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Effects of different sizes silica nanoparticle on the Effects of silica nanoparticles on the liver, kidney and brain in ratsliver, kidney and brain in rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 3, 344 - 353, 27.06.2025

Ülkü Çömelekoglu , Ebru Ballı , Serap Yalın , Pelin Eroğlu , Gulsen Bayrak , Selma Yaman Fatma Söğüt

Öz

Silica is among the most popular nanoparticles. Large-scale production and use have increased the risk of human exposure to silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs). This study aimed to investigate the toxic effects on the kidney, liver and brain of the SiO2NPs. Twenty eight male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups (n=7 rats) as control (1 mL/day physiological saline administration for 28 day), 6 nm SiO2NP (6 nm, 150 μg/mL/day for 28 day), 20 nm SiO2NP (20 nm, 150 μg/mL/day for 28 day) and 50 nm SiO2NP (50 nm, 150 μg/mL/day for 28 day) groups. After the last administration, rats were sacrificed and kidney, liver and brain samples were taken for biochemical and histological investigation. In all groups, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were measured using the spectrophotometric methods. Ultrastructural changes of tissues were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. In the kidney tissue, the MDA level significantly increased in the 6 and 50 nm groups, while the similar increase was observed in the 6 nm group of the liver and 20 and 50 nm groups of the brain. SOD activity significantly increased in the 6, 20 and 50 nm groups in brain and kidney tissues, but no significant change was observed in the liver tissue groups. Catalase activity decreased in the kidneys at 6 and 50 nm groups and increased in the 20 and 50 nm groups in liver and brain tissues. Ultrastructurally, kidney and liver tissues had normal morphological features in all groups. Degenerative changes were observed in the nerve fibers and axoplasm of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers in 6 nM, 20 nM and 50 nM SiO2NP groups in the brain. These findings showed that exposure to 6, 20 and 50 nm sizes SiO2 NPs may cause toxic effects in the liver, kidney and brain.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Silica nanoparticle oxidative stress kidney liver brain histopathology.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Alkilany AM, Murphy CJ. Toxicity and cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles: what we have learned so far? J Nanopart Res. 2010;12(7):2313-2333. [CrossRef]
  • [2] Salata O. Applications of nanoparticles in biology and medicine. J Nanobiotechnology. 2004; 2(1):1-6. [CrossRef]
  • [3] Jin S, Ye K. Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery and gene therapy. Biotechnol Prog. 2007;23(1):32-41. [CrossRef]
  • [4] Singh R, Lillard JW Jr. Nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery. Exp Mol Pathol. 2009;86(3):215-223. [CrossRef]
  • [5] Sarin H, Kanevsky AS, Wu H, et al. Effective transvascular delivery of nanoparticles across the blood-brain tumor barrier into malignant glioma cells. J Transl Med. 2008; 6:80. [CrossRef]
  • [6] Lockman PR, Koziara JM, Mumper RJ, Allen DD. Nanoparticle surface charges alter blood-brain barrier integrity and permeability. J Drug Target. 2004;12(9-10):635-641. [CrossRef]
  • [7] Bahadar H, Maqbool F, Niaz K, Abdollahi M. Toxicity of nanoparticles and an overview of current experimental models. Iran Biomed J. 2016;20(1):1-11. [CrossRef]
  • [8] Yang H, Liu C, Yang D, Zhang H, Xi Z. Comparative study of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by four typical nanomaterials: the role of particle size, shape and composition. J Appl Toxicol. 2009;29(1):69-78. [CrossRef]
  • [9] Rivera Gil P, Oberdörster G, Elder A, et al. Correlating physico-chemical with toxicological properties of nanoparticles: the present and the future. ACS Nano. 2010; 4(10):5527–5531. [CrossRef]
