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Harnessing the pharmaceutical potential of noni fruit extract: antibacterial and antifungal effects against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and oral pathogens

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 5, 2182 - 2189, 28.06.2025

Ahmet Katı

Öz

The escalating threat of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms necessitates innovative therapeutic approaches. This study explores the pharmaceutical potential of Noni Fruit Extract (NFE), derived from Morinda citrifolia, as a promising solution against antibiotic-resistant strains and oral pathogens. NFE exhibited robust antibacterial activity, rivaling conventional antibiotics. The investigation encompassed a spectrum of microorganisms, including Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis), Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae), antibiotic-resistant strains (Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE), Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)), a fungal pathogen (Candida albicans), and oral pathogens (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis). The disk diffusion method determined NFE's inhibition zone diameters against these pathogens. NFE displayed potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms. At 5mg/mL, NFE produced a 10 mm inhibition zone against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, reaching 19.3 mm at 100mg/mL. Proteus vulgaris exhibited zones of 10.3, 12.7, 27.3, 33.7, and 44.7 mm at NFE concentrations from 5 to 100 mg/mL. Escherichia coli displayed the largest inhibition zone of 61.7 mm at 100 mg/mL NFE. Similar trends were observed for Salmonella typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumoniae. NFE also demonstrated strong antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Against antibiotic-resistant strains, NFE significantly affected VRE at 100mg/mL, yielding a 42.3 mm zone. MRSA displayed an 8.3 mm zone at 5 mg/mL NFE and 51.3 mm below 100 mg/mL, underscoring NFE's efficacy against antibiotic-resistant strains. NFE exhibited robust antibacterial activity against oral pathogens, with notable inhibition zones at higher concentrations on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus mitis. Following EN 1276:2019 methodology, time-dependent antibacterial efficacy assessment revealed significant log reductions in microbial load, indicating NFE's potent antibacterial effect at various concentrations and contact times. In conclusion, NFE displayed potent antibacterial and antifungal activities against various microorganisms, including antibiotic-resistant strains and oral pathogens. These findings suggest NFE's promise as an alternative therapeutic agent in combatting antimicrobial resistance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Noni fruit extract pharmaceutical potential oral pathogens antibiotic resistance antibacterial effects antifungal effects Morinda citrifolia

