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Evaluation of commercial Syzygium aromaticum L. (clove) essential oil samples from market in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia 10.0 criteria

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 4, 1088 - 1098, 28.06.2025

Timur Hakan Barak Ediz Gültekin Tuğba Buse Şentürk Kevser Özdemir

Öz

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) oil is widely used in cosmetics, medicine and food industries. Previous studies have revealed many pharmacological effects of clove oil, including anti-infective, antioxidant, anesthetic and anti-inflammatory. In this study, clove essential oil (CEO) samples obtained from different places in Türkiye, have been extensively evaluated in terms of their compliance with European Pharmacopoeia (EP) standards, which is the official guide that includes international rules and methods. In this study, 13 CEO obtained from Turkish market (Pharmacy and other) were analyzed according to the criteria specified in the "Clove Oil" monograph in European Pharmacopoeia 10.0. Appearance, solubility, thin layer chromatography, relative density, refractive index, optical rotation analysis was conducted for all samples. In addition, GC-MS was used to elucidate detailed phytochemical profiles of the samples. Results revealed that none of the samples from Turkish Market fully met the EP criteria. When the difference between the sources of purchase evaluated, results revealed that there is a significant difference between the sources from which the oils are taken in terms of standards. The deficiency of the CEO samples to fulfil standards of the EP indicates the requirements of performing the necessary effort and auditing to increase the quality of the products on the market.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Clove oil European pharmacopoeia GC-MS essential oil Syzygium aromaticum L.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Bhavaniramya S, Vishnupriya S, Al-Aboody MS, Vijayakumar R, Baskaran D. Role of essential oils in food safety: Antimicrobial and antioxidant applications. Grain Oil Sci. Technol. 2019; 2(2): 49-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaost.2019.03.001
  • [2] Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M. Biological effects of essential oils-A review. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008; 46(2): 446-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106.
  • [3] Santos, LS, Alves Filho EG, Ribeiro PR, Zocolo GJ, Silva SM, Lucena EM, Alves RE, Brito ES. Chemotaxonomic evaluation of different species from the Myrtaceae family by UPLC-qToF/MS-MS coupled to supervised classification based on genus. Biochem Syst Ecol. 2020; 90: 104028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2020.104028.
  • [4] Haro-González JN, Castillo-Herrera GA, Martínez-Velázquez M, Espinosa-Andrews, H. Clove essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): Extraction, chemical composition, food applications, and essential bioactivity for human health. Molecules. 2021; 26(21): 6387. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216387
  • [5] Chaieb K, Hajlaoui H, Zmantar T, Kahla‐Nakbi AB, Rouabhia M, Mahdouani K, Bakhrouf A. The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzigium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): a short review. Phytother Res. 2007; 21(6): 501-506. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2124.
  • [6] Syafri S, Jaswir I, Yusof F, Rohman A, Ahda M, Hamidi D. The use of instrumental technique and chemometrics for essential oil authentication: A review. Results Chem. 2022; 100622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100622.
  • [7] Sharmeen JB, Mahomoodally FM, Zengin G, Maggi F. Essential oils as natural sources of fragrance compounds for cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Molecules. 2021; 26(3): 666. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030666.
  • [8] Barak TH, Bölükbaş E, Bardakcı H. Evaluation of marketed rosemary essential oils (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) in terms of European Pharmacopoeia 10.0 Criteria. Turk J Pharm Sci. 2023; 20(4):253-260. https://doi.org/10.4274%2Ftjps.galenos.2022.78010
  • [9] Bouin AS, Wierer M. Quality standards of the European Pharmacopoeia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014; 158: 454-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.020.
  • [10] Capetti F, Marengo A, Cagliero C, Liberto E, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Adulteration of essential oils: A multitask issue for quality control. Three Case Studies: Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck and Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel. Molecules. 2021; 26: 5610. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185610.
  • [11] Ichim MC, Häser A, Nick P. Microscopic authentication of commercial herbal products in the globalized market: Potential and limitations. Front Pharmacol. 2020; 11: 876. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00876
  • [12] Kucharska M, Frydrych B, Wesolowski W, Szymanska JA, Kilanowicz AA. Comparison of the composition of selected commercial sandalwood oils with the international standard. Molecules. 2021; 26: 2249. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules26082249
  • [13] Ojha PK, Poudel DK, Rokaya A, Satyal R, Setzer WN, Satyal P. Comparison of volatile constituents present in commercial and lab-distilled Frankincense (Boswellia carteri) essential oils for authentication. Plants. 2022; 11: 2134. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11162134