  • [10] Soenen SJ, Rivera-Gil P, Montenegro JM, et al. Cellular toxicity of inorganic nanoparticles: Common aspects and guidelines for improved nanotoxicity evaluation. Nanotoday. 2011; 6(5):446–465. [CrossRef]
  • [11] Powers KW, Palazuelos M, Moudgil BM, Roberts SM. Characterization of the size, shape, and state of dispersion of nanoparticles for toxicological studies. Nanotoxicology. 2007;1(1):42–51. [CrossRef]
  • [12] Hoshino A, Fujioka K, Oku T, et al. Physicochemical properties and cellular toxicity of nanocrystal quantum dots depend on their surface modification. Nano Lett. 2004;4(11):2163-2169. [CrossRef]
  • [13] Karlsson HL, Cronholm P, Hedberg Y, et al. Cell membrane damage and protein interaction induced by copper containing nanoparticles--importance of the metal release process. Toxicology. 2013;313(1):59-69. [CrossRef]
  • [14] Zhao J, Wang Z, Dai Y, Xing B. Mitigation of CuO nanoparticle-induced bacterial membrane damage by dissolved organic matter. Water Res. 2013;47(12):4169-4178. [CrossRef]
  • [15] Sarkar A, Ghosh M, Sil PC. Nanotoxicity: oxidative stress mediated toxicity of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2014;14(1):730-743.
  • [16] Flores-López LZ, Espinoza-Gómez H, Somanathan RJ. Silver nanoparticles: Electron transfer, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, beneficial and toxicological effects. Appl Toxicol. 2019;39(1):16-26. [CrossRef]
  • [17] Adjei IM, Sharma B, Labhasetwar V. Nanoparticles: cellular uptake and cytotoxicity. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;811:73-91. [CrossRef]
  • [18] Braun K, Stürzel CM, Biskupek J, et al. Comparison of different cytotoxicity assays for in vitro evaluation of mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Toxicol In Vitro. 2018;52:214-221. [CrossRef]
  • [19] Golbamaki A, Golbamaki N, Sizochenko N, et al. Genotoxicity induced by metal oxide nanoparticles: a weight of evidence study and effect of particle surface and electronic properties. Nanotoxicology. 2018;9:1-17. [CrossRef]
  • [20] Ciğerci İH, Ali MM, Kaygısız ŞY, et al. Genotoxic assessment of different sizes of iron oxide nanoparticles and ionic iron in earthworm (Eisenia hortensis) coelomocytes by Comet assay and micronucleus test. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2018;101(1):105-109. [CrossRef]
  • [21] Rahman IA, Padavettan V. Synthesis of silica nanoparticles by sol-gel: size-dependent properties, surface modification, and applications in silica-polymer nanocomposites—a review. J Nanomater. 2012; Article ID 132424 [CrossRef]
  • [22] Li Z, Barnes JC, Bosoy A, et al. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles in biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev. 2012;41(7):2590-2605. [CrossRef]
  • [23] Tang L, Cheng J. Nonporous silica nanoparticles for nanomedicine application. Nano Today. 2013;8(3):290–312. [CrossRef]
  • [24] Wang F, Gao F, Lan M, et al. Oxidative stress contributes to silica nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity in human embryonic kidney cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2009;23:808–815. [CrossRef]
  • [25] Athinarayanan J, Periasamy VS, Alsaif MA, et al. Presence of nanosilica (E551) in commercial food products: TNF-mediated oxidative stress and altered cell cycle progression in human lung fibroblast cells. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2014;30:89–100. [CrossRef]
  • [26] Zhang XQ, Yin LH, Tang M, Pu YP. ZnO, TiO(2), SiO(2) and Al(2)O(3) nanoparticles-induced toxic effects on human fetal lung fibroblasts. Biomed Env Sci. 2011;24:661–669. [CrossRef]
  • [27] Nemmar A, Yuvaraju P, Beegam S, et al. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage in multiple organs of mice acutely exposed to amorphous silica nanoparticles. Int J Nanomed. 2016;11:919-928. [CrossRef]
  • [28] Balli E, Comelekoglu U, Yalin S, et al. Toxic effects of silica nanoparticles on heart: electrophysiological, biochemical, histological and genotoxic study. Fres Environ Bull. 2016;25(2):612-622.
