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Postbiotics Cosmetic Formulation: In Vitro Efficacy Studies on a Microbiome Friendly Antiperspirant

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 5, 2095 - 2105, 28.06.2025

İsmail Aslan Leyla Tarhan Çelebi

Öz

Antiperspirants are used many times a day to prevent bad odor in the armpit. Bad odor under the armpit is called organic volatile molecules. It is formed by the metabolism or breakdown of sweat secreted from sweat glands by microorganisms in the axillary region. Antiperspirants prevent sweat secretion by blocking the sweat glands thanks to the active ingredients in the antiperspirants and prevent the formation of bad odor by stopping the bacteria from metabolizing the secretions. These active substances are still used today as aluminum and its salts. Although the damage of aluminum salts on the skin is not fully known, their accumulation in the body causes toxicity. The search for new active substances to eliminate the negative health effects of the active substances used is still continuing today. The purpose of this research is to produce formulations containing active cosmetic ingredients with natural components that can be used in new formulations. Moreover, it includes the evaluation of the efficacy of active substances that will provide inhibition of bacteria that cause bad odor in the axillary microbiota by adding them to formulations. In studies conducted by adding Lactobacillius lysates (Acilac ATA-LTW12- Lactobacillus ferment lysate extract) obtained from probiotics combined with Humulus lupulus extract, Salvia officinalis leaf extract to the formulation, a decrease in microorganisms causing bad odor formation was observed. Microbiota differences between the formulation with and without postbiotics applied in an artificial axillary microbiota environment were observed. It was observed that the Lactobacıllus ferment lysate extract component used in the reduction of bad odor-causing microorganisms supported specific inhibition in the natural armpit microbiota and normalized the microbiota. There was no statistically significant difference between the negative control (PBS) and the antiperspirant without postbiotics. Significant statistical differences were observed between the antiperspirant containing postbiotic (Acilac ATA-LTW12- Lactobacillus ferment lysate extract) and the antiperspirant without postbiotic, and between the antiperspirant containing postbiotic and negative control. As a result, a new one has been added to the roll-on type antiperspirant formulation studies with natural ingredients free of aluminum salts, sustainable to nature, and presented to the literature for development.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cosmetic formulation postbiotic antiperspirant axillary microbiota