  • [14] Schripsema J, da Silva SM., Dagnino D. Differential NMR and chromatography for the detection and analysis of adulteration of vetiver essential oils. Talanta. 2022; 237: 122928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122928
  • [15] Ichim MC, Booker A. Chemical authentication of botanical ingredients: A review of commercial herbal products. Front Pharmacol. 2021; 12: 666850. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.666850
  • [16] Karadağ AE, Demirci B, Kültür Ş, Demirci F, Başer, KHC. Antimicrobial, anticholinesterase evaluation and chemical characterization of essential oil Phlomis kurdica Rech. fil. Growing in Turkey. J Essent Oil Res. 2020; 32(3): 242-246. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2020.1743786
  • [17] Sadgrove NJ, Padilla-González GF, Phumthum M. Fundamental chemistry of essential oils and volatile organic compounds, methods of analysis and authentication. Plants. 2022; 11: 789. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11060789.
  • [18] Fadel HHM, El-Ghorab AH, Hussein AM, El-Massry KF, Lotfy, Ahmed MYS, Soliman TN. Correlation between chemical composition and radical scavenging activity of 10 commercial essential oils: Impact of microencapsulation on functional properties of essential oils. Arab J Chem. 2020; 13(8): 6815-6827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.06.034.
  • [19] Chen Y, Xu F, Pang M, Jin X, Lv H, Li Z, Lee M. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation extraction based on micro-wave-assisted preparation of deep eutectic solvents coupled with GC-MS for analysis of essential oils from clove buds. Sustain Chem Pharm. 2022; 27: 100695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2022.100695.
  • [20] Haghighi TM, Saharkhiz MJ, Khalesi M, Mousavi SS, Ramezanian A. Eco-friendly ‘ochratoxin A’control in stored licorice roots–quality assurance perspective. Food Addit Contam Part A. 2022; 39(7): 1321-1336. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2077460
  • [21] Hlebová M, Hleba L, Medo J, Kováčik A, Čuboň J, Ivana C, Uzsákováa V, Božikf M, Klouček P. Antifungal and synergistic activities of some selected essential oils on the growth of significant indoor fungi of the genus Aspergillus. J Environ Health. 2021; 56(12): 1335-1346. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2021.1994801
  • [22] Laaziz Y, El Hammoudi S, Qjidaa A, Hajjaji H, Hajjaj G, Bouseta A. Activity of essential oils from Syzygium aromaticum and Rosmarinus officinalis against growth and ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus tubingensis and Aspergillus luchuensis from Moroccan grapes. Phytopathol Mediterr. 2022; 61(2): 299-310. https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-12841.
  • [23] Vargas Jentzsch P, Gualpa F, Ramos LA, Ciobotă V. Adulteration of clove essential oil: Detection using a handheld Raman spectrometer. Flavour Fragr J. 2018; 33(2): 184-190. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3438.
  • [24] Johnson JB, Thani PR, Mani JS, Cozzolino D, Naiker M. Mid-Infrared spectroscopy for the rapid quantification of eucalyptus oil adulteration in Australian Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca alternifolia). Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2022; 283: 121766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2022.121766
  • [25] Cuchet A, Jame P, Anchisi A, Schiets F, Oberlin C, Lefèvre JC, Carenini E, Casabianca H. Authentication of the naturalness of wintergreen (Gaultheria genus) essential oils by gas chromatography, isotope ratio mass spectrometry and radi-ocarbon assessment. Ind Crops Prod. 2019; 142:111873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111873.
  • [26] Cebi N, Taylan O, Abusurrah M, Sagdic O. Detection of orange essential oil, isopropyl myristate, and benzyl alcohol in lemon essential oil by FTIR Spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. Foods. 2021; 10: 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10010027.
  • [27] Tarhan İ, Bakır MR, Kalkan O, Yöntem M, Kara H. Rapid determination of adulteration of clove essential oil with benzyl alcohol and ethyl acetate: Towards quality control analysis by FTIR with chemometrics. Vib Spectrosc. 2022; 118: 103339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2022.103339.
  • [28] Tarasevičienė Ž, Laukagalis V, Paulauskienė A, Baltušnikienė A, Meškinytė E. Quality changes of cold-pressed black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), and milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) seed oils during storage. Plants. 2023; 12:1351. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061351.
  • [29] Barak TH, Döğenci İ, Bardakçı H. Evaluation of the essential oil samples that are sold as “Eucalyptus oil” on the market in Türkiye in terms of European Pharmacopoeia 10.0 criteria. J Res Pharm. 2023; 27(4): 1463-1473. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.433.
  • [30] EDQM. European Pharmacopoeia, 10th ed.; EDQM: Strasbourg, France, (2019).
  • [31] Servi H, Demir U, Servi EY, Gundogdu B, Barak TH. Antiproliferative and antibacterial activities of four commercial essential oil samples from Boswellia carteri, B. serrata and two chemotypes of Canarium luzonicum. J Essent Oil-Bear Plants. 2023; 26(1): 79-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2023.2165167.