  • [29] Battal D, Çelik A, Güler G, et al. SiO₂ Nanoparticle-induced size-dependent genotoxicity - an in vitro study using sister chromatid exchange, micronucleus and comet assay. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2015;38(2):196-204. [CrossRef]
  • [30] Parveen A, Rizvi SH, Sushma, et al. Intranasal exposure to silica nanoparticles induce alterations in pro-inflammatory environment of rat brain: involvement of oxidative stress. Toxicol Ind Health. 2017;33(2):119-132. [CrossRef]
  • [31] Mendoza A, Torres-Hernandez JA, Ault JG, et al. Silica nanoparticles induce oxidative stress and inflammation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2014;19:777–790. [CrossRef]
  • [32] Kim JH, Kim CS, Ignacio RM, et al. Immunotoxicity of silicon dioxide nanoparticles with different sizes and electrostatic charge. Int J Nanomed. 2014;9(Suppl 2):183–193. [CrossRef]
  • [33] Almansour M, Alarifi S, Jarrar B. In vivo investigation on the chronic hepatotoxicity induced by intraperitoneal administration of 10-nm silicon dioxide nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine. 2018;13:2685-2696. [CrossRef]
  • [34] Chan WT, Liu CC, Chiang Chiau JS, et al. In vivo toxicologic study of larger silica nanoparticles in mice. Int J Nanomed. 2017;12:3421-3432. [CrossRef]
  • [35] Sies H. Oxidative stress: a concept in redox biology and medicine. Redox Biol. 2015;4:180-183. [CrossRef]
  • [36] Manke A, Wang L, Rojanasakul Y. Mechanisms of nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress and toxicity. BioMed Res Int. 2013;2013:1-15. [CrossRef]
  • [37] Çekiç FÖ, Ekinci S, İnal MS, Özakça D. Silver nanoparticles induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in tomato plants. Turk J Biol. 2017;41(5):700-707. [CrossRef]
  • [38] Chatterjee N, Jeong J, Yoon D, et al. Global metabolomics approach in in vitro and in vivo models reveals hepatic glutathione depletion induced by amorphous silica nanoparticles. Chem Biol Interact. 2018;293:100-106. [CrossRef]
  • [39] Yu Y, Duan J, Li Y, et al. Silica nanoparticles induce liver fibrosis via TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway in ICR mice. Int J Nanomedicine. 2017;12:6045-6057. [CrossRef]
  • [40] Sadek SA, Soliman AM, Marzouk M. Ameliorative effect of Allolobophora caliginosa extract on hepatotoxicity induced by silicon dioxide nanoparticles. Toxicol Ind Health. 2016;32(8):1358-1372. [CrossRef]
  • [41] Passagne I, Morille M, Rousset M, et al. Implication of oxidative stress in size-dependent toxicity of silica nanoparticles in kidney cells. Toxicology. 2012;299(2-3):112-124. [CrossRef]
  • [42] Li J, Li W, Jiang ZG, Ghanbari HA. Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(12):24438-24475. [CrossRef]
  • [43] Fattin SM, ElSalam NFA, Bahaa N, Baher W. Effect of silica oxide nanoparticles on liver of adult male albino rat. Light and electron microscopic study. EJH. 2017;40(3):345-361. [CrossRef]
  • [44] Vidya PV, Chitra KC. Sublethal effects of silicon dioxide nanoparticles on the structure of gill, liver and brain tissues in the fish, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852). Int J Appl Res. 2018;4(4):228-232.
  • [45] Yu Y, Li Y, Wang W, et al. Acute toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticles in intravenously exposed ICR mice. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e61346. [CrossRef]
  • [46] Lai LC, Qian X, Ming CW, et al. Subchronic oral toxicity of silica nanoparticles and silica microparticles in rats. Biomed Environ Sci. 2018;31(3):197-207. [CrossRef]
  • [47] Yagi K. Simple procedure for specific enzyme of lipid hydroperoxides in serum or plasma. Methods Mol Biol. 1998;108:107-110.
  • [48] Sun Y, Oberley LW, Ying L. A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clin Chem. 1988;34:497-500.
  • [49] Aebi H. Catalase in vitro methods. Enzymol. 1984;105:121-126.
  • [50] Lowry OH, Rosenbrough NJ, Farr AL. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951;193:265-275.