Kaynakça

  • [1] Oliveira ECV, Salvador DS, Holsback V, Shultz JD, Michniak-Kohn BB, Leonardi GR. Deodorants and antiperspirants: identification of new strategies and perspectives to prevent and control malodor and sweat of the body. Int J Dermatol. 2021; 60(5): 613-619. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.15418
  • [2] Bleckwenn S, Kruse I, Springmann G, Bielfeldt S, Wilhelm K-P. Perspiration and Odor Testing Methods and New Opportunities for Claims Development. 2018; 144: 22-28.
  • [3] Benohanian A. Antiperspirants and deodorants. Clin Dermatol. 2001; 19(4): 398-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0738-081x(01)00192-4
  • [4] Piérard GE, Elsner P, Marks R, Masson P, Paye M. EEMCO guidance for the efficacy assessment of antiperspirants and deodorants. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2003; 16(5): 324-342. https://doi.org/10.1159/000072072
  • [5] Barzantny H, Brune I, Tauch A. Molecular basis of human body odour formation: insights deduced from corynebacterial genome sequences. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2012; 34(1): 2-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2494.2011.00669.x
  • [6] Urban J, Fergus DJ, Savage AM, Ehlers M, Menninger HL, Dunn RR, Horvath JE. The effect of habitual and experimental antiperspirant and deodorant product use on the armpit microbiome. PeerJ. 2016; 4 (e1605). https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1605
  • [7] Callewaert C, Hutapea P, Van de Wiele T, Boon N. Deodorants and antiperspirants affect the axillary bacterial community. Arch Dermatol Res. 2014; 306(8): 701-710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-014-1487-1
  • [8] Zirwas MJ, Moennich J. Antiperspirant and deodorant allergy: diagnosis and management. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2008; 1(3): 38-43.
  • [9] McGrath KG. Apocrine sweat gland obstruction by antiperspirants allowing transdermal absorption of cutaneous generated hormones and pheromones as a link to the observed incidence rates of breast and prostate cancer in the 20th century. Med Hypotheses. 2009; 72(6): 665-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.01.025
  • [10] Guillard O, Fauconneau B, Olichon D, Dedieu G, Deloncle R. Hyperaluminemia in a woman using an aluminum-containing antiperspirant for 4 years. Am J Med. 2004; 117(12): 956-959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.047
  • [11] Alasfar RH, Isaifan RJ. Aluminum environmental pollution: the silent killer. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021; 28(33): 44587-44597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14700-0
  • [12] Gagnon D, Crandall CG. Sweating as a heat loss thermoeffector. Handb Clin Neurol. 2018; 156: 211-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63912-7.00013-8
  • [13] Godek SF, Bartolozzi AR, Godek JJ. Sweat rate and fluid turnover in American football players compared with runners in a hot and humid environment. Br J Sports Med. 2005; 39(4): 205-211. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.011767
  • [14] Baker LB. Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health. Temperature (Austin). 2019; 6(3): 211-259. https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2019.1632145
  • [15] Hodge BD, Sanvictores T, Brodell RT, Anatomy, Skin Sweat Glands, StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC., Treasure Island (FL), 2023.
  • [16] Lu C, Fuchs E. Sweat gland progenitors in development, homeostasis, and wound repair. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2014; 4(2) https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a015222
  • [17] Hölzle E. Pathophysiology of sweating. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2002; 30: 10-22. https://doi.org/10.1159/000060690
  • [18] Wilke K, Martin A, Terstegen L, Biel SS. A short history of sweat gland biology. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2007; 29(3): 169-179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.2007.00387.x
  • [19] Lee TS. Physiological gustatory sweating in a warm climate. J Physiol. 1954; 124(3): 528-542. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1954.sp005126
  • [20] Natsch A, Schmid J, Flachsmann F. Identification of odoriferous sulfanylalkanols in human axilla secretions and their formation through cleavage of cysteine precursors by a C-S lyase isolated from axilla bacteria. Chem Biodivers. 2004; 1(7): 1058-1072. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200490079
  • [21] Starkenmann C, Niclass Y, Troccaz M, Clark AJ. Identification of the precursor of (S)-3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol, the sulfury malodour of human axilla sweat. Chem Biodivers. 2005; 2(6): 705-716. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200590048
  • [22] Natsch A, Gfeller H, Gygax P, Schmid J, Acuna G. A specific bacterial aminoacylase cleaves odorant precursors secreted in the human axilla. J Biol Chem. 2003; 278(8): 5718-5727. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M210142200
  • [23] Norman R, Preventive Dermatology, 2010.