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 4, 1088 - 1098, 28.06.2025

Timur Hakan Barak Ediz Gültekin Tuğba Buse Şentürk Kevser Özdemir

Öz

Kaynakça

  • [1] Bhavaniramya S, Vishnupriya S, Al-Aboody MS, Vijayakumar R, Baskaran D. Role of essential oils in food safety: Antimicrobial and antioxidant applications. Grain Oil Sci. Technol. 2019; 2(2): 49-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaost.2019.03.001
  • [2] Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M. Biological effects of essential oils-A review. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008; 46(2): 446-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106.
  • [3] Santos, LS, Alves Filho EG, Ribeiro PR, Zocolo GJ, Silva SM, Lucena EM, Alves RE, Brito ES. Chemotaxonomic evaluation of different species from the Myrtaceae family by UPLC-qToF/MS-MS coupled to supervised classification based on genus. Biochem Syst Ecol. 2020; 90: 104028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2020.104028.
  • [4] Haro-González JN, Castillo-Herrera GA, Martínez-Velázquez M, Espinosa-Andrews, H. Clove essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): Extraction, chemical composition, food applications, and essential bioactivity for human health. Molecules. 2021; 26(21): 6387. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216387
  • [5] Chaieb K, Hajlaoui H, Zmantar T, Kahla‐Nakbi AB, Rouabhia M, Mahdouani K, Bakhrouf A. The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzigium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): a short review. Phytother Res. 2007; 21(6): 501-506. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2124.
  • [6] Syafri S, Jaswir I, Yusof F, Rohman A, Ahda M, Hamidi D. The use of instrumental technique and chemometrics for essential oil authentication: A review. Results Chem. 2022; 100622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100622.
  • [7] Sharmeen JB, Mahomoodally FM, Zengin G, Maggi F. Essential oils as natural sources of fragrance compounds for cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Molecules. 2021; 26(3): 666. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030666.
  • [8] Barak TH, Bölükbaş E, Bardakcı H. Evaluation of marketed rosemary essential oils (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) in terms of European Pharmacopoeia 10.0 Criteria. Turk J Pharm Sci. 2023; 20(4):253-260. https://doi.org/10.4274%2Ftjps.galenos.2022.78010
  • [9] Bouin AS, Wierer M. Quality standards of the European Pharmacopoeia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014; 158: 454-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.020.
  • [10] Capetti F, Marengo A, Cagliero C, Liberto E, Bicchi C, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Adulteration of essential oils: A multitask issue for quality control. Three Case Studies: Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck and Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel. Molecules. 2021; 26: 5610. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185610.
  • [11] Ichim MC, Häser A, Nick P. Microscopic authentication of commercial herbal products in the globalized market: Potential and limitations. Front Pharmacol. 2020; 11: 876. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00876
  • [12] Kucharska M, Frydrych B, Wesolowski W, Szymanska JA, Kilanowicz AA. Comparison of the composition of selected commercial sandalwood oils with the international standard. Molecules. 2021; 26: 2249. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules26082249
  • [13] Ojha PK, Poudel DK, Rokaya A, Satyal R, Setzer WN, Satyal P. Comparison of volatile constituents present in commercial and lab-distilled Frankincense (Boswellia carteri) essential oils for authentication. Plants. 2022; 11: 2134. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11162134
  • [14] Schripsema J, da Silva SM., Dagnino D. Differential NMR and chromatography for the detection and analysis of adulteration of vetiver essential oils. Talanta. 2022; 237: 122928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122928
  • [15] Ichim MC, Booker A. Chemical authentication of botanical ingredients: A review of commercial herbal products. Front Pharmacol. 2021; 12: 666850. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.666850
  • [16] Karadağ AE, Demirci B, Kültür Ş, Demirci F, Başer, KHC. Antimicrobial, anticholinesterase evaluation and chemical characterization of essential oil Phlomis kurdica Rech. fil. Growing in Turkey. J Essent Oil Res. 2020; 32(3): 242-246. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2020.1743786