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 3, 344 - 353, 27.06.2025

Ülkü Çömelekoglu , Ebru Ballı , Serap Yalın , Pelin Eroğlu , Gulsen Bayrak , Selma Yaman Fatma Söğüt

Öz

Kaynakça

  • [1] Alkilany AM, Murphy CJ. Toxicity and cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles: what we have learned so far? J Nanopart Res. 2010;12(7):2313-2333. [CrossRef]
  • [2] Salata O. Applications of nanoparticles in biology and medicine. J Nanobiotechnology. 2004; 2(1):1-6. [CrossRef]
  • [3] Jin S, Ye K. Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery and gene therapy. Biotechnol Prog. 2007;23(1):32-41. [CrossRef]
  • [4] Singh R, Lillard JW Jr. Nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery. Exp Mol Pathol. 2009;86(3):215-223. [CrossRef]
  • [5] Sarin H, Kanevsky AS, Wu H, et al. Effective transvascular delivery of nanoparticles across the blood-brain tumor barrier into malignant glioma cells. J Transl Med. 2008; 6:80. [CrossRef]
  • [6] Lockman PR, Koziara JM, Mumper RJ, Allen DD. Nanoparticle surface charges alter blood-brain barrier integrity and permeability. J Drug Target. 2004;12(9-10):635-641. [CrossRef]
  • [7] Bahadar H, Maqbool F, Niaz K, Abdollahi M. Toxicity of nanoparticles and an overview of current experimental models. Iran Biomed J. 2016;20(1):1-11. [CrossRef]
  • [8] Yang H, Liu C, Yang D, Zhang H, Xi Z. Comparative study of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by four typical nanomaterials: the role of particle size, shape and composition. J Appl Toxicol. 2009;29(1):69-78. [CrossRef]
  • [9] Rivera Gil P, Oberdörster G, Elder A, et al. Correlating physico-chemical with toxicological properties of nanoparticles: the present and the future. ACS Nano. 2010; 4(10):5527–5531. [CrossRef]
  • [10] Soenen SJ, Rivera-Gil P, Montenegro JM, et al. Cellular toxicity of inorganic nanoparticles: Common aspects and guidelines for improved nanotoxicity evaluation. Nanotoday. 2011; 6(5):446–465. [CrossRef]
  • [11] Powers KW, Palazuelos M, Moudgil BM, Roberts SM. Characterization of the size, shape, and state of dispersion of nanoparticles for toxicological studies. Nanotoxicology. 2007;1(1):42–51. [CrossRef]
  • [12] Hoshino A, Fujioka K, Oku T, et al. Physicochemical properties and cellular toxicity of nanocrystal quantum dots depend on their surface modification. Nano Lett. 2004;4(11):2163-2169. [CrossRef]
  • [13] Karlsson HL, Cronholm P, Hedberg Y, et al. Cell membrane damage and protein interaction induced by copper containing nanoparticles--importance of the metal release process. Toxicology. 2013;313(1):59-69. [CrossRef]
  • [14] Zhao J, Wang Z, Dai Y, Xing B. Mitigation of CuO nanoparticle-induced bacterial membrane damage by dissolved organic matter. Water Res. 2013;47(12):4169-4178. [CrossRef]
  • [15] Sarkar A, Ghosh M, Sil PC. Nanotoxicity: oxidative stress mediated toxicity of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2014;14(1):730-743.
  • [16] Flores-López LZ, Espinoza-Gómez H, Somanathan RJ. Silver nanoparticles: Electron transfer, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, beneficial and toxicological effects. Appl Toxicol. 2019;39(1):16-26. [CrossRef]
  • [17] Adjei IM, Sharma B, Labhasetwar V. Nanoparticles: cellular uptake and cytotoxicity. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;811:73-91. [CrossRef]
  • [18] Braun K, Stürzel CM, Biskupek J, et al. Comparison of different cytotoxicity assays for in vitro evaluation of mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Toxicol In Vitro. 2018;52:214-221. [CrossRef]
  • [19] Golbamaki A, Golbamaki N, Sizochenko N, et al. Genotoxicity induced by metal oxide nanoparticles: a weight of evidence study and effect of particle surface and electronic properties. Nanotoxicology. 2018;9:1-17. [CrossRef]
  • [20] Ciğerci İH, Ali MM, Kaygısız ŞY, et al. Genotoxic assessment of different sizes of iron oxide nanoparticles and ionic iron in earthworm (Eisenia hortensis) coelomocytes by Comet assay and micronucleus test. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2018;101(1):105-109. [CrossRef]
  • [21] Rahman IA, Padavettan V. Synthesis of silica nanoparticles by sol-gel: size-dependent properties, surface modification, and applications in silica-polymer nanocomposites—a review. J Nanomater. 2012; Article ID 132424 [CrossRef]
  • [22] Li Z, Barnes JC, Bosoy A, et al. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles in biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev. 2012;41(7):2590-2605. [CrossRef]
  • [23] Tang L, Cheng J. Nonporous silica nanoparticles for nanomedicine application. Nano Today. 2013;8(3):290–312. [CrossRef]
  • [24] Wang F, Gao F, Lan M, et al. Oxidative stress contributes to silica nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity in human embryonic kidney cells. Toxicol In Vitro. 2009;23:808–815. [CrossRef]