Kaynakça

  • [1] Some S, Kumar Sen I, Mandal A, Aslan T, Ustun Y, Yilmaz EŞ, Kati A, Demirbas A, Mandal AK, Ocsoy I. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their versatile antimicrobial properties. Mater Res Express. 2019;6. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aae23e.
  • [2] Roy A, Bulut O, Some S, Mandal AK, Yilmaz MD. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Biomolecule-nanoparticle organizations targeting antimicrobial activity. RSC Advances. 2019;2673–2702. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra08982e.
  • [3] Davies H, Russell J, Varghese A, Holmes H, Soares MO, Woods B, Puig-Peiro R, Evans S, Tierney R, Mealing S, Sculpher M, Robotham JV. Developing a Modeling Framework for Quantifying the Health and Cost Implications of Antibiotic Resistance for Surgical Procedures. MDM Policy Pract. 2023;8. https://doi.org/10.1177/23814683231152885.
  • [4] Chandy SJ, Naik GS, Balaji V, Jeyaseelan V, Thomas K, Lundborg CS. High cost burden and health consequences of antibiotic resistance: The price to pay. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2014;8. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.4745.
  • [5] Dubourg G, Abat C, Raoult D. Why new antibiotics are not obviously useful now. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2017;49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.11.015.
  • [6] Pulingam T, Parumasivam T, Gazzali AM, Sulaiman AM, Chee JY, Lakshmanan M, Chin CF, Sudesh K. Antimicrobial resistance: Prevalence, economic burden, mechanisms of resistance and strategies to overcome. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106103.
  • [7] Koch N, Islam NF, Sonowal S, Prasad R, Sarma H. Environmental antibiotics and resistance genes as emerging contaminants: Methods of detection and bioremediation. Curr Res Microb Sci. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100027.
  • [8] Jayaraman SK, Manoharan MS, Illanchezian S. Antibacterial, antifungal and tumor cell suppression potential of Morinda citrifolia fruit extracts. Int J Integr Biol. 2008;3.
  • [9] Lohani M, Majrashi M, Govindarajulu M, Patel M, Ramesh S, Bhattacharya D, Joshi S, Fadan M, Nadar R, Darien B, Maurice DV, Kemppainen B, Dhanasekaran M. Immunomodulatory actions of a Polynesian herb Noni (Morinda citrifolia) and its clinical applications. Complement Ther Med. 2019;47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102206.
  • [10] Motshakeri M, Ghazali HM. Nutritional, phytochemical and commercial quality of Noni fruit: A multi-beneficial gift from nature. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2015.06.004.
  • [11] Abou Assi R, Darwis Y, Abdulbaqi IM, Khan AA, Vuanghao L, Laghari MH. Morinda citrifolia (Noni): A comprehensive review on its industrial uses, pharmacological activities, and clinical trials. Arab J Chem. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.06.018.
  • [12] Jahurul MHA, Patricia M, Shihabul A, Norazlina MR, Ramlah George MR, Noorakmar AW, Lee JS, Jumardi R, Jinap S, Zaidul ISM. A review on functional and nutritional properties of noni fruit seed (Morinda citrifolia L.) and its oil. Food Biosci. 2021;41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101000.
  • [13] Sogandi S, Rabima R. Identification of Active Compound Extracts from Noni Fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) and Its Potential as Antioxidants. J Kim Sains dan Apl. 2019;22. https://doi.org/10.14710/jksa.22.5.206-212.
  • [14] Boontha S, Kaewjaiboon N, Rattanatanyapat P, Nanto W, Taolam S, Buranrat B, Pitaksuteepong T. Cytotoxicity and cell migration suppression by noni fruit extract on Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 human breast cancer cells and development of topical microemulsions. Pharmacogn Mag. 2018;14. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_403_18.
  • [15] Moh JHZ, Waiho K, Fazhan H, Shaibani N, Manan H, Sung YY, Ma H, Ikhwanuddin M. Effect of Noni, Morinda citrifolia fruit extract supplementation on the growth performances and physiological responses of the hepatopancreas of Whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei Post Larvae. Aquac Reports. 2021;21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100798.
  • [16] Tailulu A, Li M, Ye B, Al-qudaimi R, Cao F, Liu W, Shi P. Antimicrobial and anticancer activities of Hainan dry noni fruit alcoholic extracts and their novel compounds identification using UPLC-Q-Exactive Obitrap-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2022;220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114989.
  • [17] Singh R. Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni): A review of the scientific validation for its nutritional and therapeutic properties. J Diabetes Endocrinol. 2012;3. https://doi.org/10.5897/jde10.006.
  • [18] Aldi Y, Khairiyah H, Kasuma N, Afriwardi, Banowo AS. The Effect of Noni Fruit Extract (Morinda citrifolia L.) in Gingivitis Patient. Pharmacogn J. 2019;11. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2019.11.107.
  • [19] Palu AK, Kim AH, West BJ, Deng S, Jensen J, White L. The effects of Morinda citrifolia L. (noni) on the immune system: Its molecular mechanisms of action. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.023.
  • [20] Sun B, Jing R, Wang Z, Tian L, Mao F, Liu Y. Diversity and community structure of endophytic Bacillus with antagonistic and antioxidant activity in the fruits of Xisha Wild Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.). Microb Pathog. 2021;158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105065.
  • [21] Osorio PRA, Dias FR, Mourão DSC, Araujo SHC, Toledo PFS, Silva ACF, Viera WAS, Câmara MPS, Moura WS, Aguiar RWA, Oliveira EE, Santos GR. Essential oil of Noni, Morinda citrifolia L., fruits controls the rice stem-rot disease without detrimentally affect beneficial fungi and ladybeetles. Ind Crops Prod. 2021;170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113728.
  • [22] Kasuma N, Fajrin FN, Aldi Y. MORINDA CITRIFOLIA EXTRACT MOUTHWASH AS ANTIGINGIVITIS. Dentika Dent J. 2016;19. https://doi.org/10.32734/dentika.v19i2.409.
  • [23] Kumarasamy B, Manipal S, Duraisamy P, Ahmed A, Mohanaganesh S, Jeevika C. Role of aqueous extract of morinda citrifolia (Indian noni) ripe fruits in inhibiting dental caries-causing streptococcus mutans and streptococcus mitis. J Dent (Tehran). 2014;11.
  • [24] Messager S, Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley T V. Assessment of the antibacterial activity of tea tree oil using the European EN 1276 and EN 12054 standard suspension tests. J Hosp Infect. 2005;59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2004.07.015.
  • [25] Rivera A, Giono S, Gonzalez M, Rodríguez N, Cedillo L 1. Antibacterial effect of Morinda citrifolia fruit juice against mycoplasmas. Sch Res Libr Ann Biol Res. 2011;2.