  • [24] Nourian A, Ghavami Nasr G, pillai D, Waters M. Compressed gas domestic aerosol valve design using high viscous product. The International Journal of Multiphysics. 2014; 8: 437-460. https://doi.org/10.1260/1750-9548.8.4.437
  • [25] Macmillan FS, Reller HH, Synder FH. The antiperspirant action of topically applied anticholinergics. J Invest Dermatol. 1964; 43: 363-377. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.1964.167
  • [26] Oliveira ECVd, Salvador DS, Holsback V, Shultz JD, Michniak-Kohn BB, Leonardi GR. Deodorants and antiperspirants: identification of new strategies and perspectives to prevent and control malodor and sweat of the body. International Journal of Dermatology. 2021; 60(5): 613-619. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.15418
  • [27] Korpelainen H, Pietiläinen M. Hop (Humulus lupulus L.): Traditional and Present Use, and Future Potential. Economic Botany. 2021; 75(3): 302-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-021-09528-1
  • [28] Surendran S, Qassadi F, Surendran G, Lilley D, Heinrich M. Myrcene-What Are the Potential Health Benefits of This Flavouring and Aroma Agent? Front Nutr. 2021; 8: 699666. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.699666
  • [29] Nuutinen T. Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus. Eur J Med Chem. 2018; 157: 198-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076
  • [30] Karabín M, Hudcová T, Jelínek L, Dostálek P. Biologically Active Compounds from Hops and Prospects for Their Use. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2016; 15(3): 542-567. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12201
  • [31] Yamaguchi N, Satoh-Yamaguchi K, Ono M. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial, anticollagenase, and antioxidant activities of hop components (Humulus lupulus) addressing acne vulgaris. Phytomedicine. 2009; 16(4): 369-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2008.12.021
  • [32] Mohammed HA, Eldeeb HM, Khan RA, Al-Omar MS, Mohammed SAA, Sajid MSM, Aly MSA, Ahmad AM, Abdellatif AAH, Eid SY, El-Readi MZ. Sage, Salvia officinalis L., Constituents, Hepatoprotective Activity, and Cytotoxicity Evaluations of the Essential Oils Obtained from Fresh and Differently Timed Dried Herbs: A Comparative Analysis. Molecules. 2021; 26(19): 5757. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195757
  • [33] Francik S, Francik R, Sadowska U, Bystrowska B, Zawiślak A, Knapczyk A, Nzeyimana A. Identification of Phenolic Compounds and Determination of Antioxidant Activity in Extracts and Infusions of Salvia Leaves. Materials (Basel). 2020; 13(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245811
  • [34] Nguyen AV, Soulika AM. The Dynamics of the Skin's Immune System. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20081811
  • [35] Gordon A, Alsayouri K, Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Axilla, StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC., Treasure Island (FL), 2023.
  • [36] Natsch A, Derrer S, Flachsmann F, Schmid J. A broad diversity of volatile carboxylic acids, released by a bacterial aminoacylase from axilla secretions, as candidate molecules for the determination of human-body odor type. Chem Biodivers. 2006; 3(1): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200690015
  • [37] Austin C, Ellis J. Microbial pathways leading to steroidal malodour in the axilla. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2003; 87(1): 105-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-0760(03)00387-x
  • [38] James A, Casey J, Hyliands D, Mycock G. Fatty acid metabolism by cutaneous bacteria and its role in axillary malodour. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2004; 20: 787-793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-004-5843-8
  • [39] Aguilar-Toalá JE, Garcia-Varela R, Garcia HS, Mata-Haro V, González-Córdova AF, Vallejo-Cordoba B, Hernández-Mendoza A. Postbiotics: An evolving term within the functional foods field. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2018; 75: 105-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.03.009
  • [40] Moradi M, Kousheh SA, Almasi H, Alizadeh A, Guimarães JT, Yılmaz N, Lotfi A. Postbiotics produced by lactic acid bacteria: The next frontier in food safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2020; 19(6): 3390-3415. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12613
  • [41] Martyniak A, Medyńska-Przęczek A, Wędrychowicz A, Skoczeń S, Tomasik PJ. Prebiotics, Probiotics, Synbiotics, Paraprobiotics and Postbiotic Compounds in IBD. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(12) https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11121903
  • [42] Thorakkattu P, Khanashyam AC, Shah K, Babu KS, Mundanat AS, Deliephan A, Deokar GS, Santivarangkna C, Nirmal NP. Postbiotics: Current Trends in Food and Pharmaceutical Industry. Foods. 2022; 11(19): 3094. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11193094
  • [43] Aslan I, Tarhan Celebi L, Kayhan H, Kizilay E, Gulbahar MY, Kurt H, Cakici B, Probiotic Formulations Containing Fixed and Essential Oils Ameliorates SIBO-Induced Gut Dysbiosis in Rats, Pharmaceuticals, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16071041