  • [17] Sadgrove NJ, Padilla-González GF, Phumthum M. Fundamental chemistry of essential oils and volatile organic compounds, methods of analysis and authentication. Plants. 2022; 11: 789. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11060789.
  • [18] Fadel HHM, El-Ghorab AH, Hussein AM, El-Massry KF, Lotfy, Ahmed MYS, Soliman TN. Correlation between chemical composition and radical scavenging activity of 10 commercial essential oils: Impact of microencapsulation on functional properties of essential oils. Arab J Chem. 2020; 13(8): 6815-6827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.06.034.
  • [19] Chen Y, Xu F, Pang M, Jin X, Lv H, Li Z, Lee M. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation extraction based on micro-wave-assisted preparation of deep eutectic solvents coupled with GC-MS for analysis of essential oils from clove buds. Sustain Chem Pharm. 2022; 27: 100695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2022.100695.
  • [20] Haghighi TM, Saharkhiz MJ, Khalesi M, Mousavi SS, Ramezanian A. Eco-friendly ‘ochratoxin A’control in stored licorice roots–quality assurance perspective. Food Addit Contam Part A. 2022; 39(7): 1321-1336. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2022.2077460
  • [21] Hlebová M, Hleba L, Medo J, Kováčik A, Čuboň J, Ivana C, Uzsákováa V, Božikf M, Klouček P. Antifungal and synergistic activities of some selected essential oils on the growth of significant indoor fungi of the genus Aspergillus. J Environ Health. 2021; 56(12): 1335-1346. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2021.1994801
  • [22] Laaziz Y, El Hammoudi S, Qjidaa A, Hajjaji H, Hajjaj G, Bouseta A. Activity of essential oils from Syzygium aromaticum and Rosmarinus officinalis against growth and ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus tubingensis and Aspergillus luchuensis from Moroccan grapes. Phytopathol Mediterr. 2022; 61(2): 299-310. https://doi.org/10.36253/phyto-12841.
  • [23] Vargas Jentzsch P, Gualpa F, Ramos LA, Ciobotă V. Adulteration of clove essential oil: Detection using a handheld Raman spectrometer. Flavour Fragr J. 2018; 33(2): 184-190. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3438.
  • [24] Johnson JB, Thani PR, Mani JS, Cozzolino D, Naiker M. Mid-Infrared spectroscopy for the rapid quantification of eucalyptus oil adulteration in Australian Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca alternifolia). Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2022; 283: 121766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2022.121766
  • [25] Cuchet A, Jame P, Anchisi A, Schiets F, Oberlin C, Lefèvre JC, Carenini E, Casabianca H. Authentication of the naturalness of wintergreen (Gaultheria genus) essential oils by gas chromatography, isotope ratio mass spectrometry and radi-ocarbon assessment. Ind Crops Prod. 2019; 142:111873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111873.
  • [26] Cebi N, Taylan O, Abusurrah M, Sagdic O. Detection of orange essential oil, isopropyl myristate, and benzyl alcohol in lemon essential oil by FTIR Spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. Foods. 2021; 10: 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10010027.
  • [27] Tarhan İ, Bakır MR, Kalkan O, Yöntem M, Kara H. Rapid determination of adulteration of clove essential oil with benzyl alcohol and ethyl acetate: Towards quality control analysis by FTIR with chemometrics. Vib Spectrosc. 2022; 118: 103339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2022.103339.
  • [28] Tarasevičienė Ž, Laukagalis V, Paulauskienė A, Baltušnikienė A, Meškinytė E. Quality changes of cold-pressed black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), and milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) seed oils during storage. Plants. 2023; 12:1351. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061351.
  • [29] Barak TH, Döğenci İ, Bardakçı H. Evaluation of the essential oil samples that are sold as “Eucalyptus oil” on the market in Türkiye in terms of European Pharmacopoeia 10.0 criteria. J Res Pharm. 2023; 27(4): 1463-1473. https://doi.org/10.29228/jrp.433.
  • [30] EDQM. European Pharmacopoeia, 10th ed.; EDQM: Strasbourg, France, (2019).
  • [31] Servi H, Demir U, Servi EY, Gundogdu B, Barak TH. Antiproliferative and antibacterial activities of four commercial essential oil samples from Boswellia carteri, B. serrata and two chemotypes of Canarium luzonicum. J Essent Oil-Bear Plants. 2023; 26(1): 79-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2023.2165167.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Farmakognozi
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Timur Hakan Barak