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 5, 2182 - 2189, 28.06.2025

Ahmet Katı

Öz

Kaynakça

  • [1] Some S, Kumar Sen I, Mandal A, Aslan T, Ustun Y, Yilmaz EŞ, Kati A, Demirbas A, Mandal AK, Ocsoy I. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their versatile antimicrobial properties. Mater Res Express. 2019;6. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aae23e.
  • [2] Roy A, Bulut O, Some S, Mandal AK, Yilmaz MD. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Biomolecule-nanoparticle organizations targeting antimicrobial activity. RSC Advances. 2019;2673–2702. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra08982e.
  • [3] Davies H, Russell J, Varghese A, Holmes H, Soares MO, Woods B, Puig-Peiro R, Evans S, Tierney R, Mealing S, Sculpher M, Robotham JV. Developing a Modeling Framework for Quantifying the Health and Cost Implications of Antibiotic Resistance for Surgical Procedures. MDM Policy Pract. 2023;8. https://doi.org/10.1177/23814683231152885.
  • [4] Chandy SJ, Naik GS, Balaji V, Jeyaseelan V, Thomas K, Lundborg CS. High cost burden and health consequences of antibiotic resistance: The price to pay. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2014;8. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.4745.
  • [5] Dubourg G, Abat C, Raoult D. Why new antibiotics are not obviously useful now. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2017;49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.11.015.
  • [6] Pulingam T, Parumasivam T, Gazzali AM, Sulaiman AM, Chee JY, Lakshmanan M, Chin CF, Sudesh K. Antimicrobial resistance: Prevalence, economic burden, mechanisms of resistance and strategies to overcome. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106103.
  • [7] Koch N, Islam NF, Sonowal S, Prasad R, Sarma H. Environmental antibiotics and resistance genes as emerging contaminants: Methods of detection and bioremediation. Curr Res Microb Sci. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100027.
  • [8] Jayaraman SK, Manoharan MS, Illanchezian S. Antibacterial, antifungal and tumor cell suppression potential of Morinda citrifolia fruit extracts. Int J Integr Biol. 2008;3.
  • [9] Lohani M, Majrashi M, Govindarajulu M, Patel M, Ramesh S, Bhattacharya D, Joshi S, Fadan M, Nadar R, Darien B, Maurice DV, Kemppainen B, Dhanasekaran M. Immunomodulatory actions of a Polynesian herb Noni (Morinda citrifolia) and its clinical applications. Complement Ther Med. 2019;47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102206.
  • [10] Motshakeri M, Ghazali HM. Nutritional, phytochemical and commercial quality of Noni fruit: A multi-beneficial gift from nature. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2015.06.004.
  • [11] Abou Assi R, Darwis Y, Abdulbaqi IM, Khan AA, Vuanghao L, Laghari MH. Morinda citrifolia (Noni): A comprehensive review on its industrial uses, pharmacological activities, and clinical trials. Arab J Chem. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.06.018.
  • [12] Jahurul MHA, Patricia M, Shihabul A, Norazlina MR, Ramlah George MR, Noorakmar AW, Lee JS, Jumardi R, Jinap S, Zaidul ISM. A review on functional and nutritional properties of noni fruit seed (Morinda citrifolia L.) and its oil. Food Biosci. 2021;41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101000.
  • [13] Sogandi S, Rabima R. Identification of Active Compound Extracts from Noni Fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) and Its Potential as Antioxidants. J Kim Sains dan Apl. 2019;22. https://doi.org/10.14710/jksa.22.5.206-212.
  • [14] Boontha S, Kaewjaiboon N, Rattanatanyapat P, Nanto W, Taolam S, Buranrat B, Pitaksuteepong T. Cytotoxicity and cell migration suppression by noni fruit extract on Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 human breast cancer cells and development of topical microemulsions. Pharmacogn Mag. 2018;14. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_403_18.
  • [15] Moh JHZ, Waiho K, Fazhan H, Shaibani N, Manan H, Sung YY, Ma H, Ikhwanuddin M. Effect of Noni, Morinda citrifolia fruit extract supplementation on the growth performances and physiological responses of the hepatopancreas of Whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei Post Larvae. Aquac Reports. 2021;21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100798.
  • [16] Tailulu A, Li M, Ye B, Al-qudaimi R, Cao F, Liu W, Shi P. Antimicrobial and anticancer activities of Hainan dry noni fruit alcoholic extracts and their novel compounds identification using UPLC-Q-Exactive Obitrap-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2022;220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114989.