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 5, 2095 - 2105, 28.06.2025

İsmail Aslan Leyla Tarhan Çelebi

Öz

Kaynakça

  • [1] Oliveira ECV, Salvador DS, Holsback V, Shultz JD, Michniak-Kohn BB, Leonardi GR. Deodorants and antiperspirants: identification of new strategies and perspectives to prevent and control malodor and sweat of the body. Int J Dermatol. 2021; 60(5): 613-619. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.15418
  • [2] Bleckwenn S, Kruse I, Springmann G, Bielfeldt S, Wilhelm K-P. Perspiration and Odor Testing Methods and New Opportunities for Claims Development. 2018; 144: 22-28.
  • [3] Benohanian A. Antiperspirants and deodorants. Clin Dermatol. 2001; 19(4): 398-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0738-081x(01)00192-4
  • [4] Piérard GE, Elsner P, Marks R, Masson P, Paye M. EEMCO guidance for the efficacy assessment of antiperspirants and deodorants. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2003; 16(5): 324-342. https://doi.org/10.1159/000072072
  • [5] Barzantny H, Brune I, Tauch A. Molecular basis of human body odour formation: insights deduced from corynebacterial genome sequences. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2012; 34(1): 2-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2494.2011.00669.x
  • [6] Urban J, Fergus DJ, Savage AM, Ehlers M, Menninger HL, Dunn RR, Horvath JE. The effect of habitual and experimental antiperspirant and deodorant product use on the armpit microbiome. PeerJ. 2016; 4 (e1605). https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1605
  • [7] Callewaert C, Hutapea P, Van de Wiele T, Boon N. Deodorants and antiperspirants affect the axillary bacterial community. Arch Dermatol Res. 2014; 306(8): 701-710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-014-1487-1
  • [8] Zirwas MJ, Moennich J. Antiperspirant and deodorant allergy: diagnosis and management. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2008; 1(3): 38-43.
  • [9] McGrath KG. Apocrine sweat gland obstruction by antiperspirants allowing transdermal absorption of cutaneous generated hormones and pheromones as a link to the observed incidence rates of breast and prostate cancer in the 20th century. Med Hypotheses. 2009; 72(6): 665-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.01.025
  • [10] Guillard O, Fauconneau B, Olichon D, Dedieu G, Deloncle R. Hyperaluminemia in a woman using an aluminum-containing antiperspirant for 4 years. Am J Med. 2004; 117(12): 956-959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.047
  • [11] Alasfar RH, Isaifan RJ. Aluminum environmental pollution: the silent killer. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021; 28(33): 44587-44597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14700-0
  • [12] Gagnon D, Crandall CG. Sweating as a heat loss thermoeffector. Handb Clin Neurol. 2018; 156: 211-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63912-7.00013-8
  • [13] Godek SF, Bartolozzi AR, Godek JJ. Sweat rate and fluid turnover in American football players compared with runners in a hot and humid environment. Br J Sports Med. 2005; 39(4): 205-211. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.011767
  • [14] Baker LB. Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health. Temperature (Austin). 2019; 6(3): 211-259. https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2019.1632145
  • [15] Hodge BD, Sanvictores T, Brodell RT, Anatomy, Skin Sweat Glands, StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC., Treasure Island (FL), 2023.
  • [16] Lu C, Fuchs E. Sweat gland progenitors in development, homeostasis, and wound repair. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2014; 4(2) https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a015222
  • [17] Hölzle E. Pathophysiology of sweating. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2002; 30: 10-22. https://doi.org/10.1159/000060690
  • [18] Wilke K, Martin A, Terstegen L, Biel SS. A short history of sweat gland biology. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2007; 29(3): 169-179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.2007.00387.x
  • [19] Lee TS. Physiological gustatory sweating in a warm climate. J Physiol. 1954; 124(3): 528-542. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1954.sp005126
  • [20] Natsch A, Schmid J, Flachsmann F. Identification of odoriferous sulfanylalkanols in human axilla secretions and their formation through cleavage of cysteine precursors by a C-S lyase isolated from axilla bacteria. Chem Biodivers. 2004; 1(7): 1058-1072. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200490079
  • [21] Starkenmann C, Niclass Y, Troccaz M, Clark AJ. Identification of the precursor of (S)-3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol, the sulfury malodour of human axilla sweat. Chem Biodivers. 2005; 2(6): 705-716. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200590048
  • [22] Natsch A, Gfeller H, Gygax P, Schmid J, Acuna G. A specific bacterial aminoacylase cleaves odorant precursors secreted in the human axilla. J Biol Chem. 2003; 278(8): 5718-5727. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M210142200
  • [23] Norman R, Preventive Dermatology, 2010.