  • [25] Athinarayanan J, Periasamy VS, Alsaif MA, et al. Presence of nanosilica (E551) in commercial food products: TNF-mediated oxidative stress and altered cell cycle progression in human lung fibroblast cells. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2014;30:89–100. [CrossRef]
  • [26] Zhang XQ, Yin LH, Tang M, Pu YP. ZnO, TiO(2), SiO(2) and Al(2)O(3) nanoparticles-induced toxic effects on human fetal lung fibroblasts. Biomed Env Sci. 2011;24:661–669. [CrossRef]
  • [27] Nemmar A, Yuvaraju P, Beegam S, et al. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage in multiple organs of mice acutely exposed to amorphous silica nanoparticles. Int J Nanomed. 2016;11:919-928. [CrossRef]
  • [28] Balli E, Comelekoglu U, Yalin S, et al. Toxic effects of silica nanoparticles on heart: electrophysiological, biochemical, histological and genotoxic study. Fres Environ Bull. 2016;25(2):612-622.
  • [29] Battal D, Çelik A, Güler G, et al. SiO₂ Nanoparticle-induced size-dependent genotoxicity - an in vitro study using sister chromatid exchange, micronucleus and comet assay. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2015;38(2):196-204. [CrossRef]
  • [30] Parveen A, Rizvi SH, Sushma, et al. Intranasal exposure to silica nanoparticles induce alterations in pro-inflammatory environment of rat brain: involvement of oxidative stress. Toxicol Ind Health. 2017;33(2):119-132. [CrossRef]
  • [31] Mendoza A, Torres-Hernandez JA, Ault JG, et al. Silica nanoparticles induce oxidative stress and inflammation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2014;19:777–790. [CrossRef]
  • [32] Kim JH, Kim CS, Ignacio RM, et al. Immunotoxicity of silicon dioxide nanoparticles with different sizes and electrostatic charge. Int J Nanomed. 2014;9(Suppl 2):183–193. [CrossRef]
  • [33] Almansour M, Alarifi S, Jarrar B. In vivo investigation on the chronic hepatotoxicity induced by intraperitoneal administration of 10-nm silicon dioxide nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine. 2018;13:2685-2696. [CrossRef]
  • [34] Chan WT, Liu CC, Chiang Chiau JS, et al. In vivo toxicologic study of larger silica nanoparticles in mice. Int J Nanomed. 2017;12:3421-3432. [CrossRef]
  • [35] Sies H. Oxidative stress: a concept in redox biology and medicine. Redox Biol. 2015;4:180-183. [CrossRef]
  • [36] Manke A, Wang L, Rojanasakul Y. Mechanisms of nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress and toxicity. BioMed Res Int. 2013;2013:1-15. [CrossRef]
  • [37] Çekiç FÖ, Ekinci S, İnal MS, Özakça D. Silver nanoparticles induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in tomato plants. Turk J Biol. 2017;41(5):700-707. [CrossRef]
  • [38] Chatterjee N, Jeong J, Yoon D, et al. Global metabolomics approach in in vitro and in vivo models reveals hepatic glutathione depletion induced by amorphous silica nanoparticles. Chem Biol Interact. 2018;293:100-106. [CrossRef]
  • [39] Yu Y, Duan J, Li Y, et al. Silica nanoparticles induce liver fibrosis via TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway in ICR mice. Int J Nanomedicine. 2017;12:6045-6057. [CrossRef]
  • [40] Sadek SA, Soliman AM, Marzouk M. Ameliorative effect of Allolobophora caliginosa extract on hepatotoxicity induced by silicon dioxide nanoparticles. Toxicol Ind Health. 2016;32(8):1358-1372. [CrossRef]
  • [41] Passagne I, Morille M, Rousset M, et al. Implication of oxidative stress in size-dependent toxicity of silica nanoparticles in kidney cells. Toxicology. 2012;299(2-3):112-124. [CrossRef]
  • [42] Li J, Li W, Jiang ZG, Ghanbari HA. Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(12):24438-24475. [CrossRef]
  • [43] Fattin SM, ElSalam NFA, Bahaa N, Baher W. Effect of silica oxide nanoparticles on liver of adult male albino rat. Light and electron microscopic study. EJH. 2017;40(3):345-361. [CrossRef]
  • [44] Vidya PV, Chitra KC. Sublethal effects of silicon dioxide nanoparticles on the structure of gill, liver and brain tissues in the fish, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852). Int J Appl Res. 2018;4(4):228-232.
  • [45] Yu Y, Li Y, Wang W, et al. Acute toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticles in intravenously exposed ICR mice. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e61346. [CrossRef]
  • [46] Lai LC, Qian X, Ming CW, et al. Subchronic oral toxicity of silica nanoparticles and silica microparticles in rats. Biomed Environ Sci. 2018;31(3):197-207. [CrossRef]
  • [47] Yagi K. Simple procedure for specific enzyme of lipid hydroperoxides in serum or plasma. Methods Mol Biol. 1998;108:107-110.
  • [48] Sun Y, Oberley LW, Ying L. A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clin Chem. 1988;34:497-500.
  • [49] Aebi H. Catalase in vitro methods. Enzymol. 1984;105:121-126.
  • [50] Lowry OH, Rosenbrough NJ, Farr AL. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951;193:265-275.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eczacılık Biyokimyası
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Ülkü Çömelekoglu