  • [17] Singh R. Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni): A review of the scientific validation for its nutritional and therapeutic properties. J Diabetes Endocrinol. 2012;3. https://doi.org/10.5897/jde10.006.
  • [18] Aldi Y, Khairiyah H, Kasuma N, Afriwardi, Banowo AS. The Effect of Noni Fruit Extract (Morinda citrifolia L.) in Gingivitis Patient. Pharmacogn J. 2019;11. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2019.11.107.
  • [19] Palu AK, Kim AH, West BJ, Deng S, Jensen J, White L. The effects of Morinda citrifolia L. (noni) on the immune system: Its molecular mechanisms of action. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.023.
  • [20] Sun B, Jing R, Wang Z, Tian L, Mao F, Liu Y. Diversity and community structure of endophytic Bacillus with antagonistic and antioxidant activity in the fruits of Xisha Wild Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.). Microb Pathog. 2021;158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105065.
  • [21] Osorio PRA, Dias FR, Mourão DSC, Araujo SHC, Toledo PFS, Silva ACF, Viera WAS, Câmara MPS, Moura WS, Aguiar RWA, Oliveira EE, Santos GR. Essential oil of Noni, Morinda citrifolia L., fruits controls the rice stem-rot disease without detrimentally affect beneficial fungi and ladybeetles. Ind Crops Prod. 2021;170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113728.
  • [22] Kasuma N, Fajrin FN, Aldi Y. MORINDA CITRIFOLIA EXTRACT MOUTHWASH AS ANTIGINGIVITIS. Dentika Dent J. 2016;19. https://doi.org/10.32734/dentika.v19i2.409.
  • [23] Kumarasamy B, Manipal S, Duraisamy P, Ahmed A, Mohanaganesh S, Jeevika C. Role of aqueous extract of morinda citrifolia (Indian noni) ripe fruits in inhibiting dental caries-causing streptococcus mutans and streptococcus mitis. J Dent (Tehran). 2014;11.
  • [24] Messager S, Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley T V. Assessment of the antibacterial activity of tea tree oil using the European EN 1276 and EN 12054 standard suspension tests. J Hosp Infect. 2005;59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2004.07.015.
  • [25] Rivera A, Giono S, Gonzalez M, Rodríguez N, Cedillo L 1. Antibacterial effect of Morinda citrifolia fruit juice against mycoplasmas. Sch Res Libr Ann Biol Res. 2011;2.
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Farmasotik Biyoteknoloji
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Ahmet Katı 0000-0002-9903-634X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Katı, A. (2025). Harnessing the pharmaceutical potential of noni fruit extract: antibacterial and antifungal effects against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and oral pathogens. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 27(5), 2182-2189.
AMA Katı A. Harnessing the pharmaceutical potential of noni fruit extract: antibacterial and antifungal effects against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and oral pathogens. J. Res. Pharm. Temmuz 2025;27(5):2182-2189.
Chicago Katı, Ahmet. “Harnessing the Pharmaceutical Potential of Noni Fruit Extract: Antibacterial and Antifungal Effects Against Antibiotic-Resistant Microorganisms and Oral Pathogens”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27, sy. 5 (Temmuz 2025): 2182-89.
EndNote Katı A (01 Temmuz 2025) Harnessing the pharmaceutical potential of noni fruit extract: antibacterial and antifungal effects against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and oral pathogens. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27 5 2182–2189.
IEEE A. Katı, “Harnessing the pharmaceutical potential of noni fruit extract: antibacterial and antifungal effects against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and oral pathogens”, J. Res. Pharm., c. 27, sy. 5, ss. 2182–2189, 2025.
ISNAD Katı, Ahmet. “Harnessing the Pharmaceutical Potential of Noni Fruit Extract: Antibacterial and Antifungal Effects Against Antibiotic-Resistant Microorganisms and Oral Pathogens”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 27/5 (Temmuz 2025), 2182-2189.
JAMA Katı A. Harnessing the pharmaceutical potential of noni fruit extract: antibacterial and antifungal effects against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and oral pathogens. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27:2182–2189.
MLA Katı, Ahmet. “Harnessing the Pharmaceutical Potential of Noni Fruit Extract: Antibacterial and Antifungal Effects Against Antibiotic-Resistant Microorganisms and Oral Pathogens”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, c. 27, sy. 5, 2025, ss. 2182-9.
Vancouver Katı A. Harnessing the pharmaceutical potential of noni fruit extract: antibacterial and antifungal effects against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and oral pathogens. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;27(5):2182-9.