  • [24] Nourian A, Ghavami Nasr G, pillai D, Waters M. Compressed gas domestic aerosol valve design using high viscous product. The International Journal of Multiphysics. 2014; 8: 437-460. https://doi.org/10.1260/1750-9548.8.4.437
  • [25] Macmillan FS, Reller HH, Synder FH. The antiperspirant action of topically applied anticholinergics. J Invest Dermatol. 1964; 43: 363-377. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.1964.167
  • [26] Oliveira ECVd, Salvador DS, Holsback V, Shultz JD, Michniak-Kohn BB, Leonardi GR. Deodorants and antiperspirants: identification of new strategies and perspectives to prevent and control malodor and sweat of the body. International Journal of Dermatology. 2021; 60(5): 613-619. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.15418
  • [27] Korpelainen H, Pietiläinen M. Hop (Humulus lupulus L.): Traditional and Present Use, and Future Potential. Economic Botany. 2021; 75(3): 302-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-021-09528-1
  • [28] Surendran S, Qassadi F, Surendran G, Lilley D, Heinrich M. Myrcene-What Are the Potential Health Benefits of This Flavouring and Aroma Agent? Front Nutr. 2021; 8: 699666. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.699666
  • [29] Nuutinen T. Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus. Eur J Med Chem. 2018; 157: 198-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076
  • [30] Karabín M, Hudcová T, Jelínek L, Dostálek P. Biologically Active Compounds from Hops and Prospects for Their Use. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2016; 15(3): 542-567. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12201
  • [31] Yamaguchi N, Satoh-Yamaguchi K, Ono M. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial, anticollagenase, and antioxidant activities of hop components (Humulus lupulus) addressing acne vulgaris. Phytomedicine. 2009; 16(4): 369-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2008.12.021
  • [32] Mohammed HA, Eldeeb HM, Khan RA, Al-Omar MS, Mohammed SAA, Sajid MSM, Aly MSA, Ahmad AM, Abdellatif AAH, Eid SY, El-Readi MZ. Sage, Salvia officinalis L., Constituents, Hepatoprotective Activity, and Cytotoxicity Evaluations of the Essential Oils Obtained from Fresh and Differently Timed Dried Herbs: A Comparative Analysis. Molecules. 2021; 26(19): 5757. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195757
  • [33] Francik S, Francik R, Sadowska U, Bystrowska B, Zawiślak A, Knapczyk A, Nzeyimana A. Identification of Phenolic Compounds and Determination of Antioxidant Activity in Extracts and Infusions of Salvia Leaves. Materials (Basel). 2020; 13(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245811
  • [34] Nguyen AV, Soulika AM. The Dynamics of the Skin's Immune System. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20081811
  • [35] Gordon A, Alsayouri K, Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Axilla, StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC., Treasure Island (FL), 2023.
  • [36] Natsch A, Derrer S, Flachsmann F, Schmid J. A broad diversity of volatile carboxylic acids, released by a bacterial aminoacylase from axilla secretions, as candidate molecules for the determination of human-body odor type. Chem Biodivers. 2006; 3(1): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200690015
  • [37] Austin C, Ellis J. Microbial pathways leading to steroidal malodour in the axilla. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2003; 87(1): 105-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-0760(03)00387-x
  • [38] James A, Casey J, Hyliands D, Mycock G. Fatty acid metabolism by cutaneous bacteria and its role in axillary malodour. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2004; 20: 787-793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-004-5843-8
  • [39] Aguilar-Toalá JE, Garcia-Varela R, Garcia HS, Mata-Haro V, González-Córdova AF, Vallejo-Cordoba B, Hernández-Mendoza A. Postbiotics: An evolving term within the functional foods field. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2018; 75: 105-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.03.009
  • [40] Moradi M, Kousheh SA, Almasi H, Alizadeh A, Guimarães JT, Yılmaz N, Lotfi A. Postbiotics produced by lactic acid bacteria: The next frontier in food safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2020; 19(6): 3390-3415. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12613
  • [41] Martyniak A, Medyńska-Przęczek A, Wędrychowicz A, Skoczeń S, Tomasik PJ. Prebiotics, Probiotics, Synbiotics, Paraprobiotics and Postbiotic Compounds in IBD. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(12) https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11121903
  • [42] Thorakkattu P, Khanashyam AC, Shah K, Babu KS, Mundanat AS, Deliephan A, Deokar GS, Santivarangkna C, Nirmal NP. Postbiotics: Current Trends in Food and Pharmaceutical Industry. Foods. 2022; 11(19): 3094. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11193094
  • [43] Aslan I, Tarhan Celebi L, Kayhan H, Kizilay E, Gulbahar MY, Kurt H, Cakici B, Probiotic Formulations Containing Fixed and Essential Oils Ameliorates SIBO-Induced Gut Dysbiosis in Rats, Pharmaceuticals, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16071041
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İlaç Dağıtım Teknolojileri
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