Ebru Ballı

Serap Yalın

Pelin Eroğlu

Gulsen Bayrak

Selma Yaman

Fatma Söğüt

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Çömelekoglu, Ü., Ballı, E., Yalın, S., Eroğlu, P., vd. (2025). Effects of different sizes silica nanoparticle on the Effects of silica nanoparticles on the liver, kidney and brain in ratsliver, kidney and brain in rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 23(3), 344-353.
AMA Çömelekoglu Ü, Ballı E, Yalın S, Eroğlu P, Bayrak G, Yaman S, Söğüt F. Effects of different sizes silica nanoparticle on the Effects of silica nanoparticles on the liver, kidney and brain in ratsliver, kidney and brain in rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation. J. Res. Pharm. Haziran 2025;23(3):344-353.
Chicago Çömelekoglu, Ülkü, Ebru Ballı, Serap Yalın, Pelin Eroğlu, Gulsen Bayrak, Selma Yaman, ve Fatma Söğüt. “Effects of Different Sizes Silica Nanoparticle on the Effects of Silica Nanoparticles on the Liver, Kidney and Brain in Ratsliver, Kidney and Brain in Rats: Biochemical and Histopathological Evaluation”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 23, sy. 3 (Haziran 2025): 344-53.
EndNote Çömelekoglu Ü, Ballı E, Yalın S, Eroğlu P, Bayrak G, Yaman S, Söğüt F (01 Haziran 2025) Effects of different sizes silica nanoparticle on the Effects of silica nanoparticles on the liver, kidney and brain in ratsliver, kidney and brain in rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 23 3 344–353.
IEEE Ü. Çömelekoglu, E. Ballı, S. Yalın, P. Eroğlu, G. Bayrak, S. Yaman, ve F. Söğüt, “Effects of different sizes silica nanoparticle on the Effects of silica nanoparticles on the liver, kidney and brain in ratsliver, kidney and brain in rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation”, J. Res. Pharm., c. 23, sy. 3, ss. 344–353, 2025.
ISNAD Çömelekoglu, Ülkü vd. “Effects of Different Sizes Silica Nanoparticle on the Effects of Silica Nanoparticles on the Liver, Kidney and Brain in Ratsliver, Kidney and Brain in Rats: Biochemical and Histopathological Evaluation”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy 23/3 (Haziran 2025), 344-353.
JAMA Çömelekoglu Ü, Ballı E, Yalın S, Eroğlu P, Bayrak G, Yaman S, Söğüt F. Effects of different sizes silica nanoparticle on the Effects of silica nanoparticles on the liver, kidney and brain in ratsliver, kidney and brain in rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;23:344–353.
MLA Çömelekoglu, Ülkü vd. “Effects of Different Sizes Silica Nanoparticle on the Effects of Silica Nanoparticles on the Liver, Kidney and Brain in Ratsliver, Kidney and Brain in Rats: Biochemical and Histopathological Evaluation”. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, c. 23, sy. 3, 2025, ss. 344-53.
Vancouver Çömelekoglu Ü, Ballı E, Yalın S, Eroğlu P, Bayrak G, Yaman S, Söğüt F. Effects of different sizes silica nanoparticle on the Effects of silica nanoparticles on the liver, kidney and brain in ratsliver, kidney and brain in rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation. J. Res. Pharm. 2025;23(3):344-53.