Ediz Gültekin 0009-0007-0008-3044

Tuğba Buse Şentürk

Kevser Özdemir 0000-0002-5679-1417

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Barak, T. H., Gültekin, E., Şentürk, T. B., Özdemir, K. (2025). Evaluation of commercial Syzygium aromaticum L. (clove) essential oil samples from market in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia 10.0 criteria. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 28(4), 1088-1098.
AMA Barak TH, Gültekin E, Şentürk TB, Özdemir K. Evaluation of commercial Syzygium aromaticum L. (clove) essential oil samples from market in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia 10.0 criteria. J. Res. Pharm. Temmuz 2025;28(4):1088-1098.
Chicago Barak, Timur Hakan, Ediz Gültekin, Tuğba Buse Şentürk, ve Kevser Özdemir. “Evaluation of Commercial Syzygium Aromaticum L. (clove) Essential Oil Samples from Market in Accordance With the European Pharmacopoeia 10.0 Criteria”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28, sy. 4 (Temmuz 2025): 1088-98.
EndNote Barak TH, Gültekin E, Şentürk TB, Özdemir K (01 Temmuz 2025) Evaluation of commercial Syzygium aromaticum L. (clove) essential oil samples from market in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia 10.0 criteria. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28 4 1088–1098.
IEEE T. H. Barak, E. Gültekin, T. B. Şentürk, ve K. Özdemir, “Evaluation of commercial Syzygium aromaticum L. (clove) essential oil samples from market in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia 10.0 criteria”, J. Res. Pharm., c. 28, sy. 4, ss. 1088–1098, 2025.
ISNAD Barak, Timur Hakan vd. “Evaluation of Commercial Syzygium Aromaticum L. (clove) Essential Oil Samples from Market in Accordance With the European Pharmacopoeia 10.0 Criteria”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 28/4 (Temmuz 2025), 1088-1098.
JAMA Barak TH, Gültekin E, Şentürk TB, Özdemir K. Evaluation of commercial Syzygium aromaticum L. (clove) essential oil samples from market in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia 10.0 criteria. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28:1088–1098.
MLA Barak, Timur Hakan vd. “Evaluation of Commercial Syzygium Aromaticum L. (clove) Essential Oil Samples from Market in Accordance With the European Pharmacopoeia 10.0 Criteria”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, c. 28, sy. 4, 2025, ss. 1088-9.
Vancouver Barak TH, Gültekin E, Şentürk TB, Özdemir K. Evaluation of commercial Syzygium aromaticum L. (clove) essential oil samples from market in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia 10.0 criteria. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;28(4):1088-9.