İsmail Aslan

Leyla Tarhan Çelebi 0009-0008-6861-1103

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Aslan, İ., & Tarhan Çelebi, L. (2025). Postbiotics Cosmetic Formulation: In Vitro Efficacy Studies on a Microbiome Friendly Antiperspirant. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 27(5), 2095-2105.
AMA Aslan İ, Tarhan Çelebi L. Postbiotics Cosmetic Formulation: In Vitro Efficacy Studies on a Microbiome Friendly Antiperspirant. J. Res. Pharm. Temmuz 2025;27(5):2095-2105.
Chicago Aslan, İsmail, ve Leyla Tarhan Çelebi. “Postbiotics Cosmetic Formulation: In Vitro Efficacy Studies on a Microbiome Friendly Antiperspirant”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27, sy. 5 (Temmuz 2025): 2095-2105.
EndNote Aslan İ, Tarhan Çelebi L (01 Temmuz 2025) Postbiotics Cosmetic Formulation: In Vitro Efficacy Studies on a Microbiome Friendly Antiperspirant. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27 5 2095–2105.
IEEE İ. Aslan ve L. Tarhan Çelebi, “Postbiotics Cosmetic Formulation: In Vitro Efficacy Studies on a Microbiome Friendly Antiperspirant”, J. Res. Pharm., c. 27, sy. 5, ss. 2095–2105, 2025.
ISNAD Aslan, İsmail - Tarhan Çelebi, Leyla. “Postbiotics Cosmetic Formulation: In Vitro Efficacy Studies on a Microbiome Friendly Antiperspirant”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27/5 (Temmuz 2025), 2095-2105.
JAMA Aslan İ, Tarhan Çelebi L. Postbiotics Cosmetic Formulation: In Vitro Efficacy Studies on a Microbiome Friendly Antiperspirant. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27:2095–2105.
MLA Aslan, İsmail ve Leyla Tarhan Çelebi. “Postbiotics Cosmetic Formulation: In Vitro Efficacy Studies on a Microbiome Friendly Antiperspirant”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, c. 27, sy. 5, 2025, ss. 2095-0.
Vancouver Aslan İ, Tarhan Çelebi L. Postbiotics Cosmetic Formulation: In Vitro Efficacy Studies on a Microbiome Friendly Antiperspirant. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27(5):2095-10.