ebin CJ. Method Development and Validation of Simultaneous Estimation of Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Alafenamide in Bulk and tablet Dosage form using LC-MS/MS. Res J Pharm Technol. 2021; 14(5): 2493-6. https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00439
  • [20] Al-Johar HI, Maher HM, Al-Zoman NZ, Al-Shammary DJ, Al-Showiman H. A stability-indicating capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in pharmaceutical tablets. Acta Chromatogr. 2017; 29(4): 469-76. https://doi.org/10.1556/1326.2017.00057
  • [21] Ganesh Kumar TNV, Vidyadhara S, Kumar TD, Jaswanth D, Vijetha K, Priyadarshini BG. Development and Validation of a Novel Colorimetric Method for the Estimation of Emtricitabine in Bulk and Tablet Formulation. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2017; 78(6):775-9. https://doi.org/10.4172/pharmaceutical-sciences.1000183
  • [22] Karadurmuz L, Kurbanoglu S, Uslu B, A. Ozkan S. Electrochemical DNA Biosensors in Drug Analysis. Curr Pharm Anal. 2016; 13(3): 195-207. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573412912666160422152634
  • [23] Chailapakul O, Siangproh W, Tryk DA. Boron-doped diamond-based sensors: A review. Sens Lett. 2006; 4(2): 99-119. https://doi.org/10.1166/sl.2006.008
  • [24] Pecková K, Musilová J, Barek J. Boron-Doped Diamond Film Electrodes-New Tool for Voltammetric Determination of Organic Substances. Crit Rev Anal Chem. 2009; 39(3): 148-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408340903011812
  • [25] Luong JHT, Male KB, Glennon JD. Boron-doped diamond electrode: synthesis, characterization, functionalization and analytical applications. Analyst. 2009; 134(10): 1965-79. https://doi.org/10.1039/b910206j
  • [26] Dekanski A, Stevanović J, Stevanović R, Nikolić BŽ, Jovanović VM. Glassy carbon electrodes: I. Characterization and electrochemical activation. Carbon N Y. 2001; 39(8): 1195-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00228-1
  • [27] Zittel HE, Miller FJ. A Glassy-Carbon Electrode for Voltammetry. Anal Chem. 1965; 37(2): 200-3. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60221a006
  • [28] Nicholson RS, Shain I. Theory of Stationary Electrode Polarography: Single Scan and Cyclic Methods Applied to Reversible, Irreversible, and Kinetic Systems. Anal Chem. 1964; 36(4): 706-23. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60210a007
  • [29] Urcuk A, Karadurmus L, Bakirhan NK, Ozkan SA. Enhancement of graphene oxide through β-cyclodextrin composite to sensitive analysis of an antidepressant: Sulpiride. Open Chem. 2021; 19(1): 228-36. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0030
  • [30] Zahid A, Karadurmuş L, Bakirhan NK, Altay Unal M, Nazır H, Shah A, et al. An electrochemical and theoretical approach for the development of a sensitive flower-like nanosensor as serotonin receptor antagonist tropisetron. Microchem J. 2022; 172:106888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.106888
  • [31] Karadurmus L, Kurbanoglu S, Uslu B, Ozkan SA. An Efficient, Simultaneous Electrochemical Assay of Rosuvastatin and Ezetimibe from Human Urine and Serum Samples. Methods Protoc 2022; 5: 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/mps5060090
  • [32] Gumustas M, Caglayan MG, Onur F, Ozkan SA. Simultaneous determination and validation of emtricitabine, rilpivirine and tenofovir from biological samples using LC and CE methods. Biomedical Chromatography. 2018 Apr;32(4):e4158. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.4158
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eczacılıkta Analitik Kimya
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Leyla Karadurmus 0000-0001-9833-9819

Sibel A. Ozkan

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Karadurmus, L., & Ozkan, S. A. (2025). Electroanalytical investigation and voltametric quantification of emtricitabine in the biological sample using boron-doped diamond and glassy carbon electrodes. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 27(5), 2017-2025.
AMA Karadurmus L, Ozkan SA. Electroanalytical investigation and voltametric quantification of emtricitabine in the biological sample using boron-doped diamond and glassy carbon electrodes. J. Res. Pharm. Temmuz 2025;27(5):2017-2025.
Chicago Karadurmus, Leyla, ve Sibel A. Ozkan. “Electroanalytical Investigation and Voltametric Quantification of Emtricitabine in the Biological Sample Using Boron-Doped Diamond and Glassy Carbon Electrodes”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27, sy. 5 (Temmuz 2025): 2017-25.
EndNote Karadurmus L, Ozkan SA (01 Temmuz 2025) Electroanalytical investigation and voltametric quantification of emtricitabine in the biological sample using boron-doped diamond and glassy carbon electrodes. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27 5 2017–2025.
IEEE L. Karadurmus ve S. A. Ozkan, “Electroanalytical investigation and voltametric quantification of emtricitabine in the biological sample using boron-doped diamond and glassy carbon electrodes”, J. Res. Pharm., c. 27, sy. 5, ss. 2017–2025, 2025.
ISNAD Karadurmus, Leyla - Ozkan, Sibel A. “Electroanalytical Investigation and Voltametric Quantification of Emtricitabine in the Biological Sample Using Boron-Doped Diamond and Glassy Carbon Electrodes”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27/5 (Temmuz 2025), 2017-2025.
JAMA Karadurmus L, Ozkan SA. Electroanalytical investigation and voltametric quantification of emtricitabine in the biological sample using boron-doped diamond and glassy carbon electrodes. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27:2017–2025.
MLA Karadurmus, Leyla ve Sibel A. Ozkan. “Electroanalytical Investigation and Voltametric Quantification of Emtricitabine in the Biological Sample Using Boron-Doped Diamond and Glassy Carbon Electrodes”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, c. 27, sy. 5, 2025, ss. 2017-25.
Vancouver Karadurmus L, Ozkan SA. Electroanalytical investigation and voltametric quantification of emtricitabine in the biological sample using boron-doped diamond and glassy carbon electrodes. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27(5):2017-25.